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Moderate Liberal Party

Moderate Venstre
Moderate Liberal Party Moderate Venstre
Founded	1888
Dissolved	1906
Split from	Liberal Party
Merged into	Conservative Party
Newspaper	Vestlands-Posten; Stavanger Aftenblad; Folketidende (from 1887); Framgang (from 1894)
Ideology	Christian democracy; Social conservatism; Pietistic revivalism; Unionism (from 1893)
Political position	Centre
National affiliation	Coalition Party (1903–06)
	Politics of Norway; Political parties; Elections;

The Moderate Liberal Party (Norwegian: Moderate Venstre, literally "Moderate Left") was a political party in Norway that emerged from the moderate and religious branches of the Liberal Party in 1888. The party's turn towards cooperation with the Conservative Party caused a party split in 1891, eventually sharpening its profile as a moderate-conservative party based among the low church of south-western Norway. The party was dissolved shortly after the dissolution of the union with Sweden in 1905.

History

The Moderate Liberal Party was formed on 4 February 1888, when a conservative and religious wing broke away from the Liberal Party.^[1]^[3] Leading members of the party included Jakob Sverdrup, Baard Haugland,^[7] Ole Vollan, and Lars Oftedal.^[1] The political conflicts between the Liberals and Conservatives in 1891 resulted in a split among the Moderates themselves, with the more left-leaning Moderates returning to the mother party. The split resulted in a more uniformed profile as the remaining party sharpened its opposition against the "pure" Liberals and became more supportive towards the Conservatives.^[5]

In the mid-1890s, the party's central goal became to work against the Liberals' increasingly radical policy of challenging the union with Sweden, granting the population general voting rights, and introducing direct state taxes. The split of 1891 also caused the party to become more firmly based among the revivalist low church of south-western Norway.^[5] As such, other important issues for the party included temperance, religion and moral, while it took centrist stands in regards to social and economical questions.^[6] The party gained an eastern Norway counterpart in 1893 by the party Centre, the "Eastern Moderates", and for a brief time there was talks of a merger between the two parties.^[5]

From 1895 to 1898, the party was represented in Hagerup's First Cabinet.^[1] In 1903, the party joined the Coalition Party alongside the Conservatives. It was part of Michelsen's Cabinet during the dissolution of the union with Sweden, from 1905 until 1906 when it effectively merged into the Conservative Party after the introduction of single-member districts.^[1]^[3] Magnus Halvorsen is however registered under the Moderate Liberal label as Minister of Finance in Løvland's Cabinet from 1907 to 1908.^[8] The party had never developed any strong party organisation, functioning more as a vehicle for individual representatives.^[4]^[5]

The party has sometimes been described as a Christian democratic predecessor to the modern Christian Democratic Party, which was founded in 1933.^[2]^[9]

MPs elected

Niri Guldbrandsen Kolkinn (1889-1891)
Christian Johansen Ihlen (1889-1891)
Peder Johan Pedersen Holmesland (1889-1891)
Søren Pedersen Jaabæk (1889-1891)
Theodor Nilsen Stousland (1889-1900)
Peder Tobias Eiesland (1889-1891)
Aasmund Halvorsen Vinje (1889-1906)
Jonas Mikal Olsen Ueland (1889-1900)
Olaus Olsen Eskeland (1889-1891)
Njeld Larsen Kolbenstvedt (1889-1891)
Ole Osmundsen Berge (1889-1891)
Nikolai Larsen Lima (1889-1897)

Mathias Gotskalksen Dugstad (1889-1897)
Ole Johannessen Veseth (1889-1891)
Andreas Johannessen Lavik (1889-1891)
Nils Nilsson Skaar (1889-1894)
Johannes Olsen Helleland (1889-1891)
Iver Jonassen Svendsbøe (1889-1897)
Arne Olsen Tonning (1889-1894)
Gjert Martines Markvarsen Holsen (1889-1891)
Edvard Apolloniussen Liljedahl (1889-1891)
Jakob Jakobsen Myklebust (1889-1891)
Henrik Mohn Dahl (1889-1891)
Anfinn Larsen Refsdal (1889-1900)

Peder Ferdinand Reinhardt (1889-1891)
Lars Oftedahl (1889-1894)
Ole Jacob Louis Sparre (1889-1891)
Johannes Andreas Henschien (1892-1894)
Eilert Gerhard Schanche (1892-1900)
Jakob Liv Rosted Sverdrup (1892-1897)
Frederik Baltazar (Hillestad) Fraas (1892-1900)
Jørgen Gunnarson Løvland (1892-1897)
Thore Olsen Wølstad (1895-1903)
Baard Madsen Haugland (1895-1897)
Knut Andersen Taraldset (1895-1900)

Poul Christian Pedersen (1895-1897)
Johannes Ottersen Finstad (1898-1900)
Johannes Martin Johannesen Furre (1898-1900)
Lars Konrad Bjørnsen Jelsa (1901-1906)
Peder Hansen (1901-1903)
Eivind Hanssen Hognestad (1904-1906)
Erik Kristensen Austbø (1904-1906)
Magne Johnsen Rongved (1904-1906)
Iver Jonassen Svendsbøe (1904-1906)
Knut Andersen Taraldset (1904-1906)
Frederik Baltazar (Sjøtun) Fraas (1904-1906)

Adolf Theodor Pedersen (1904-1906)
Hakon Magne Wrangell (1904-1906)

Election results

Date	Votes	Seats		Size	Government
Date	%	#	±	Size	Government
1888	19.5%	25 / 114	25	3rd	Opposition
1891	49.2%*	16 / 114	9	3rd	Opposition
1894	49.3%*	15 / 114	1	3rd	Minority (1895–1898)
1897	46.7%*	10 / 114	5	3rd	Opposition
1900	40.8%*	6 / 114	4	3rd	Opposition
1903	44.8%*	10 / 117	4	3rd	Minority (1905–1906)

*Indicates shared vote between the Moderate Liberals and Conservatives. Seats indicated are the Moderate Liberals alone.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Moderate Venstre, Det". Tidens leksikon (in Norwegian). Tiden. 1975. p. 365. ISBN 82-10-00922-2.
^ ^a ^b Fitjar, Rune Dahl (2009). The Rise of Regionalism: Causes of Regional Mobilization in Western Europe. Routledge. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-135-20330-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Det Moderate Venstre" Archived 2016-07-01 at the Wayback Machine. Norsk samfunnsvitenskapelig datatjeneste.
^ ^a ^b Jeffrey K. Hadden; Anson D. Shupe (1988). The Politics of religion and social change. Paragon House. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-913757-76-5. In the 1888 election, the moderate left, which drew much of its support from the radical revivalists of the south and west, emerged as a largely regional party more or less closely associated with radical revivalism. The party was little more than a vehicle for individual representatives, however, and never developed a distinctive program.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Kaartvedt, Alf (1984). Drømmen om borgerlig samling: 1884-1918 (in Norwegian). Cappelen. pp. 122–124. ISBN 82-02-04990-3.
^ ^a ^b Danielsen, Rolf; Dyrvik, Ståle; Grønlie, Tore; Helle, Knut; Hovland, Edgar (1991). Grunntrekk i norsk historie (1 ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 249. ISBN 978-82-00-21273-7.
^ Mardal, Magnus A. (11 March 2009). "Moderate Venstre". Store norske leksikon.
^ "Jøgen Løvland's Government: 23 October 1907 - 19 March 1908". Government.no.
^ Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd (2010). Political Parties and Interest Groups in Norway. ECPR Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-9558203-6-6.