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Military acquisition or defense acquisition is the "bureaucratic management and procurement process",^[1] dealing with a nation's investments in the technologies, programs, and product support necessary to achieve its national security strategy and support its armed forces. Its objective is to acquire products that satisfy specified needs and provide measurable improvement to mission capability at a fair and reasonable price.^[2]

Concept

Military acquisition has a long history spanning from ancient times (e.g., blacksmithing, shipbuilding) to modern times.

Modern military acquisition is a complex blend of science, management, and engineering disciplines within the context of a nation's law and regulation framework to produce military material and technology. This complexity evolved from the increasing complexity of weapon systems starting in the 20th century. For example, the Manhattan Project involved more than 130,000 people at an estimated cost of nearly $24 billion in 2008 dollars.

In the twenty-first century, the trend has been for countries to cooperate in military procurement, due to the rising cost-per-unit of digital age military hardware such as ships and jets. For example, Nordic Defence Cooperation (established 2009), a grouping of Nordic countries that cooperate in defence spending, the Defence and Security Co-operation Treaty, signed between the United Kingdom and France in 2010, and Joint Strike Fighter program, which selected the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II in 2001, included the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Turkey, Israel and Japan.

Activities

Major activities related to military acquisition are:

In the European Union

EU member states' procurement of arms, munitions, war material and related works and services acquired for defence purposes and procurement of sensitive supplies, works and services required for security purposes are subject to EU Directive 2009/81/EC on Defence and Sensitive Security Procurement.^[3] The purpose of the directive is to balance the need for transparency and openness in defence markets within the European single market with the need to protect individual countries' security interests.^[4]

In the United Kingdom

The Defence and Security Public Contracts Regulations 2011, which were derived from EU law, apply to defence procurement in the UK, along with Parts 1 and 2 of the Defence Reform Act 2014.^[5]^[6] A white paper entitled Better Defence Acquisition: Improving how we procure and support Defence equipment was published in June 2013, taking forward the reform of defence procurement, equipment support, single-source supply arrangements and logistics in the UK.^[7] The white paper included a requirement for the department's large sole-source suppliers to report annually on their engagement with small and medium-sized enterprises and their involvement in their supply chains.^[8] The Defence Reform Act established a statutory "Single Source" scheme applicable to situations where there is no competition between suppliers.

In the United States

The US Department of Defense has three principal decision-making support systems associated with military acquisition:^[2]^[9]^[10] The Center for Strategic & International Studies releases a report every year on defense acquisition trends.^[11]

Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution (PPBE) Process – Process for strategic planning, program development, and resource determination.
Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System – The systematic method established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff for assessing gaps in military joint warfighting capabilities and recommending solutions to resolve these gaps.
Defense Acquisition System ^[12]^[13] – The management process used to acquire weapon systems and automated information system.

Because of the size and scope of such a bureaucracy, the US Department of Defense instituted an extensive training program, known as the Defense Acquisition University.

In Canada

In Canada, military acquisition falls under three separate government departments: the Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC); the Department of National Defence (DND); Innovation, Science and Economic Development (ISED).^[14]

PSPC is responsible for overseeing and managing the proposal solicitation and evaluation process, and once under contract, PSPC manages the contract on behalf of DND.^[15]
DND is responsible for a four step process:^[16]

Identify the need for a new or improved capability;
Analyze the available options to address the identified need;
If external procurement is the result of the optional analysis, then defining the requirements and budget for the procured solution; and
Implementing the defined solution.^[a]

ISED is responsible for defining and administering the Industrial and Technological Benefits (ITB) and Value Proposition (VP), which are offsets applied to the selected defense procurements. ISED may apply offsets to DND and Coast Guard procurements of $20M (CAD, or about $15M USD) or greater.^[17]

All Canadian defence procurement falls under the auspices of the Treasury Board of Canada, which establishes national procurement and contracting standards and regulations on behalf of the Government of Canada.^[18]

Notes

^ Note: A fifth step, closeout, is not relevant to this description.

References

^ US Department of Defense, quoted at IGI Global, Emerging Strategies in Defense Acquisitions and Military Procurement, accessed 21 April 2021
^ ^a ^b "Defense Acquisition Guidebook, US Department of Defense, Nov 2004". Archived from the original on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
^ Directive 2009/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 service contracts by contracting authorities or entities in the fields of defence and security, and amending Directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC, accessed 9 June 2018
^ European Commission, Defence procurement, accessed 9 June 2018
^ UK Legislation, Defence and Security Public Contracts Regulations 2011
^ UK Legislation, Defence Reform Act 2014: Part 1 - Defence procurement, accessed 1 November 2022
^ UK Government, Better Defence Acquisition: Improving how we procure and support Defence equipment, Cm 8626, published in June 2013, accessed on 29 December 2024
^ This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence: Cabinet Office, Making Government business more accessible to SMEs: Two Years On, p. 30, published on 8 August 2013, accessed on 25 December 2024
^ "Integrated Defense Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Life Cycle Management System Chart", Defense Acquisition University, 28 Jan 2009 [1]
^ Congressional Research Service (Updated May 23, 2014) Defense Acquisitions: How DOD Acquires Weapon Systems and Recent Efforts to Reform the Process RL34026 was originally written by Moshe Schwartz
^ "Defense Acquisition Trends 2021". www.csis.org. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
^ "The Defense Acquisition System", US DoD Directive Number 5000.1 (DoD D 5000.1), 12 May 2003 [2]
^ "Operation of the Defense Acquisition System", US DoD Instruction Number 5000.2 (DoD I 5000.1), 12 May 2003 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-10. Retrieved 2010-09-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Procurement Strategy, accessed 21 April 2021
^ Supply Manual
^ "Defence purchases and upgrades process". 11 March 2013.
^ name="Industrial and Technological Benefits Policy: Value Proposition Guide" https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/086.nsf/eng/00006.html
^ name="Contracting Policy" https://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/pol/doc-eng.aspx?id=14494

External links

Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition (ASAF (A)) [3]
Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development & Acquisition (ASN (RDA)) [4]
Defense Acquisition History Project [5]
Defense Procurement News [6]
United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology (OASA(ALT)) [7]
Defense Acquisition University ACC Practice Center