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Michael Duane
Michael Duane
Born	William Michael Duane; 26 January 1915; Dublin, Ireland
Died	21 January 1997 (aged 81); Exeter, Devon, England
Nationality	British
Education	Dominican School, Archway, London ; Jesuits School, Stamford Hill ; Queen Mary College ; Institute of Education ; University of Nottingham
Occupation	Head Master
Spouses	; Margaret Banks (m. 1939; div. 1978) ; Margaret Johnson (m. 1980)

William Michael Duane (26 January 1915 – 21 January 1997) was an Irish born, British teacher known for his progressive educational views, his belief in inclusivity and a multi-racial approach, his encouragement of informal relationships between staff and pupils and his opposition to corporal punishment.^[1] He was also the head of the controversial short-lived Risinghill School in Islington.

Biography

Early life and education

Duane was born on 26 January 1915 in Dublin, Ireland to John Joseph Duane (1888–1922) and Mary Ellen Fogarty (1893-1975). When Duane was 7 his father died when he was shot in Waterford during the Civil War; three years later Duane and his mother moved to London. He was educated at Dominican School at Archway, London before going to the Jesuits' School, Stamford Hill.^[2] He trained as a teacher at the Institute of Education, University of London, before taking up at teaching post at Dame Alice Owen's School, Islington, until he joined World War II in 1940.^[1]

War service

During the War he enlisted, and was promoted to Second Lieutenant (1941), Captain (1942), Staff Captain (1942) and Major (1945). In 1946 he received medals for bravery including the Chevalier De L'Ordre De Leopold II Avec Palme and the Croix De Guerre Avec Palme. He was demobilised in 1946^[2]

Post-War career

After the War he briefly returned to Dame Alice Owen's School before becoming a lecturer at the Institute of Education.

In 1948 Duane was appointed the head teacher of a newly opened school, Howe Dell Secondary School in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, and at the time was one of the youngest heads in the country.^[2] Duane was given five years 'with no questioned asked' to establish the school.^[3] Until the school was ready, Duane was temporarily appointed the head of Beaumont Secondary Modern School in St. Albans for one term.^[3] Duane took charge of Howe Dell in 1949, and implemented a democratic multi-racial progressive policy which rejected corporal punishment.^[3] Duane's policies were criticised by the authoritarian head of the school governors and he was faced with an inadequate building and pupils with varying levels of education. Duane faced further criticisms after he was appointed a Justice of the Peace and nominated as a Labour Party candidate in the local elections. The school was accused of lack of discipline and impropriety and failed a HMI inspection in 1950. The Governors gave a vote of no confidence and called for Duane's dismissal. The case for dismissal was thrown out by the Hertfordshire County Council Education Committee, but Duane resigned and the school was closed in 1951.^[3]

Duane moved onto another headship at Alderman Woodrow Secondary Boys' School, Lowestoft, Suffolk in 1952. His time at this school was less problematic, though he did come into conflict with the Suffolk Education Authority over the allocation grammar school places.^[4] After a good inspection report, Duane felt it was time to move on and left in 1959.

Risinghill School

In 1959, Duane became the head of the comprehensive Risinghill School in Islington, the post which was to make him a famous figure. The secondary school was an amalgamation of four other local schools and included pupils of nineteen different nationalities from variety of backgrounds and abilities.^[5] He was also faced with shortages of staff and a poorly built building. Duane introduced a non-authoritarian programme of pastoral care, pupil democracy, frank sex education, close co-operation with parents, promotion of creativity and multi-culturalism.^[5] He refused to expel pupils, as he felt it was illegal as secondary education was compulsory. Duane clashed with the London County Council and the HM Inspectorate over his policies and in 1962 the school was brought into controversy over an account of Duane's sex education lessons which were published anonymously by Duane.^[6] The school received an hostile inspection report which recommended the reintroduction of corporal punishment and expulsion, but Duane refused. In 1965, the newly formed Inner London Education Authority decided to close the school.^[5]

The case became well known largely due to the publication of, Risinghill: Death of a Comprehensive School^[7] by Leila Berg in 1968.

Later career

After Risinghill controversy, Duane was never appointed a head teacher again. He became a lecturer at Garnett College of Education and wrote and lectured on his educational philosophies. In 1977 he received a MPhil from the University of Nottingham for his research on The Terrace, an experimental ROSLA (raising of the school leaving age) scheme, jointly organised by Royston Lambert (head of Dartington Hall School) and Alec Clegg of the West Riding Education Authority, to provide education for 15-year-olds from Northcliffe School in Conisbrough who no longer saw relevance in standard education. He later published his research in 1995.^[8]

Death

Michael Duane died in Exeter on 21 January 1997, shortly before his 82nd birthday.

Primary sources

The papers of Michael Duane are held in the Archives of the Institute of Education, University of London and a full catalogue is available on-line.

Publications and writings

Duane, Michael (January 1943), "Drama in Schools", The Derbyshire Countryside.
Duanel, M (published anonymously) (1961), "Sex education: a small experiment", Family Planning, 11 (2).
Duane, Michael (25 April 1965), "Parents and discipline: lessons from a tough-area school", The Sunday Telegraph
Duane, Michael (May 1968), "The Stench of hypocrisy", Education, 31 (22)
Duane, Michael (18 June 1968), "Headmaster's View of the Risinghill Story", Morning Star
Duane, Michael (20 June 1968), "The Risinghill Myth", New Society: 91–92
Duane, Michael (21 June 1968), "Children are not factory Fodder", Peace News
Duane, Michael (12 July 1968), "Comprehensives in dangers of perpetuating middle-class elitist assumptions", The Times Educational Supplement
Duane, Michael (19 July 1968), "Good relationships – the life blood of teaching -are poisoned by assumptions taken from the industry and competitive Society", The Times Educational Supplement
Duane, Michael (26 July 1968), "How we ought to train teachers", The Times Educational Supplement
Duane, Michael (1970), D. Rubinstein and C. Stoneman (ed.), "Education in Britain today", Education for Democracy, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Duane, Michael (1970), "The Training of Teachers", Education for the Seventies: Transcriptions of the Cambridge Union Teach-In, London: Heinemann
Duane, Michael (3 March 1971), "The Seminar: a dilemma", Teachers' World
Duane, Michael (29 October 1971), "The Biological Basis of Anarchism", Peace News
Duane, Michael (1971), New Developments in British Secondary Education, Amsterdam: ECF
Duane, Michael (1971), "A Summerhill school meeting", Children's Rights, 2: 29–30
Duane, Michael (1971), "Why Exams?", Children's Rights, 5
Duane, Michael (1972), "Freedom and the state system of education", Children's Rights, London
Duane, Michael (1973), "In my innocence", Drama in Education, London
Duane, Michael (1973), "The Children we deserve", Discipline in Schools, London
Duane, Michael (19 October 1973), "A.S Neill and Summerhill", Teachers' World
Duane, Michael (December 1973), "Towards a definition of intelligence", Education + Training, 15 (12): 416–420, doi:10.1108/eb016309
Duane, Michael (18 October 1974), "Towards that happy State", Teachers' World
Duane, Michael (2 May 1975), "R.I – why Compulsory", Teachers' World
Duane, Michael (29 October 1976), "Freedom for Children", Teachers' Bookshelf – A Teachers World Supplement
Duane, Michael (1991), Work, Language & Education in the Industrial State, London: Freedom Press
Duane, Michael (1991), "To Vote or Not To Vote?", The Raven, 4 (2)
Duane, Michael (1991), "The Seeds of Its Own Destruction or Education in Capitalist Britain", The Raven, 4 (4)
Duane, Michael (1991), "Education for What?: a guide to the Dartington Hall Experiment", Contemporary Issues in Education and Geography, 32: 113–139
Duane, Michael (1994), "Church, State and Freedom", The Raven, 7 (1)
Duane, Michael (1995), The Terrace: An Educational Experiment in a State School, London: Freedom Press

Writings on Duane

Limond, David (June 2002), "Risinghill and the Ecology of Fear", Educational Review, 54 (2): 165–172, doi:10.1080/00131910220133248, S2CID 145412993
Limond, David (April 2005), "Michael Duane after Risinghill: Rise and fall of an educational celebrity", Journal of Educational Administration and History, 37 (1): 85–94, doi:10.1080/0022062042000336091, S2CID 144476315
Limond, David (May 2005), "Frequently but naturally: William Michael Duane, Kenneth Charles Barnes and teachers as innovators in sex(uality) education in English adolescent schooling: c. 1945–1965", Sex Education, 5 (2): 107–118, doi:10.1080/14681810500038707, S2CID 144188408
Risinghill: Death of a Comprehensive School, Leila Berg, Penguin Books ISBN 978-0-14-020883-2

References

^ ^a ^b Institute of Education Archives. "DC/MD Papers of (William) Michael Duane". Retrieved 5 October 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Michael Duane". Retrieved 5 October 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Institute of Education Archives. "Papers of Michael Duane MD/2 Howe Dell Secondary School, Hatfield". Retrieved 5 October 2008.
^ Institute of Education Archives. "Papers of Michael Dunae MD/3 Alderman Woodrow School, Lowestoft". Retrieved 5 October 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c Institute of Education Archives. "Papers of Michael Duane MD/4 Risinghill School, Islington". Retrieved 5 October 2008.
^ Duanel, M (1961), "Sex education: a small experiment", Family Planning, 11 (2).
^ Berg, Leila (1968). Rising Hill: Death of a comprehensive. United Kingdom: Pelican. ISBN 978-0-14-020883-2.
^ Duane, Michael (1995), The Terrace: An Educational Experiment in a State School organised, London: Freedom Press, ISBN 978-0-900384-78-3