Memory map

In computer science, a memory map is a structure of data (which usually resides in memory itself) that indicates how memory is laid out. The term "memory map" has different meanings in different contexts.

It is the fastest and most flexible cache organization that uses an associative memory. The associative memory stores both the address and content of the memory word.^{[further explanation needed]}
In the boot process of some computers, a memory map may be passed on from the firmware to instruct an operating system kernel about memory layout. It contains the information regarding the size of total memory, any reserved regions and may also provide other details specific to the architecture.
In virtual memory implementations and memory management units, a memory map refers to page tables or hardware registers, which store the mapping between a certain process's virtual memory layout and how that space relates to physical memory addresses.
In native debugger programs, a memory map refers to the mapping between loaded executable(or)library files and memory regions. These memory maps are used to resolve memory addresses (such as function pointers) to actual symbols.

PC BIOS memory map

BIOS for the IBM Personal Computer and compatibles provides a set of routines that can be used by operating system or applications to get the memory layout. Some of the available routines are:

BIOS Function: INT 0x15, AX=0xE801:^[1]

This BIOS interrupt call is used to get the memory size for 64MB+ configurations. It is supported by AMI BIOSses dated August 23, 1994 or later. The caller sets AX to 0xE801 then executes int 0x15. If some error has happened, the routine returns with CF (Carry Flag) set to 1. If no error, the routine returns with CF clear and the state of registers is described as following:

Register	Value description
EAX	Extended memory between 1M and 16M, in KB. (Maximum value: 0x3C00 = 15360KB).
EBX	Count of 64K blocks above 16M.
ECX	Configured memory 1M to 16M, in KB.
EDX	Count of configured 64K blocks above 16M.

BIOS Function: INT 0x15, AX=0xE820 - GET SYSTEM MEMORY MAP:^[2]

Input:

Register	Value description
EAX	0x0000E820
EBX	Continuation value or 0x0 to start at beginning of map.
ECX	Size of buffer for result (20 bytes).
EDX	0x534D4150 (ASCII for 'SMAP')
ES:DI	segment:offset location of the buffer for result.

SMAP buffer structure:

Offset	Size	Value description
0	QWORD (8 bytes)	Base address of memory map region referred to by EBX.
8	QWORD (8 bytes)	Length in bytes.
16	DWORD (4 bytes)	Type of address range.

How used: The operating system shall allocate an SMAP buffer in memory (20 bytes buffer). Then set registers as specified in "Input" table. On first call, EBX should be set to 0. Next step is to call INT 0x15. If no error, the interrupt call returns with CF clear and the buffer filled with data representing first region of the memory map. EBX is updated by BIOS so that when the OS calls the routine again, The next region is returned in the buffer. BIOS sets EBX to zero if all done.