Martim Afonso de Sousa (c. 1500 – 21 July 1564) was a Portuguese fidalgo, explorer and colonial administrator.[1][2]
Martim Afonso de Sousa was born in Vila Viçosa, and had been raised in the Duke of Braganza household and was a personal friend since childhood of King John III of Portugal, being also a cousin.[2] When he left the service of the Duke of Bragança, in 1516, to stay at the court of the Royal House, he began to take mathematics, cosmography and geography classes with the chief cosmographer Pedro Nunes.[3] He justified the decision by saying: "The duke can make me mayor, but the king can make me duke", but that never happened.[1]
After the death of King Manuel II of Portugal, he accompanied the widowed Queen D. Leonor of Austria to Castile, where he married Ana Pimentel, from an illustrious Spanish family, around June 1523. Ana Pimentel was the daughter of Arias Maldonado, commendator of Estriana and governor of Salamanca and Talavera and of D. Joana Pimentel, daughter of D. Pedro Pimentel, Lord of Távara and sister of D. Bernardino Pimentel, 1st Marquis of Távara. The mother of Martim Afonso de Sousa's wife was thus a descendant, on her paternal side, of the Pimentel Counts of Benavente, a lineage of Portuguese origin that passed to Spain in the 14th century; and, on her maternal side, she descended from the Counts of Alba de Liste. This means that, through his marriage, Martim Afonso de Sousa became linked to some of the main lineages in Spain. At the time, it was unusual for non-titled Portuguese noblemen to marry Spanish women who came - even if, as in this case, through female origin - from families of the greatness of Spain, so it can be concluded that Martim Afonso managed to successfully develop a strategy of marriage alliance with positive repercussions in terms of his political career and connections with power in the first court of the Iberian Peninsula.[3]
In Spain, where he lived for four years, he fought in the service of Emperor Charles V against the French. In the winter of 1525, Martim Afonso played a prominent role in the siege and capture of Fuenterrabía, in northwestern Spain. The emperor publicly praised him and invited him to remain in Castile.[2]
Around 1530, King John III determined to send to an official Portuguese expedition to Brazil, and Martim Afonso de Souza was appointed by his first cousin Dom António de Ataíde, 1st Count of Castanheira, member of the Royal Council. Ataíde made this appointment with the intention of distancing Martim Afonso from King John III, so that he would be the only one to have a certain influence on the King.[2]
Threatened by the presence of French ships along the coast of Brazil, the Portuguese crown in December 1530 sent a fleet with 400 people led by Martim Afonso de Sousa to establish control and explore. His mission was to place Portuguese markers as far south as the River Plate estuary, but he was shipwrecked there.[4]
Upon return to São Vicente and Santos, in 1532 he led troops guided by the native inhabitants and by earlier Portuguese settlers such as João Ramalho up the Serra do Mar mountains to the area near the future village of São Paulo. On the high plateau, he founded the town of Santo André. He also established a sugar mill near the coast at São Vicente, with sugarcane brought from the Portuguese Cape Verde islands. In both activities, Afonso de Sousa established a pattern followed by Portuguese colonizers and Brazilians for long afterward: the "entradas" and "bandeiras" – or explorations and raids into the interior – and the production of sugar along the coast for export.
He fought French privateers on the coast and was honored by the Portuguese crown, under the reign of King John III, as Donatary captain of two tracts of land in Brazil: the two tracts of the Captaincy of São Vicente. Since the depart, he had received communication from the king that the immense territory would be divided into extensive strips of land: hereditary captaincies. On that occasion, he was given one hundred leagues on the coast and he was authorized to return to Lisbon.[3] He was authorized to choose another eighty leagues for his younger brother Pero Lopes de Sousa.
In 1533 he was already in Portugal. Then on December 19, 1533, four months after he had returned from his tiring journey, King John III sent him to serve in India with the post of Captain-Major of the Indian Sea. To this end, he was entrusted with the leadership of five ships. According to chronicler Gaspar Correia, in Legends of India, "Martim Afonso was very disgusted by the decision, because he felt that it was coming from D. António".[2]
He was tasked with protecting Portugal's possessions in the East. He defended the trading post of Diu against Moors and Hindus, defeated the Zamorin of Calicut and fought the corsairs who plundered Portuguese vessels in the region. He agreed to build the Fortress of Diu, obtained through negotiations by Martim Afonso de Sousa when he was in Chaul in 1535. Victorious, he was appointed by the King as Viceroy of the Indies. These and other situations earned him respect and fear in Asia and returning to the Kingdom.
There is controversy regarding the end of his career. Some historians claim that he returned to Portugal in 1545 or 1546, becoming one of the members of the Council of State.[2] Others maintain that he was recalled on charges of embezzlement of Crown money and illicit enrichment, remaining away from public life until his death.
He was Lord of Alcoentre, which he bought from the Marquis of Vila Real and Mayor of Rio Maior. He established a morgue, was a donatary captain of the captaincies of São Vicente and Rio de Janeiro, Commendator of Mascarenhas in the Order of Christ and Nobleman of the Council of King John III. At the end of his life, he regained the landlordship of the town of Prado that he had sold as a young man.[2]
He died on July 21, 1561 and lies in the Convent of São Francisco da Cidade, in Lisbon.
{{cite book}}
الدوري المقدوني الأول لكرة القدم 2011–12 تفاصيل الموسم الدوري المقدوني الأول لكرة القدم النسخة 20 البلد مقدونيا الشمالية التاريخ بداية:30 يوليو 2011 نهاية:23 مايو 2012 المنظم اتحاد مقدونيا الشمالية لكرة القدم البطل نادي فاردار مباريات ملعوبة 198 عدد المشار
Main article: Lancaster City Council elections Map showing the results of the 2015 Lancaster City Council election Local elections were held for Lancaster City Council on 7 May 2015, the same day as the 2015 United Kingdom general election and other 2015 United Kingdom local elections. Local elections are held every four years with all councillors up for election in multi-member electoral wards. Boundary review The Local Government Boundary Commission for England reviewed the local boundaries of…
Italian philosopher and physician Alessandro Achillini Alessandro Achillini (Latin Alexander Achillinus; 20[1] or 29[2][3] October 1463[4] (or possibly 1461[1]) – 2 August 1512) was an Italian philosopher and physician. He is known for the anatomic studies that he was able to publish, made possible by a 13th-century edict putatively by Emperor Frederick II allowing for dissection of human cadavers, and which previously had stimulated the ana…
Radio station in Crawfordsville, ArkansasKWNWCrawfordsville, ArkansasBroadcast areaMemphis, TennesseeFrequency101.9 MHzBrandingRock 102ProgrammingFormatClassic rockAffiliationsPremiere NetworksOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia, Inc.(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsKJMS, WDIA, WEGR, WHAL-FM, WHRK, WRECHistoryFirst air dateFebruary 5, 1979 (1979-02-05) (as KBTM-FM)Former call signsKBTM-FM (1979–1982)KJBR (1982–1994KIYS (1994–2010)Call sign meaningRadio Now (previous branding and form…
بئر السبع (بالعبرية) בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע منظر جوي لمدينة بئر السبع بئر السبع تاريخ التأسيس الألف الرابع قبل الميلاد تقسيم إداري البلد الدولة العثمانية (1900–31 أكتوبر 1917) فلسطين الانتدابية (1920–1948) إسرائيل (1948–) [1][2] عاصمة لـ المنطقة الجنوبية المنطقة لواء الجنوب ال
1971 Ballon d'Or Winner Johan Cruyff receives the Ballon d'Or The 1971 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries, was awarded to Johan Cruyff on 28 December 1971.[1] Cruyff was the first Dutch national to win the award, and also the first Ajax player to win the trophy.[2] Rankings Rank Player Nationality Club(s) Points 1 Johan Cruyff Netherlands Ajax 116 2 Sandro Mazzola Italy Interna…
Rodin Studios Monumentos Históricos de Nueva York LocalizaciónPaís Estados UnidosUbicación ManhattanDirección Calle 57 (200) y Séptima AvenidaCoordenadas 40°45′56″N 73°58′50″O / 40.765427, -73.980457Información generalDeclaración 16 de febrero de 1988Construcción años 1910Detalles técnicosPlantas 14Diseño y construcciónArquitecto Cass GilbertMapa de localización Rodin Studios Ubicación en Manhattan.[editar datos en Wikidata] El Rodin Studio…
Beatriz Manjón, también conocida como Bea Manjón, (Ferrol, La Coruña, 7 de marzo de 1976) es una periodista y presentadora de televisión española.[1] Licenciada en periodismo, ha presentado varios programas de televisión, la mayoría de ellos en la Televisión de Galicia, como Bravo polos amigos (2002) junto con Alberto Comesaña, Noite Brava (2004),[2] Noitemóbil (2006)[3] o Buscando estrelas junto a Tacho González (2007).[4] Ha presentado el concurso cultur…
Це іберійські ім'я та прізвище. Перше (батькове) прізвище цієї особи Ліньян, а друге (материне) прізвище Сіснерос. Мельчор де Ліньян-і-Сіснеросісп. Melchor Liñán y Cisneros Прапор 15-й Президент Королівської авдієнсії Боготи 2 червня 1671 — 18 червня 1674 року Попередник: Дієго де Вілья…
Facultad de Ingeniería de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Imagotipo Facultad de IngenieríaSigla FIBUAPTipo PúblicaForma parte de Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de PueblaLocalizaciónDirección Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, S/N, Edif. ING-4Col. San Manuel, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, C.P. 72570.Puebla de Zaragoza, MéxicoCampus PueblaAdministraciónDirector M.I. Angel Cecilio Guerrero Zamora[1]Sitio web www.ingenieria.buap.mx[editar datos en Wikidata]…
AwardLiège MedalLiège Medal(obverse)TypeUnofficial campaign medalAwarded for1914 defence of the city of LiègeCountry BelgiumEligibilityBelgian military personnelCampaign(s)World War IStatusNo longer awardedEstablishedApril 1920First awardedApril 1920Liège Medal(reverse) Lieutenant General Gérard Leman, heroic commander of the defence of Liège The Liège Medal (French: Médaille de Liège, Dutch: Medaille van Luik) was an unofficial World War I campaign medal issued by the Belgian city…
En este artículo se detectaron varios problemas. Por favor, edítalo y/o discute los problemas en la discusión para mejorarlo: Necesita ser wikificado conforme a las convenciones de estilo de Wikipedia. Necesita mejorar su estructura. Su redacción no sigue las convenciones de estilo. Carece de fuentes o referencias que aparezcan en una fuente acreditada. Este aviso fue puesto el 3 de diciembre de 2023. Puedes avisar al redactor principal pegando lo siguiente en su página de discusi
Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Kurds This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (March 2022) Part of a series onDiscrimination Forms Institutional Structural Attributes Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Genetic Hair texture Height Language Looks Mental disorder Race / Ethnicity Skin color Scientific racism Rank Sex Sexu…
Rasio bendera: 1:2 Bendera Tonga disetujui tanggal 4 November 1875. Bendera ini sama dengan bendera Palang Merah. Bendera tersebut memang mirip, tetapi agar mudah dibedakan, bendera ini diubah sehingga palang merah kanton pada bendera merah, menjadikannya mirip dengan bendera merah abad ke-17. Bendera ini digunakan sejak 1864 tetapi disetujui secara resmi pada 1875. Konstitusi Tonga menyatakan bahwa bendera tidak akan pernah diubah. Galeri Bendera Laut Standar Kerajaan lbsBendera di OseaniaNegar…
Peta lokasi Kabupaten Bangka Barat Berikut adalah daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Bangka Barat, Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Indonesia. Kabupaten Bangka Barat terdiri dari 6 kecamatan, 6 kelurahan, dan 60 desa. Pada tahun 2017, jumlah penduduknya mencapai 189.621 jiwa dengan luas wilayah 2.820,61 km² dan sebaran penduduk 67 jiwa/km².[1][2] Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Bangka Barat, adalah sebagai berikut: Kode Kemendagri Kecamatan Jumlah Kelura…
Karar redirects here. For the Iranian unmanned aerial combat drone, see Karrar (UCAV). MG3 redirects here. Not to be confused with MG3 (automobile). General-purpose machine gun MG 3 A MG 3TypeGeneral-purpose machine gunPlace of originWest GermanyService historyIn service1959–presentUsed bySee UsersWarsNigerian Civil WarBangladesh Liberation War[1]Iran–Iraq WarLebanese Civil WarThe TroublesKurdish–Turkish conflictSecond Sudanese Civil War[2]Somali Civil W…
Supervisory committee organized 1904 Builders, Violet Street Playground, (Los Angeles Playground Commission annual report, 1908) The city of Los Angeles Park Commission, originally the city of Los Angeles Playground Commission,[1] was a supervisory committee established in 1904 that devoted to creating parks and recreational facilities for the young people of the young city of Los Angeles, California in the United States. The current City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks…
Part of a series onBritish law Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Year 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850–1854 1855–1859 1860–1864 1865–1869 1870–1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885–1889 1890–1894 1895–1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 19…
Islam menurut negara Afrika Aljazair Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Kamerun Tanjung Verde Republik Afrika Tengah Chad Komoro Republik Demokratik Kongo Republik Kongo Djibouti Mesir Guinea Khatulistiwa Eritrea Eswatini Etiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Pantai Gading Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagaskar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Maroko Mozambik Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome dan Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland Afrika Selatan Sud…
Colonial ship of the Italian Regia Marina Francis Garnier History Italy NameEritrea Ordered8 May 1935 Launched28 September 1936 Completed10 February 1937 FateTransferred to France 1948 France NameFrancis Garnier NamesakeFrancis Garnier Acquired12 February 1948 Stricken1966 FateSunk as target ship 1966 General characteristics TypeColonial ship Displacement 2,165 long tons (2,200 t) standard 3,068 long tons (3,117 t) full load Length96.9 m (317 ft 11 in) Beam13.3 m (4…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.147.77.250