Tirthankara

Gambar Rishabhanatha (tirthankara pertama)

Dalam agama Jainisme, tirthankara (bahasa Sansekerta: tīrthaṅkara) adalah guru dharma yang maha mengetahui yang mengajarkan cara untuk membebaskan diri dari siklus kematian dan kehidupan yang disebut saṃsāra. Menurut penganut agama Jain, ajaran Jain mulai dilupakan seiring berjalannya waktu. Kemudian, ada satu orang yang berhasil menolak hal-hal duniawi untuk menaklukkan samsara dengan kemampuannya sendiri. Setelah Tirthankara mencapai keadaan "Kevala Jnana" (maha mengetahui), ia mendirikan kembali ajaran Jainisme. Tirthankara menyediakan jalan bagi orang lain untuk mengikutinya agar terbebas dari "samsara" dan mencapai "moksha" (pembebasan).[1][2][3]

Menurut penganut Jainisme, terdapat dua puluh empat tirthankara untuk setiap pertengahan siklus waktu Jain. Tirthankara yang pertama adalah Rishabhanatha, sementara yang terakhir untuk pertengahan siklus saat ini adalah Mahavira (599-527 SM).[3][4] Pendahulunya yang menjadi tirthankara ke-23, Parshvanatha, merupakan tokoh sejarah.[5]

Ajaran tirthankara disusun di dalam kitab yang disebut "Agama". Semua tirthankara mengajarkan filsafat dan etika yang sama. Walaupun mereka dihormati oleh penganut Jainisme, diyakini rahmat mereka dapat dinikmati oleh semua makhluk hidup tanpa memandang agama mereka.

Tirthankara diberi julukan Jina (pemenang), yang berarti seseorang yang telah menaklukkan musuh-musuh dari dalam seperti amarah, kebergantungan, kebanggaan dan ketamakan.[1] Mereka terbebas dari segala hawa nafsu. Setelah mencapai keadaan "maha mengetahui", mereka terbebas dari delapan belas ketidaksempurnaan, seperti rasa lapar, haus, mengantuk, dll.

Daftar 24 tirthankara

Periode saat ini

Berikut adalah daftar 24 tirthankara yang diurutkan secara kronologis:[2][6][7]

No. Name Lambang Warna Tinggi
1 Rishabhanatha (Adinatha) Banteng Emas 500 dhanuṣa
2 Ajitanatha Gajah Emas 450 dhanuṣa
3 Sambhavanatha Kuda Emas 400 dhanuṣa
4 Abhinandananatha Monyet Emas 350 dhanuṣa
5 Sumatinatha Angsa Emas 300 dhanuṣa
6 Padmaprabha Padma Merah 250 dhanuṣa
7 Suparshvanatha Swastika Emas 200 dhanuṣa
8 Chandraprabha Bulan Sabit Putih 150 dhanuṣa
9 Pushpadanta Buaya atau Makara Putih 100 dhanuṣa
10 Shitalanatha Shrivatsa Emas 90 dhanuṣa
11 Shreyanasanatha Badak Emas 80 dhanuṣa
12 Vasupujya Kerbau Merah 70 dhanusa
13 Vimalanatha Babi hutan Emas 60 dhanusa
14 Anantanatha Landak menurut Digambara

Elang menurut Śvētāmbara

Emas 50 dhanuṣa
15 Dharmanatha Vajra Emas 45 dhanuṣa
16 Shantinatha Antelope atau rusa Emas 40 dhanuṣa
17 Kunthunatha Kambing Emas 35 dhanuṣa
18 Aranatha Nandyavarta atau ikan Emas 30 dhanuṣa
19 Māllīnātha Kalasha Biru 25 dhanuṣa
20 Munisuvrata Kura-kura Hitam 20 dhanuṣa
21 Naminatha Teratai biru Emas 15 dhanuṣa
22 Neminatha Shankha Hitam 10 dhanuṣa
23 Parshvanatha Ular Biru 9 hatha
24 Mahavira Singa Emas 7 hatha

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ a b Sangave 2006, hlm. 16.
  2. ^ a b Britannica Tirthankar Definition, Encyclopaedia Britannica 
  3. ^ a b Taliaferro & Marty 2010, hlm. 286.
  4. ^ Sanghvi, Vir (14 September 2013), Rude Travel: Down The Sages, Hindustan Times, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-08-25, diakses tanggal 2018-01-28 
  5. ^ Zimmer 1953, hlm. 182-183.
  6. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015, hlm. 181-208.
  7. ^ "Tirthankara (EMBLEMS OR SYMBOLS) pdf" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-07-13. Diakses tanggal 2018-01-28. 

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