List of wealthiest families
Various lists of the richest families (excluding royal families or autocratic ruling dynasties) are published internationally, by Forbes [ 1] [ 2] as well as other business magazines.
There is a distinction between wealth held by identifiable individual billionaires or a "nuclear family " and the wider notion of an extended family or a historical "dynasty ," where the wealth of a historically family -owned company or business like the Scudder family has become distributed between various branches of descendants,[ 3] usually throughout decades, ranging from several individuals to hundreds of offspring (such as the Rothschild family ). According to Bloomberg , the world's 25 richest families control more than $1.4 trillion (1,400,000,000,000) of wealth.[ 4]
Contemporary rankings
Note: The list includes families who, according to reliable sources, have a combined net worth of 5 billion US dollars and above.
Family name
Notable members
Combined wealth in US$ billions (estimated)
Source of wealth
Country or region
Walton [ 5] [ 6]
Jim Walton , S. Robson Walton , Alice Walton , Lukas Walton , Christy Walton , Nancy Walton Laurie , Ann Walton Kroenke (Sam Walton , Bud Walton )
289.8 (2024)[ 7]
Walmart , Sam's Club
United States
Wallenberg [ 8] [ 9]
Marcus Wallenberg Jr. , Jacob Wallenberg (1892–1980) , Marcus Wallenberg Sr. , Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg , Marc Wallenberg , Peter Wallenberg Sr. , Jacob Wallenberg , Peter Wallenberg Jr. , Marcus Wallenberg , Raoul Wallenberg . André Oscar Wallenberg , Knut Agathon Wallenberg .
278 (2024) (The market value of all the companies combined controlled by the Wallenbergs is $900bn) [ a] [ b] [ 8]
SEB , Ericsson , Nasdaq , EQT , Investor AB , SKF , Astra Zeneca , Electrolux , ABB , Saab AB , Husqvarna , Wärtsilä , Atlas Copco , Stora Enso , Epiroc , Höganäs AB , Munters Group , Wallenberg Foundations , etc.
Sweden
Arnault
Bernard Arnault , Delphine Arnault , Antoine Arnault
233 (2024)[ 7]
LVMH
France
Koch [ 6]
Julia Koch , Charles Koch , Bill Koch (Fred C. Koch , David Koch , Frederick R. Koch )
124.8 (2024)[ 7]
Koch Industries
United States
Ortega [ 10]
Amancio Ortega , Sandra Ortega Mera (Rosalía Mera )
120.1 (2024)[ 7]
Inditex (including Zara )
Spain
Ambani [ 11] [ 6]
Mukesh Ambani , Nita Ambani , Isha Ambani, Anand Ambani, Akash Ambani, Anil Ambani , Tina Ambani , Jai Anmol Ambani, Jai Anshul Ambani
116 (2024)[ 7]
Reliance Industries , Reliance Jio Infocomm , Reliance Retail , Reliance Power , Reliance Infrastructure , Reliance Capital , Reliance Entertainment
India
Mars [ 6]
Jacqueline Mars , John Franklyn Mars , Marijke Mars , Pamela Mars-Wright , Valerie Mars , Victoria Mars (Franklin Clarence Mars )
115.4 (2024)[ 7]
Mars Inc.
United States
Adani
Gautam Adani , Priti Adani , Karan Adani, Jeet Adani, Vinod Adani , Pranav Adani, Rajesh Adani
111 (2024)[ 7]
Adani Group , Adani Enterprises , Adani Ports & SEZ , Adani Green Energy , Adani Power , Ambuja Cements , NDTV
India
Slim
Carlos Slim , Carlos Slim Domit , Patrick Slim, Julián Slim
102 (2024)[ 7]
Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso
Mexico
Bettencourt
Françoise Bettencourt Meyers
99.5 (2024)[ 7]
L'Oréal
France
Hermes [ 6]
Pierre-Alexis Dumas , Axel Dumas
94.6 [ 6] (2022)
Hermès
France
Merck
Emanuel Merck , Johannes Freiherr von Baillou , Frank Stangenberg-Haverkamp , Jon Baumhauer
81 (2022)
Merck KGaA
Germany
Wertheimer[ 4] [ 6]
Alain Wertheimer , Gérard Wertheimer
73.6 (2024)[ 7]
Chanel
France
Thomson [ 12] [ 13] [ 6]
David Thomson , Peter Thomson , Kenneth Thomson (Roy Thomson )
67.8 (2024)[ 7]
Thomson Reuters , The Woodbridge Company
Canada
Aponte
Gianluigi Aponte , Rafaela Aponte-Diamant
66.2 (2024)[ 7]
Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC)
Switzerland Italy Israel
Cargill-MacMillan [ 6]
Pauline MacMillan Keinath , Gwendolyn Sontheim Meyer , Austen Cargill, II. , James Cargill, II. , Marianne Liebmann , Alexandra Daitch, Sarah MacMillan, Lucy Stitzer, Cargill MacMillan, III., John MacMillan, Martha MacMillan, William MacMillan (William Wallace Cargill , Austen Cargill , James R. Cargill , Marion MacMillan Pictet , Cargill MacMillan Sr. , Cargill MacMillan Jr , John H. MacMillan Sr. , John H. MacMillan , John Hugh MacMillan , Whitney MacMillan , Whitney Duncan MacMillan )
56.2 (2024)[ 7]
Cargill
United States
Quandt [ 6]
Stefan Quandt , Susanne Klatten (Herbert Quandt , Johanna Quandt )
53.8 (2024)[ 7]
BMW
Germany
Van Damme , De Spoelberch , De Mevius [ 4] [ 6]
Three families, the collective enterprise of which has roots in the 14th century
52.9 (2019)
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Belgium
Porsche/Piëch [ 14]
Hans Michel Piëch, Wolfgang Porsche
52.8 [ c]
Volkswagen Group
Austria
Hartono[ 16] [ 6]
Robert Budi Hartono , Michael Bambang Hartono , Armand Wahyudi Hartono, Martin Hartono, Victor Hartono
52 (2024)[ 7]
Djarum , Bank Central Asia
Indonesia
Boehringer /Von Baumbach [ 4]
Albert Boehringer , Hubertus von Baumbach
51.9 (2019)
Boehringer Ingelheim
Germany
Besnier
Emmanuel Besnier , Jean-Michel Besnier , Marie Besnier Beauvalot
43.3 (2024)[ 7]
Lactalis
France
Pritzker [ 17] [ 6]
Thomas Pritzker , Karen Pritzker , Jean (Gigi) Pritzker , Anthony Pritzker , Penny Pritzker , J.B. Pritzker , John Pritzker , Daniel Pritzker , Jennifer Pritzker , Linda Pritzker , Matthew Pritzker , Nicholas Pritzker , Liesel Pritzker Simmons , Adam Pritzker (Nicholas Pritzker)
43.1 (2024)[ 7]
Hyatt Corporation , Marmon Group
United States
Ofer[ 18] [ 19]
Eyal Ofer , Idan Ofer , Liora Ofer (Sammy Ofer )
41.7 (2024)[ 7]
Real estate , shipping , investments
Israel
Chearavanont [ 20]
Dhanin Chearavanont , Suphachai Chearavanont , Korawad Chearavanont
37.9 (2019)
Charoen Pokphand
Thailand
Johnson[ 17] [ 6]
Abigail Johnson , Edward Johnson, IV., Elizabeth Johnson (Edward C. Johnson III )
37 (2024)[ 7]
Fidelity Investments
United States
Cox [ 17] [ 6]
Anne Cox Chambers , James M. Cox
36.9 (2019)
Cox Enterprises Co.
United States
Rinehart
Gina Rinehart , Bianca Rinehart, Ginia Rinehart (Lang Hancock )
35 (2024)[ 7]
Hancock Prospecting
Australia
Cathy
Bubba Cathy , Dan Cathy , Trudy Cathy White (Truett Cathy )
33.6 (2024)[ 7]
Chick-fil-A
United States
Jindal[ 16]
Savitri Jindal , Naveen Jindal , Sajjan Jindal (O.P. Jindal )
33.5 (2024)[ 7]
Jindal Group
India
Dassault[ 21] [ 6]
Laurent Dassault , Thierry Dassault , Marie-Hélène Habert-Dassault, Helena Dassault, Remi Dassault (Marcel Dassault , Serge Dassault , Olivier Dassault )
33.2 (2024)[ 7]
Dassault Group , diversified
France
Mulliez [ 10]
Gérard Mulliez , Michel Leclercq
33 [ 4] (2019)
Auchan , Decathlon , Association Familiale Mulliez , and hundreds of other family members[ d]
France
S. C. Johnson [ 17]
S. Curtis Johnson
33 (2019)
S. C. Johnson & Son
United States
Adelson
Miriam Adelson (Sheldon Adelson )
32 (2024)[ 7]
Las Vegas Sands
Israel United States
Pinault
François Pinault , François-Henri Pinault
31.6 (2024)[ 7]
Kering
France
Hoffmann /Oeri [ 4] [ 6]
Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche , André Hoffmann
31.3 (2019)
Roche
Switzerland
Albrecht[ 4] [ 6]
Karl Albrecht , Theo Albrecht (Berthold Albrecht )
29.9 (2024)[ 7]
Aldi , Trader Joe's
Germany
Ferrero [ 10] [ 23] [ 6]
Michele Ferrero , Maria Franca Fissolo , Giovanni Ferrero , Pietro Ferrero Jr.
29.8 (2019)
Ferrero SpA
Italy
Del Vecchio
Claudio Del Vecchio , Clemente Del Vecchio, Leonardo Maria Del Vecchio, Luca Del Vecchio, Marisa Del Vecchio, Paola Del Vecchio (Leonardo Del Vecchio )
28.2 (2024)[ 7]
EssilorLuxottica
Italy
Henkel [ 24]
Friedrich Karl Henkel , Simone Bagel-Trah
28.1 (2017)
Henkel
Germany
Hearst [ 17]
William Randolph Hearst and numerous others
28 (2016)
Hearst Corporation
United States
Larrea Mota Velasco
Germán Larrea Mota Velasco , Jorge Larrea, Sara Mota De Larrea
27.9 (2024)[ 7]
Grupo Mexico (mining)
Mexico
Lauder [ 17] [ 6]
Leonard Lauder , Ronald Lauder , Jane Lauder , William Lauder , Aerin Lauder (Estée Lauder )
27.4 (2024)[ 7]
Estée Lauder
United States
Saadé
Jacques Saadé, Jr., Rodolphe Saadé , Tanya Saadé Zeenny (Jacques Saadé )
26.7 (2024)[ 7]
CMA CGM
France Lebanon
Schaeffler [ 25]
Georg F. W. Schaeffler (Georg Schaeffler Jr.), Maria-Elisabeth Schaeffler , Georg Schaeffler Sr.
25.9 (2017)
Schaeffler Group
Germany Austria
Lee (Byung-chul)
Jay Y. Lee , Hong Ra-hee , Lee Boo-jin , Lee Seo-hyun, Hong Seok-joh, Chung Yong-jin , Hong Seok-hyun , Lee Myung-hee , Lee Jay-hyun , Lee in-hee (Lee Byung-chul , Lee Kun-hee )
25.6 (2024)[ 7]
Samsung , Shinsegae , CJ , Hansol , JoongAng Group , BGF Group
South Korea
Kristiansen
Sofie Kirk Kristiansen , Thomas Kirk Kristiansen , Agnete Kirk Thinggaard , Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen (Ole Kirk Christiansen
25.5 (2024)[ 26]
The Lego Group
Denmark
Moreira Salles[ 27]
Fernando Roberto Moreira Salles, Pedro Moreira Salles , João Moreira Salles , Walter Moreira Salles Jr. (Walter Moreira Salles )
25.3 (2024)[ 7]
Banking
Brazil
Otto[ 25]
Alexander Otto , Michael Otto , Katharina Otto-Bernstein , Maren Otto, Benjamin Otto (Werner Otto )
25.3 (2024)[ 7]
Otto Group
Germany
Damani[ 28] [ 29]
Radhakishan Damani , Gopikishan Damani
24.6 (2024)[ 7]
DMart
India
Lee (Shau Kee) [ 30]
Lee Shau Kee
24.1 (2016)
Henderson Land Development
Hong Kong
Persson[ 10]
Stefan Persson , Lottie Tham , Karl-Johan Persson , Tom Persson , Charlotte Soderstrom (Erling Persson )
23.7 (2024)[ 7]
H&M
Sweden
Brenninkmeijer [ 24]
Clemens Brenninkmeijer, August Brenninkmeyer, Stephan Brenninkmeijer , Philippe Brenninkmeyer , Erik Brenninkmeijer
23.4 (2017)
Cofra Group , C&A
Germany Netherlands
Cheng [ 16]
Cheng Yu-tung , Henry Cheng , Adrian Cheng
22.5 (2017)
Hong Kong
Reimann[ 25]
Wolfgang Reimann, Matthias Reimann-Andersen, Stefan Reimann-Andersen , Renate Reimann-Haas (Albert Reimann)
22.4 (2024)[ 7]
JAB Holding Company
Germany
Bajaj[ 16]
Rajiv Bajaj , Sanjiv Bajaj , Madhur Bajaj, Niraj Bajaj, Shekhar Bajaj (Jamnalal Bajaj , Rahul Bajaj )
21.8 (2024)[ 7]
Bajaj Group
India
Rausing [ 4]
Finn Rausing , Jorn Rausing , Kirsten Rausing (Hans Rausing )
21.6 (2024)[ 7]
Tetra Laval
Sweden
Duncan [ 17] [ 6]
Dan Duncan , Randa Williams , Milane Frantz , Dannine Avara , Scott_Duncan
21.5 (2016)
Enterprise Products
United States
Tsai (Wan-Tsai)[ 16]
Daniel Tsai , Richard Tsai , Tsai Hong-tu , Tsai Cheng-ta , T.Y. Tsai (Tsai Wan-lin )
20.9 (2024)[ 7]
Cathay United Bank , Cathay Life Insurance
Taiwan
Safra [ 31]
Vicky Safra (Jacob Safra , Joseph Safra , Moise Safra , Lily Safra )
20.6 (2024)[ 7]
Fibria , Chiquita Brands International , Safra Group , Banco Safra , J. Safra Sarasin , Safra National Bank of New York
Syria Lebanon Brazil Greece Switzerland
Mistry[ 16] [ 6]
Shapoor Mistry , Firoz Mistry, Zahan Mistry (Shapoorji Mistry , Cyrus Mistry )
19.7 (2024)[ 7]
Shapoorji Pallonji Group
India Ireland
Struengmann
Andreas Struengmann , Thomas Struengmann
19.6 (2024)[ 7]
BioNTech
Germany
Reuben[ 32]
David Reuben, Simon Reuben
19.2 (2024)[ 7]
Real estate, financial services, commodity trading
United Kingdom
Chirathivat [ 16]
Tiang Chirathivat (Cheng)
19.3 (2017)
Central Group
Thailand
Blocher[ 31]
Rahel Blocher, Magdalena Martullo-Blocher , Markus Blocher , Miriam Baumann-Blocher (Christoph Blocher )
18.8 (2024)[ 7]
Ems-Chemie , Dottikon ES Holding
Switzerland
Ziff[ 17]
Daniel Ziff , Dirk Ziff , Robert Ziff (William Bernard Ziff Jr. )
18.6 (2024)[ 7]
Publishing, Ziff Davis , Ziff Brothers Investments
United States
Newhouse[ 17]
Samuel Irving Newhouse Jr. , Donald Newhouse
18.5 (2016)
Advance Publications
United States
Mittal[ 16]
Lakshmi Mittal , Aditya Mittal and Pramod Mittal
18.3 (2021)
ArcelorMittal
India
Bukhman
Dmitri Bukhman , Igor Bukhman
18 (2024)[ 7]
Online games
Israel
Herz[ 33]
Michael Herz , Wolfgang Herz , Christian Herz, Michaela Herz
18 (2024)[ 7]
Tchibo , Beiersdorf , Mayfair SE
Germany
Stryker[ 34]
Ronda Stryker , Jon Stryker , Pat Stryker (Homer Stryker )
17.5 (2024)[ 7]
Stryker Corporation
United States
Hunt[ 17]
Ray Lee Hunt , W. Herbert Hunt , Clark Hunt , Daniel Hunt, Lamar Hunt, Jr. , Sharron Hunt (H. L. Hunt )
17.5 (2024)[ 7]
Hunt Oil Company , Hunt Petroleum , Kansas City Chiefs
United States
Bertarelli[ 31]
Ernesto Bertarelli , Dona Bertarelli
17.4 (2024)[ 7]
Serono
Italy Switzerland
Hariri
Rafic Hariri , Bahia Hariri , Bahaa Hariri , Saad Hariri , Ayman Hariri , Fahd Hariri , Hind Hariri
17 (2017)[ 35]
Arab Bank , GroupeMed, Saudi Oger , The Daily Star , Future TV
France Lebanon Saudi Arabia
Kuok[ 16]
Robert Kuok
16.6 (2017)
Kuok Group
Malaysia
Meijer
Doug Meijer , Hank Meijer , Mark Meijer (Hendrik Meijer )
16.5 (2024)[ 7]
Meijer
United States
Braun
Anna Maria Braun , Otto Phillip Braun , Barbara Braun-Lüdicke
16 (2024)
B. Braun
Germany
Tschira
Gerda Tschira, Harald Tschira , Udo Tschira (Klaus Tschira )
15.6 (2024)[ 7]
SAP
Germany
Fertitta
Tilman Fertitta , Frank Fertitta, III. , Lorenzo Fertitta
15.5 (2024)[ 7]
Houston Rockets , UFC
United States
Godrej[ 16]
Smita Crishna-Godrej, Adi Godrej , Jamshyd Godrej , Nadir Godrej , Pirojsha Adi Godrej
15.2 (2024)[ 7]
Godrej Group , Godrej and Boyce
India
Pratt
Anthony Pratt , Fiona Geminder , Heloise Pratt (Richard Pratt , Leon Pratt)
14.9 (2024)[ 7]
Visy
Australia
Chao
Albert Chao , James Chao, Dorothy Chao Jenkins (Ting Tsung Chao )
14.7 (2024)[ 7]
Westlake Corporation
United States
Collison
John Collison , Patrick Collison
14.4 (2024)[ 7]
Stripe
Ireland
Sy[ 16]
Hans Sy , Henry Sy Jr. , Herbert Sy, Harley Sy, Teresita Sy Coson , Elizabeth Sy (Henry Sy )
14.4 (2024)[ 7]
SM Investments Corporation
Philippines
Du Pont [ 17]
List of family members
14.3 (2016)
Real estate , DuPont Chemical Company
United States
Ng[ 36]
Philip Ng, Robert Ng (Ng Teng Fong )
14.3 (2024)[ 7]
Far East Organization
Singapore
Saji[ 16]
14.2 (2017)
Suntory
Japan
Heineken[ 37]
Johann Rupert
14.1 (2024)[ 7]
Remgro
South Africa
Birla [ 16]
Kumar Mangalam Birla , Ananya Birla , Aryaman Birla , Chandra Kant Birla , Shobhana Bhartia , Yashovardhan Birla, Madhav Prasad Birla
14.1 (2017)
Birla Institute of Technology & Science , Aditya Birla Group , Grasim Industries , CK Birla Group , Yash Birla Group , The Hindustan Times , M.P Birla Group
India
Coates[ 38]
Denise Coates , John Coates , Peter Coates
13.8 (2024)[ 7]
Bet365
United Kingdom
Bass [ 17]
Robert Bass , Sid Bass , Ed Bass , Lee Bass (Sid Richardson )
13.8 (2024)[ 26]
Oak Hill Capital (energy, development)
United States
Goldman[ 17]
Sol Goldman , Amy Goldman Fowler
13.7 (2016)
Solil Management
United States
Arison
Micky Arison , Shari Arison (Ted Arison )
13.5 (2024)[ 7]
Carnival Cruises
Israel United States
Salinas Pliego
Ricardo Salinas Pliego
13.4 (2024)[ 7]
TV Azteca , Grupo Elektra
Mexico
Busch[ 17]
Adolphus Busch , Adolphus Busch III , August Anheuser Busch Sr. , August Busch III , August Busch IV
13.4 (2016)
Anheuser-Busch
United States
Pao[ 16]
13.4 (2017)
BW Group
Hong Kong
Yoovidhya[ 16]
Chalerm Yoovidhya
13.1 (2017)
Red Bull
Thailand
Sackler [ 17]
Arthur M. Sackler , Mortimer Sackler , Raymond Sackler , Richard Sackler
13 (2016)
Purdue Pharma , Oxycontin
United States
Dangote[ 39] [unreliable source? ]
Aliko Dangote , Sani Dangote
13.1 (2017)
Dangote Group
Nigeria
Roig-Herrero
Juan Roig , Hortensia Herrero , Fernando Roig , Fernando Masaveu Herrero
12.9 (2024)[ 7]
Mercadona
Spain
Kwok[ 4] [ 6]
Geoffrey Kwok , Jonathan Kwok, Adam Kwok, Thomas Kwok , Christopher Kwok, Edward Kwok, Raymond Kwok (Kwok Tak-Seng , Kwong Siu-hing )
12.8 (2024)[ 7]
Sun Hung Kai Properties
Hong Kong
Powell-Jobs[ 40]
Laurene Powell Jobs (Steve Jobs )
12.8 (2024)[ 7]
Apple Inc. , Disney
United States
Sawiris
Nassef Sawiris , Naguib Sawiris , Samih Sawiris (Onsi Sawiris )
12.6 (2024)[ 7]
Orascom Construction Industries , Orascom Telecom Holding , Orascom Development, Orascom Group
Egypt
Jacobs[ 31]
Johann Jacobs, Walther J. Jacobs, Klaus Johann Jacobs
12.5 (2018)
Jacobs , Barry Callebaut , The Adecco Group
Germany Switzerland
Schindler[ 31]
12.5 (2018)
Schindler Group
Switzerland
Weston [ 41]
Guy Weston , George Weston , Galen Weston Jr. , W. Garfield Weston , Garry Weston , George G. Weston , Alannah Weston , Kate Hobhouse , Jana Khayat , Emma Adamo
12.3 (2013)
Loblaw Companies , George Weston Limited , Wittington Investments
Canada
Brown[ 17]
George Garvin Brown IV
12.3 (2016)
Brown-Forman
United States
Marshall[ 17]
J. Howard Marshall II , Elaine Tettemer Marshall
12 (2016)
Koch Industries
United States
Prada
Miuccia Prada , Alberto Prada, Marina Prada (Mario Prada )
11.8 (2024)[ 7]
Prada
Italy
Mehta
Samir Mehta , Sudhir Mehta
11.6 (2024)[ 7]
Torrent Group
India
Del Pino
Rafael Del Pino , Maria Del Pino , D. Leopoldo Del Pino
11.5 (2024)[ 7]
Ferrovial S.A.
Spain
Mellon [ 17]
Andrew Mellon , Matthew Mellon , Christopher Mellon
11.5 (2016)
Mellon Bank
United States
Garcia
Ernest Garcia, II. , Ernest Garcia, III
11.3 (2024)[ 7]
Carvana
United States
Von Schwangau[ 25]
Karl Von Schwangau III, Ludwig Von Schwangau Jr, Karl Von Schwangau IV
11.3 (2017)
Knorr-Bremse , Vossloh , BlackRock
Germany United States
Resnick
Lynda Resnick , Stewart Resnick
11.2 (2024)[ 7]
Agriculture
United States
Schörling
Sofia Högberg Schörling, Märta Schörling Andreen (Melker Schörling )
11.2 (2024)[ 42]
Melker Schörling AB (MSAB)
Sweden
Rocca
Gianfelice Rocca , Paolo Rocca (Agostino Rocca )
11.2 (2024)[ 7]
Techint Group
Italy
Butt[ 17]
Charles Butt
11 (2016)
HEB Grocery Company
United States
Kadoorie[ 43]
Michael Kadoorie
11 (2017)
CLP Holding
Hong Kong
Dos Santos[ 44]
José Eduardo dos Santos , Isabel dos Santos , José Filomeno dos Santos , Coréon Dú
11 (2017)
Angola
Rockefeller [ 17]
List of family members
11 (2016)
Standard Oil Company , Chase Manhattan Bank
United States
Würth[ 25]
Adolf Würth, Reinhold Würth , Bettina Würth
10.8 (2016)
Würth Gruppe
Germany
Gallo [ 17]
Ernest Gallo , Julio Gallo
10.7 (2016)
E & J Gallo Winery
United States
Uihlein
Elizabeth Uihlein , Richard Uihlein
10.4 (2024)[ 7]
Uline
United States
Widjaja[ 16]
Eka Tjipta Widjaja , Frankie Widjaja, Franky Oesman Widjaja, Teguh Ganda Widjaja, Indra Widjaja, Sukmawati Widjaja
10.4 (2017)
Sinar Mas Group
Indonesia
Glazer [ 18]
Avram Glazer , Bryan Glazer , Edward Glazer , Joel Glazer , Kevin Glazer , Darcie Glazer Kassewitz
10.2 (2024)[ 7]
Manchester United , Tampa Bay Buccaneers
United States
Benetton
Giuliana Benetton , Luciano Benetton , Sabrina Benetton, Barbara Benetton (Carlo Benetton , Gilberto Benetton )
10.1 (2024)[ 7]
Benetton Group
Italy
Kulibaev
Timur Kulibaev , Dinara Kulibaeva
10 (2024)[ 7]
Halyk Bank
Kazakhstan
Lohia[ 16]
Sri Prakash Lohia , Aloke Lohia (Mohan Lal Lohia , Seema Lohia)
9.9 (2024)[ 7]
Indorama Corporation
Indonesia India
Chung (Ju-yung) [ 16]
Chung Mong-koo , Chung Eui-sun , Chung Mong-joon , Chung Mong-gyu , Chung Mong-won
9.8 (2024)[ 7]
Hyundai Motor Group , Hyundai Heavy Industries , Hyundai Department Store Group , Halla Group , HDC Group , KCC Corporation
South Korea
Gutserievs[ 2]
9.8 (2016)
BIN Group
Russia
Tisch
Jonathan Tisch , Wilma Tisch , Laurie Tisch , Steven Tisch , James Tisch , Andrew Tisch (Laurence Tisch , Bob Tisch )
9.6 (2024)[ 7]
Loews , New York Giants
United States
Oppenheimer[ 45]
Nicky Oppenheimer (Ernest Oppenheimer )
9.5 (2024)[ 7]
De Beers
South Africa
Coppel Luken
Enrique Coppel Luken, Rubén Coppel Luken, Alberto Coppel Luken, José Coppel Luken, Agustín Coppel Luken
9.5 (2024)[ 7]
Grupo Coppel
Mexico
Grosvenor [ 38]
Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster
9.5 (euros, 2017)
Grosvenor Group
United Kingdom
Liebherr[ 31]
Hans Liebherr, Hans Liebherr jr., Willi Liebherr , Markus Liebherr , Isolde Liebherr , Hubert Liebherr
9.5 (2018)
Liebherr Group
Germany Switzerland
Livingstone
Ian Livingstone , Richard Livingstone
9.4 (2024)[ 7]
Real estate
United Kingdom
Dorrance[ 17]
Mary Alice Dorrance Malone , Bennett Dorrance, John Dorrance, III. (John Thompson Dorrance , Dorrance Hill Hamilton )
9.4 (2024)[ 7]
Campbell Soup Company
United States
Alfond
Bill Alfond , Susan Alfond , Ted Alfond (Harold Alfond , Peter Alfond )
9.3 (2024)[ 7]
Dexter Shoe Company
United States
Shoen
Mark Shoen , Joe Shoen
9.3 (2024)[ 7]
U-Haul
United States
Xie
Ken Xie , Michael Xie
9.3 (2024)[ 7]
Fortinet
United States
Herlin
Antti Herlin , Ilkka Herlin , Ilona Herlin, Heikki Herlin (Heikki H. Herlin )
9.2 (2024)[ 7]
Kone , Cargotec
Finland
Rogers[ 12]
Edward S. Rogers Jr. , Edward S. Rogers III
9.13 (2017)
Rogers Communications
Canada
Burman[ 16]
Vivek Chand Burman, Anand Burman , Amit Burman, Saket Burman , Pradip Burman
9 (2024)[ 7]
Dabur
India United Kingdom
Salim[ 16]
Sudono Salim , Anthoni Salim , Axton Salim
8.8 (2017)
Salim Group
Indonesia
Kwek[ 46]
Kwek Leng Beng , Kwek Leng Kee, Kwek Leng Keow, Kwek Leng Peck (Kwek Hong Png )
8.7 (2024)[ 7]
Hong Leong Group
Singapore
Koo (In-hwoi) family [ 16]
Koo In-hwoi , Koo Cha-kyung , Koo Bon-moo , Koo Bon-joon, Koo-Bon sik, Koo Bon-neung, Koo Kwang-mo, etc.
8.7 (2017)
LG Group , LS Group , LIG Group, LT Group, LX Group, LF Group, Ourhome Corp, KleanNara
South Korea
Haefner
Martin Haefner , Eva Maria Bucher-Haefner
8.4 (2024)[ 7]
CA Technologies
Switzerland
Wilson
Alan Wilson, Bruce Wilson, John Wilson
8.4 (2024)[ 7]
Reece Group
Australia
Lee Man Tat[ 16]
8.4 (2017)
Food industry
Hong Kong
Bailleres Gual
Alejandro Baillères Gual (Alberto Baillères )
8.1 (2024)[ 7]
Grupo Bal (mining)
Mexico
Garavoglia
Luca Garavoglia , Alessandra Garavoglia
8 (2024)[ 7]
Campari Group
Italy
Haniel[ 24]
Franz Markus Haniel
8 (2017)
Franz Haniel & Cie. , Metro AG , CWS-boco Gruppe
Germany
Koç [ 47]
Semahat Sevim Arsel , Rahmi Koç , Suna Kıraç , Mustafa Vehbi Koç , Mehmet Ömer Koç , Ali Yıldırım Koç
8 (2016)
Koç Holding
Turkey
Şahenk[ 47]
7-8 (2016)
Doğuş Holding
Turkey
Sabancı [ 47]
Hacı Ömer Sabancı , İhsan Sabancı , Güler Sabancı , Sevgi Sabancı, Sakıp Sabancı , Sevil Sabancı , Ömer Sabancı , Mehmet Sabancı , Şevket Sabancı , Ali Sabancı , Özdemir Sabancı , Demir Sabancı
7-8 (for each one of Şevket, Erol , and Türkan's families) (2016)
Sabancı Holding
Turkey
Simmons[ 48]
Harold Simmons
8 (2013)
Businessman, Titanium investments
United States
Olayan[ 49]
8 (2017)
Diversified, inheritance
Saudi Arabia
Berlusconi[ 50]
Marina Berlusconi , Pier Silvio Berlusconi , Barbara Berlusconi, Eleonora Berlusconi, Luigi Berlusconi (Silvio Berlusconi , Paolo Berlusconi )
7.8 (2024)[ 7]
Fininvest
Italy
Law[ 16]
7.8 (2017)
Bossini
Hong Kong
Heraeus[ 24]
Wilhelm Carl Heraeus, Jürgen Heraeus, Jan Rinnert
7.7 (2017)
Heraeus
Germany
Irving[ 12]
K. C. Irving , James K. Irving , Arthur Irving , John E. Irving , Sarah Irving , Robert Irving , Mary Jean Irving, Jean E. Irving , Judy Irving , John K. F. Irving , Colin D. Irving
7.65 (2017)
Irving Group of Companies , Irving Oil , J. D. Irving
Canada
Fisher
John Fisher, Robert Fisher, Doris Fisher , William Fisher (Donald Fisher )
7.6 (2024)[ 7]
Gap Inc.
United States
Mori[ 16]
7.6 (2017)
Mori Building Company
Japan
Firmenich[ 31]
Patrick Firmenich
7.5 (2018)
Firmenich
Switzerland
Schmidheiny[ 31]
Max Schmidheiny Stephan Schmidheiny , Thomas Schmidheiny
7.5 (2018)
Diversified (Holcim , i.a.)
Switzerland
D'Ieteren
Nicolas D'Ieteren, Catheline Perier D'Ieteren
7.3 (2024)[ 51]
D'Ieteren
Belgium
Siemens [ 24]
Werner von Siemens , Carl Wilhelm Siemens , Carl Heinrich von Siemens , Georg von Siemens , Arnold von Siemens , Georg Wilhelm von Siemens , Carl Friedrich von Siemens , Hermann von Siemens , Ernst von Siemens , Peter von Siemens , Nathalie von Siemens, Peter C. von Siemens
7.3 (2017)
Siemens
Germany
Zekelman
Barry Zekelman, Clayton Zekelman, Alan Zekelman
7.2 (2024)[ 7]
Zekelman Industries
Canada
Singh Dhingra
Gurbachan Singh Dhingra , Kuldip Singh Dhingra
7 (2024)[ 7]
Berger Paints India
India
Lal[ 16]
7 (2017)
Eicher Group
India
Rotenberg[ 2]
Arkady Rotenberg , Igor Rotenberg , Boris Rotenberg
6.9 (2024)[ 7]
Stroygazmontazh (S.G.M. Group)
Russia
Oetker
Alfred Oetker, Carl Ferdinand Oetker, Julia Oetker
6.9 (2024)[ 7]
Geschwister Oetker
Germany
Flick[ 14]
Friedrich Karl Flick , Ingrid Ragger
6.9 (euros, 2014)
Austria
Al Jaber[ 38]
Mohamed Bin Issa Al Jaber
6.76 (euros, 2017)
MBI International Holding Group
United Kingdom
Desmarais[ 12]
Paul Desmarais
6.71 (2017)
Power Corporation of Canada
Canada
Bangur[ 16]
6.7 (2017)
Shree Cement
India
Batista
Joesley Batista , Wesley Batista (José Batista Sobrinho)
6.6 (2024)[ 7]
JBS S.A.
Brazil
Engelhorn[ 31]
Curt Engelhorn , Traudl Engelhorn-Vechiatto,
6.5 (2018)
Pharmaceuticals firm Boehringer Mannheim
Germany
Kwee [ 16]
Kwee Liong Keng , Kwee Liong Phing , Kwee Liong Seen , Kwee Liong Tek
6.4 (2024)[ 7]
Pontiac Land
Singapore
Khoo[ 16]
6.4 (2017)
Maybank
Singapore
Wertheimer[ 52]
Stef Wertheimer
6.3 (2024)[ 7]
Iscar Metalworking
Israel
Perfetti[ 31]
Giorgio Perfetti , Augusto Perfetti
6.3 (2024)[ 7]
Perfetti Van Melle
Italy
Johnson[ 53]
Barbara Piasecka Johnson , Bertram and Diana Firestone , Mary Lea Johnson Richards , Casey Johnson , Jamie Johnson (filmmaker) , John Seward Johnson II , John Seward Johnson I , Robert Wood Johnson I , Robert Wood Johnson II , Robert Wood Johnson III , Woody Johnson
6.3 (2015)
Johnson & Johnson
United States
Chey (Tae-won) family [ 16]
Chey Tae-won , Chey Ki-won
6.3 (2017)
SK Group
South Korea
Wee[ 16]
6.25 (2017)
United Overseas Bank
Singapore
Marinho [ 54]
João Roberto Marinho , José Roberto Marinho , Roberto Irineu Marinho (Roberto Marinho )
6.2 (2024)[ 7]
Grupo Globo , Rede Globo
Brazil
Sehgal[ 16]
6.15 (2017)
Auto parts
India
Wadia[ 16]
6.14 (2017)
Diversified
India
Zobel de Ayala [ 16]
List of family members
6.13 (2017)
Ayala Corporation
Philippines
Feffer
David Feffer , Daniel Feffer, Jorge Feffer, Ruben Feffer (Leon Feffer , Max Feffer)
6.1 (2024)[ 7]
Suzano (pulp and paper)
Brazil
Kushal Pal Singh[ 16]
6.1 (2017)
Real estate
India
Duff
James Duff, Thomas Duff
6 (2024)[ 7]
Duff Capital Investors
United States
Patel[ 16]
6 (2017)
Cadila Healthcare
India
Richardson[ 12]
5.95 (2017)
James Richardson & Sons
Canada
Mansour
Mohamed Mansour , Youssef Mansour, Yasseen Mansour (Loutfy Mansour)
5.8 (2024)[ 7]
Mansour Group
Egypt
Wirtgen
Jurgen Wirtgen, Stefan Wirtgen (Reinhard Wirtgen)
5.8 (2024)[ 7]
Wirtgen Group
Germany
Sands
Robert Sands , Richard Sands (Marvin Sands )
5.7 (2024)[ 7]
Liquor
United States
Mikati
Najib Mikati , Taha Mikati
5.6 (2024)[ 7]
M1 Group
Lebanon
Knauf
Karl Knauf, Christine Knauf, Robert Knauf, Martin Knauf, Alexander Knauf
5.6 (2024)[ 7]
Knauf Gips KG (building materials)
Germany
Fielmann
Marc Fielmann , Sophie Luise Fielmann (Guenther Fielmann )
5.6 (2024)[ 7]
Fielmann AG (optometry)
Germany
Ermirio de Moraes[ 27]
Jose Roberto Ermirio de Moraes, Jose Ermirio de Moraes Neto, Neide Helena de Moraes, Clóvis Ermírio de Moraes (Jose Ermirio de Moraes, Antônio Ermírio de Moraes , Ermirio Pereira de Moraes , Maria Helena Moraes Scripilliti )
5.6 (2024)[ 7]
Votorantim Group
Brazil
Wynn
Steve Wynn , Elaine Wynn
5.5 (2024)[ 6]
Casinos (The Mirage , Treasure Island , Bellagio and Wynn Las Vegas )
United States
von Finck[ 31]
August von Finck Sr. , August von Finck Jr. , August François von Finck
5.5 (2018)
Merck Finck & Co. , Mövenpick , Von Roll Holding , and investment in many other companies
Germany Switzerland
Hilti[ 31]
Martin Hilti, Eugen Hilti
5.5 (2018)
Hilti
Liechtenstein Switzerland
Marguerre[ 31]
Wolfgang Marguerre , Frederic Marguerre, Tobias Marguerre
5.5 (2018)
Octapharma
Germany Switzerland
Miele and Zinkann[ 24]
Carl Miele , Reinhard Zinkann, Rudolf Miele , Peter Zinkann, Markus Miele, Reinhard Zinkann jr.
5.5 (2017)
Miele
Germany
Winklevoss
Cameron Winklevoss , Tyler Winklevoss
5.4 (2024)[ 7]
Gemini
United States
Saputo[ 12]
Lino Saputo , Francesco Saputo, Joey Saputo , Mirella Saputo
5.4 (2024)[ 7]
Saputo Inc.
Canada
Getty [ 55]
J. Paul Getty , Sir Paul Getty , John Paul Getty III , Ariadne Getty , Balthazar Getty
5.4 (2015)
Getty Oil
United States
Erdemoğlu[ 56]
İbrahim Erdemoğlu, Ali Erdemoğlu
5.3 (2024)[ 7]
SASA Polyester (carpet)
Turkey
Bouygues
Martin Bouygues , Olivier Bouygues
5.2 (2024)[ 7]
Bouygues Group
France
Tung Chee Hwa and Chee Chen[ 16]
5.2 (2017)
Shipping
Hong Kong
Freudenberg[ 24]
Carl Johann Freudenberg, Reinhart Freudenberg, Wolfram Freudenberg, Martin Wentzler
5.2 (2017)
Freudenberg Group
Germany
Shin (Kyuk-ho) family
Shin Dong-bin , Shin Kyuk-ho , Shin Dong-joo, Shin Choon-ho , etc.
5.0 (2015)
Lotte Group , Nongshim , Pulemil
South Korea
Lo[ 16]
5 (2017)
Shui On Group
Hong Kong
Munjal[ 16]
Pawan Munjal , Renu Munjal, Suman Munjal (Brijmohan Lall Munjal )
4.9 (2024)[ 7]
Hero Group
India
Azrieli[ 12]
David Azrieli , Danna Azrieli , Naomi Azrieli, Sharon Azrieli
4.8 (2024)[ 7]
Azrieli Group
Israel Canada
Smith
Ryan Smith , Jared Smith, Scott Smith
4.8 (2024)[ 7]
Qualtrics
United States
Historical
Excluding royal dynasties and land-owning aristocracy , the wealthiest families since the emergence of banking and early capitalism in the Italian Renaissance were:[citation needed ]
The Rothschild family of bankers became the richest family in the mid-19th century.[ 57] The family's accumulated wealth has been divided among many descendants, only one of which (Benjamin de Rothschild ) was officially recognized as a billionaire. Determining the family's exact wealth has been deemed implausible;[ 58] conspiracy theories claiming the family is worth trillions of dollars have not been proven.[ 59] [ 60]
The Bardi family of Florence (14th century)
The Medici family, as owners of the Medici Bank , the richest family in 15th-century Europe.[ 61]
The Gondi family of Florence, financial partners of the Medici family in the 15th century.
The Fugger family of mercantile bankers and venture capitalists, the richest family in the 16th century.[ 62]
The Welser family, alongside the Fugger one of the most important families of merchant bankers in 16th-century Europe.
The Baring family , owners of an important merchant bank in London in the 18th to 19th centuries.
The Schröder family , a leading Hanseatic family of Hamburg in the 18th to 19th centuries.
The Goldman–Sachs family , owners of the Goldman Sachs investment bank from 1869 to 1912.[ 63]
The Venetian noble houses , notably the Contarini , Cornaro , Dandolo , Giustinian , Loredan , Mocenigo , and Morosini families, monopolised pre-modern trade while ruling the Venetian Republic as a mercantile oligarchy.[ 64]
Notes
^ The $278 billion in assets include charitable foundations and other investment vehicles which are not owned by individual shareholders but still retain successive management.
^ Approximately euro to dollar conversion rate as of September 2019
^ Approximately euro to dollar conversion rate as of September 2018[ 15]
^ In March 2017, Tharawat Magazine reported that approximately one thousand family members co-own the holding company Association Familiale Mulliez.[ 22]
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^ a b c "The richest Russian family clans – 2016" . Crime Russia . Retrieved 2 April 2018 .
^ The Scudder Family, John Pitman, Chandrani Ghosh, David Armstrong, The Dynasties , Forbes , 28 February 2002. "The names are famous and often synonymous with great brands, from spaghetti to tires; those who bear them are without question fabulously wealthy. Yet the Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Michelins and 47 other billionaire families don't appear on the Forbes World's Richest People list. Why not? It's a question of degrees. We have tried to distinguish between fortunes that belong to individuals or nuclear families, and those that have been passed down through more than one branch of the family tree and are often shared by dozens of heirs."
^ a b c d e f g h i "The World's Wealthiest Family Gets $4 Million Richer Every Hour" . Bloomberg . 1 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2019 .
^ Hanbury, Mary (24 February 2018). "MEET THE WALTONS: How America's wealthiest family spends its Walmart fortune" . Business Insider . Retrieved 9 March 2018 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "These Are the World's Richest Families" . Bloomberg .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq "Forbes Billionaires 2024: The Richest People In The World" . Forbes . Retrieved 3 April 2024 .
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^ Milne, Richard (28 October 2024). "The Wallenbergs start succession to sixth generation" . Financial Times . Retrieved 11 November 2024 .
^ a b c d Olanubi, Sijuola (14 February 2017). "Top 10 Richest Families in Europe" . Tharawat Magazine .
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^ a b c d e f g "Canada's Richest People: The Complete Top 100 Ranking (2017)" . Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News . 7 December 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2018 .
^ Zeveloff, Julie (5 March 2012). "MOVE OVER, FORBES: Here Are The Real 20 Richest People In The World" . Business Insider . Retrieved 26 February 2018 .
^ a b "Austria's 33 Richest Families Worth €120bn" . Advantage Austria . 31 July 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2018 .
^ "44.8 EUR to USD - Euros to US Dollars Exchange Rate" . www.xe.com .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al "Asia's Richest Families 2017: The Billion-Dollar Clans Ruling The Region" . Forbes . 14 November 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Official list.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "America's Richest Families" . Forbes .
^ a b Solutions, EIU Digital. "Mr Netanyahu's position is secure for now" . List of countries . Retrieved 20 April 2018 .
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^ "The world's richest families revealed" . MSN . 11 April 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2018 .
^ "Trillion Dollar Inheritance: The World's Biggest Family Fortunes" . Bloomberg . Retrieved 25 August 2018 .
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^ "The world's richest families revealed" . MSN . 11 April 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2018 .
^ a b c d e f g Neßhöver, Christoph (5 October 2017). "Das sind Deutschlands reichste Sippen" . Manager Magazin (in German). Retrieved 28 November 2018 .
^ a b c d e "Die reichsten Deutschen" . Manager Magazin (in German). 4 October 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2018 .
^ a b "Forbes Billionaires 2024: The Richest People In The World" . Forbes . Retrieved 3 April 2024 .
^ a b Anderson Antunes (13 May 2014). "The 15 Richest Families In Brazil" . Forbes . Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2018 .
^ "Radhakishan Damani" . Forbes . Retrieved 26 July 2021 .
^ "Gopikishan Damani" . Forbes . Retrieved 26 July 2021 .
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^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "300 Reichste 2018" . Bilanz (in German). 29 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018 .
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^ "Medtech's Billionaires: #1 The Stryker Family and John Brown - MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry News Products and Suppliers" . 27 March 2015. Quote: Sibling heirs Ronda ($3.7B), Pat ($2.2B), and Jon Stryker ($1.93B) ... all became wealthy through Kalamazoo, MI-based Stryker Corp.
^ "Global Wealth and Society Programme | Wealth and Society" . www.wealthandsociety.com . Retrieved 14 August 2024 .
^ "Ng brothers are Singapore's richest for 6 years running: Forbes" .
^ "Four generations on, Heineken family won't loosen grip" . Reuters . 15 September 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2020 .
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^ "The world's richest families revealed" . MSN . 11 April 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2018 .
^ Flaherty, Rachel (21 March 2013). "Who are the richest people and families in Ireland?" . The Irish Times . Retrieved 29 March 2018 .
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^ Top 10 Richest Families in Africa . 17 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via YouTube. Pulse article
^ "Forbes List" . Ranking Interesting Facts About Africa . 1 January 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2018 .
^ "The world's richest families revealed" . MSN . 11 April 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2018 .
^ a b c "Top 10 wealthiest families of Turkey" . Yeni Şafak . 16 November 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2018 .
^ "Texas billionaire Harold Simmons' heirs save some money on taxes" .
^ "Arab World's Richest Families 2017" . Forbes Middle East . 17 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2018 .
^ "Silvio Berlusconi & family" . Forbes . Retrieved 17 June 2023 .
^ "Forbes Billionaires 2024: The Richest People In The World" . Forbes . Retrieved 3 April 2024 .
^ "Stef Wertheimer" . Bloomberg.com . 1 January 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2018 .
^ "Johnson family" . forbes.com . Retrieved 8 April 2018 .
^ "The 15 Richest Families In Brazil" . Forbes . 13 May 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2018 .
^ "Forbes" . Forbes .
^ "Forbes'in açıkladığı Türkiye'nin en zengini İbrahim Erdemoğlu kimdir?" . BirGün . 5 April 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024 .
^ Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money (2008), p. 88: "Between 1818 and 1852, the combined capital of the five Rothschild 'houses' (Frankfurt, London, Naples, Paris and Vienna) rose from £1.8 million to £9.5 million. As early as 1825 their combined capital was nine times greater than that of Baring Brothers and the Banque de France. By 1899, at £41 million, it exceeded the capital of the five biggest German joint-stock banks put together."
^ "The Rothschilds’ family fortune" , Financial Times , 25 March 2010
^ Putterman, Samantha (9 January 2019). "Meme way off in claim that the Rothschild family holds '80 percent of the world's wealth' " . PolitiFact .
^ Evon, Dan (29 October 2016). "Rothschild Family Wealth" . Snopes .
^ de Roover, Raymond Adrien (1966), The rise and decline of the Medici Bank: 1397–1494 , New York City; Toronto: W. W. Norton; George J. McLeod Limited (respectively), LCCN 63-11417
^ Steinmetz, Greg. (2015). The richest man who ever lived : the life and times of Jacob Fugger . Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-8856-6 . OCLC 965139738 .
^ The company admitted the first partner who was not a family member in 1912, and Henry Goldman resigned in 1917. William D. Cohan, Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World (2012).
^ Winters, Jeffrey A. (2011). Oligarchy . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 9781139495646 .
External links
Gauri Bhatia, Here's how India's wealthiest families are seeking to stay wealthy , CNBC , 18 October 2017
Simone Foxman, World's Richest Families Seeking to Make More Deals on Their Own , Bloomberg , 9 November
The T&C 50: The Richest Families You've Never Heard Of , Town & Country , 17 October 2017,
Kerry A. Dolan and Luisa Kroll, "Billionaire Dynasties" , Forbes , 21 June 2001
Devon Pendleton, Bloomberg, Europe's richest royal gets richer as family bank lures wealthy , The Register Citizen , 28 October 2017
Tom Metcalf and Jack Witzig, World's Wealthiest Became $1 Trillion Richer in 2017 , Bloomberg News , 27 December 2017
Kimberley Richards, 87 richest families in Canada have 4,000 times more wealth than average family, report says , Independent , 1 August 2018
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