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Antialcidas, King of Paropamisade, Arachosia, and Gandhara (115–95 BC)
Heliokles II, King of Gandhara and Punjab (110–100 BC)
Polyxenios, King of Paropamisade and Arachosia (c.100 BC)
Demetrius III, King of Gandhara and Punjab (c.100 BC)
Philoxenus, King of Paropamisade, Arachosia, Gandhara, and Punjab (100–95 BC)
Diomedes, King of Paropamisade (95–90 BC)
Amyntas, King of Arachosia and Gandhara (95–90 BC)
Epander, King of Punjab (95–90 BC)
Theophilos, King of Paropamisade (c.90 BC)
Peukolaos, King of Arachosia and Gandhara (c.90 BC)
Nicias, King of Paropamisade (90–85 BC)
Menander II, King of Arachosia and Gandhara (90–85 BC)
Hermaeus, King of Paropamisade (90–70 BC)
Archebius, King of Arachosia, Gandhara, and Punjab (90–80 BC)
Maues, Indo-Scythian King of Paropamisade, Arachosia, Gandhara, and Punjab (85–60 BC)
Artemidoros, King of Gandhara/Punjab (c.80 BC)
Apollodotus II, King of Punjab (80–65 BC)
Telephos, King of Gandhara (75–70 BC)
Hippostratos, King of Western Punjab (65–55 BC)
Dionysios, King of Eastern Punjab (65–55 BC)
Zoilos II, King of Eastern Punjab (55–35 BC)
Apollophanes, King of Eastern Punjab (35–25 BC)
Strato II and Strato III, Kings of Eastern Punjab (25 BC–10 AD)

Indo-Scythian Kingdom (complete list) –

Maues, King (c.85–60 BC)
Vonones, King (c.75–65 BC)
Spalahores, King (c.75–65 BC)
Spalirises, King (c.60–57 BC)
Azes I, King (c.57–35 BC)
Azilises, King (c.57–35 BC)
Azes II, King (c.35–12 BC)
Zeionises, Sub-king (c.10 BC–10 AD)
Kharahostes, Sub-king (c.10 BC–10 AD)

Judea: Hasmonean dynasty (complete list) –

Alexander Jannaeus, King and High Priest (103–76 BC)
Alexandra Salome, Queen (76–67 BC)
John Hyrcanus II

High Priest (76–66, 63–40 BC)
King (67–66 BC)
Ethnarch (47–40 BC)

Aristobulus II, King and High Priest (66–63 BC)
Antipater, Procurator (47–44 BC)
Antigonus, King and High Priest (40–37 BC)

Judea: Herodian dynasty (complete list) –

Herod the Great, client King under Rome (37–4 BC)

Nabataea (complete list) –

Aretas II, King (120/110–96 BC)
Obodas I, King (c.96–85 BC)
Aretas III, King (84–60/59 BC)
Obodas II, King (62/61–60/59 BC)
Malichus I, King (59–30 BC)
Obodas III, King (30–9 BC)
Aretas IV Philopatris, King (9/8 BC–39/40 AD)

Osroene (complete list) –

Bakru II, King (112–94 BC)
Ma'nu I, King (94 BC)
Abgar I, King (94–68 BC)
Abgar II, King (68–52 BC)
Ma'nu II, King (52–34 BC)
Paqor of, King (34–29 BC)
Abgar III, King (29–26 BC)
Abgar IV, King (26–23 BC)
Ma'nu III, King (23–4 BC)
Abgar V, King (4 BC–7 AD, 13–50)

Parthian Empire (complete list) –

Mithridates II, Great King, Shah (124–88 BC)
Gotarzes I, Great King, Shah (95–90 BC)
Orodes I, Great King, Shah (90–80 BC)
Sanatruces, Great King, Shah (77–70 BC)
Phraates III, Great King, Shah (70–57 BC)
Mithridates III, Great King, Shah (57–54 BC)
Orodes II, Great King, Shah (57–38 BC)
Pacorus I,§ Great King, Shah (51 BC)
Phraates IV, Great King, Shah (37–2 BC)
Tiridates II,§ Great King, Shah (32 BC)
Musa, Great Queen, Shah (2 BC–4 AD)
Phraates V, Great King, Shah (2 BC–4 AD)

Pontus (complete list) –

Mithridates VI, King (120–63 BC)
Pharnaces II, client King under Rome (63–47 BC)
Darius, client King under Rome (39–37 BC)
Arsaces, client King under Rome (c.37 BC)
Polemon I, client King under Rome (37–8 BC)
Pythodorida, client Queen under Rome (8 BC–38 AD)

Seleucid Empire (complete list) –

Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, King (114–96 BC)
Seleucus VI Epiphanes, King (96–95 BC)
Antiochus X Eusebes, King (95–92/83 BC)
Antiochus XI Epiphanes, King (95–87 BC)
Demetrius III Eucaerus, King (95–92 BC)
Philip I Philadelphus, King (95–84/83 BC)
Antiochus XII Dionysus, King (87–84 BC)
Seleucus VII Kybiosaktes, King (83–69 BC)
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus, King (69–64 BC)
Philip II Philoromaeus, King (65–63 BC)

Europe

Europe: Balkans

Sapaean kingdom of Thrace (complete list) –

Cotys I, King (57–48 BC)
Rhescuporis I, King (48–41 BC)

Odrysian kingdom of Thrace (complete list) –

Teres III, King (c.149 BC)
Beithys, King (140–120 BC)
Cotys V, King (120–? BC)
Sadalas I, King (87–79 BC)
Cotys VI, King (57–48 BC)
Sadalas II, King (48–42 BC)
Sadalas III, King (42–31 BC)
Rhescuporis II, King (18–13 BC)
Rhascus, King (18–11 BC)
Rhoemetalces I, King (12 BC–12 AD)

Europe: British Isles

Atrebates (complete list) –

Commius, King (57–c.22 BC
Tincomarus, King (c.22–8 AD)
Eppillus, King (8–15)
Verica, King (15–40)

Catuvellauni (complete list) –

Cassivellaunus, Chieftain/Leader (c. 54 BC)
Tasciovanus, King (c.20 BC–9 AD)

Europe: Central

Marcomanni (complete list) –

Maroboduus, King (9 BC–19 AD)

Europe: East

Dacia (complete list) –

Charnabon, King (5th century BC)
Histrianorum, King (c.339 BC)
Cothelas, King (4th century BC) ^[5]
Dual, King (3rd century BC)
Rhemaxos,^[6] King (c.200 BC)^[7]
Moskon, King (3rd century BC)
Dromichaetes, King (3rd century BC)^[8]
Zalmodegicus, King (late 3rd century BC)^[9]^[10]
Rubobostes, King (2nd century BC)^[11]
Oroles, King (2nd century BC)^[12]
Dicomes, King (1st century BC)^[13]
Rholes, King (1st century BC)^[14]
Dapyx, King (1st century BC)^[15]
Cotiso, King (1st century BC)^[16]
Zyraxes, King (1st century BC)^[17]
Burebista, King (82–44 BC)^[18]
Comosicus, King (44 BC–28 AD)^[19]

Europe: South

Roman Republic (complete list) –

100

Gaius Marius, Consul
Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Consul

99

Marcus Antonius, Consul
Aulus Postumius Albinus, Consul

98

Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Consul
Titus Didius, Consul

97

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus, Consul
Publius Licinius Crassus, Consul

96

Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, Consul
Gaius Cassius Longinus, Consul

95

Lucius Licinius Crassus, Consul
Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex, Consul

94

Gaius Coelius Caldus, Consul
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Consul

93

Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Consul
Marcus Herennius, Consul

92

Gaius Claudius Pulcher, Consul
Marcus Perperna, Consul

91

Lucius Marcius Philippus, Consul
Sextus Julius Caesar, Consul

90

Lucius Julius Caesar, Consul
Publius Rutilius Lupus, Consul

89

Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, Consul
Lucius Porcius Cato, Consul

88

Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Consul
Quintus Pompeius Rufus, Consul

87

Gnaeus Octavius, Consul^[20]
Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Consul^[21]
Lucius Cornelius Merula, Suffect consul^[22]

86

85

Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Consul
Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, Consul

84

Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, Consul
Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Consul

83

Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, Consul
Gaius Norbanus, Consul

82

Gaius Marius the Younger, Consul
Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, Consul

81

Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Dictator (82–79 BC)
Marcus Tullius Decula, Consul
Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella, Consul

80

Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Consul
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, Consul

79

Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, Consul
Appius Claudius Pulcher, Consul

78

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Consul
Quintus Lutatius Catulus, Consul

77

Decimus Junius Brutus, Consul
Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus, Consul

76

Gnaeus Octavius, Consul
Gaius Scribonius Curio, Consul

75

Lucius Octavius, Consul
Gaius Aurelius Cotta, Consul

74

Lucullus, Consul
Marcus Aurelius Cotta, Consul

73

Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus, Consul
Gaius Cassius Longinus, Consul

72

Lucius Gellius Publicola, Consul
Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, Consul

71

Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, Consul
Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes, Consul

70

Pompey, Consul
Marcus Licinius Crassus, Consul

69

Quintus Hortensius, Consul
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus, Consul

68

Lucius Caecilius Metellus, Consul
Quintus Marcius Rex, Consul

67

Gaius Calpurnius Piso, Consul
Manius Acilius Glabrio, Consul

66

Manius Aemilius Lepidus, Consul
Lucius Volcatius Tullus, Consul

65

Lucius Aurelius Cotta, Consul
Lucius Manlius Torquatus, Consul

64

Lucius Julius Caesar, Consul
Gaius Marcius Figulus, Consul

63

Marcus Tullius Cicero, Consul
Gaius Antonius Hybrida, Consul

62

Decimus Junius Silanus, Consul
Lucius Licinius Murena, Consul

61

Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus, Consul
Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger, Consul

60

Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer, Consul
Lucius Afranius, Consul

59

Julius Caesar, Consul
Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, Consul

58

Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Consul
Aulus Gabinius, Consul

57

Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, Consul
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Consul

56

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, Consul
Lucius Marcius Philippus, Consul

55

Pompey, Consul
Marcus Licinius Crassus, Consul

54

Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Consul
Appius Claudius Pulcher, Consul

53

Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, Consul
Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus, Consul

52

Pompey, Consul
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica, Consul

51

Servius Sulpicius Rufus, Consul
Marcus Claudius Marcellus, Consul

50

Lucius Aemilius Paullus, Consul
Gaius Claudius Marcellus, Consul

49

Gaius Claudius Marcellus, Consul
Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, Consul

Julius Caesar, Dictator (49–44 BC)
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Triumvir of the Africa Province (43–36 BC)
Mark Antony, Triumvir of the East (43–27 BC)
Augustus/ Octavian, Triumvir of the West (43–27 BC)

Roman Empire: Principate (complete list) –

Augustus/ Octavian, Principate, Emperor (27 BC–14 AD)

Eurasia: Caucasus

Armenia (complete list) –

Artaxiad Dynasty

Artavasdes I, King (123–95 BC)
Tigranes II, the Great, King (95–55 BC)
Artavasdes II, King (55–34 BC)
Artaxias II, King (33–20 BC)
Tigranes III, King (20–10 BC)
Tigranes IV, King, co-monarch (10–2 BC)
Erato, Queen, co-monarch (10–2 BC)

non-dynastic

Ariobarzanes, client King under Rome (2 BC–4)

Iberia (Kartli) (complete list) –

Pharnajom, King (109–90 BC)
Artaxias I, King (90–78 BC)
Artoces, King (78–63 BC)
Pharnavaz II, King (63–32 BC)
Mirian II, King (30–20 BC)
Arshak II, King (20 BC–1 AD)

References

^ Rajesh Kumar Singh (2013). Ajanta Paintings: 86 Panels of Jatakas and Other Themes. Hari Sena. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9788192510750.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires V, VI, VII, VIII and IX.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires X and XI.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires XII and XIII.
^ Atlas of Classical History by R. Talbert, 1989, page 63, "Getae under Cothelas"
^ Kurt W. Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in “A history of Romania - East European Monographs”, 1996, ISBN 9780880333450, page 17 "..Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto-Dacian rulers (Zalmodegikos and later Rhemaxos) continued to exercise control over that city-state around 200 BC ...."
^ The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII by Stanley M. Burstein, 1985, Index Rhemaxos Getic or Scythian ruler
^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, Index Dromichaetes, King of the Getians
^ Kurt W. Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in “A history of Romania - East European Monographs”, 1996, ISBN 9780880333450, page 17 "Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto-Dacian rulers (Zalmodegikos and later Rhemaxos) continued to exercise control over that city-state around 200 BC ...."
^ McGing B.C.: The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus
^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, Index Rubobostes Dacian, King
^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 53, "Dacian, King Oroles"
^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 47, "Dicomes of the Getians"
^ The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus by Cassius Dio, Ian Scott-Kilvert, and John Carter, 1987, page 85: "... Then he completed their destruction with the help of Roles, the, King of a tribe of the Getae. When Roles visited Octavian, he was treated as a friend ..."
^ Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book LI. "While he was thus engaged, Roles, who had become embroiled with Dapyx, himself also, King of a tribe of the Getae, sent for him. Crassus went to his aid, and by hurling the horse of his opponents back upon their infantry he so thoroughly terrified the latter also that what followed was no longer a battle but a great slaughter of fleeing men of both arms. Next he cut off Dapyx, who had taken refuge in a fort, and besieged him. In the course of the siege someone hailed him from the walls in Greek, obtained a conference with him, and arranged to betray the place. The barbarians, thus captured, turned upon one another, and Dapyx was killed along with many others. His brother, however, Crassus took alive, and not only did him no harm but actually released him."
^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 48, "The Dacian, King Cotiso"
^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 146, "Zyraxes who ruled in Dobruja"
^ Studies in Ancient Greek and Roman Society by Robin Osborne, 2004, page 128: "... of its citizens, named Akornion, went on an embassy to Burebista, the first and greatest of the, Kings in Thrace..."
^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 72, "At least two of his successors Comosicus and Scorillo/Corilus/Scoriscus became high priests and eventually Dacian, Kings"
^ Barrett, Anthony A. (2002). Caligula: The Corruption of Power. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-203-13776-5.
^ Pettinger, Andrew, The Republic in Danger: Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius (2012), pg. 229
^ Syme, Ronald, The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), pg. 153
^ T. R. S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II, pg. 409

[RKS_2013-1] Rajesh Kumar Singh (2013). Ajanta Paintings: 86 Panels of Jatakas and Other Themes. Hari Sena. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9788192510750.

[2] According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires V, VI, VII, VIII and IX.

[3] According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires X and XI.

[4] According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires XII and XIII.

[5] Atlas of Classical History by R. Talbert, 1989, page 63, "Getae under Cothelas"

[6] Kurt W. Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in “A history of Romania - East European Monographs”, 1996, ISBN 9780880333450, page 17 "..Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto-Dacian rulers (Zalmodegikos and later Rhemaxos) continued to exercise control over that city-state around 200 BC ...."

[7] The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII by Stanley M. Burstein, 1985, Index Rhemaxos Getic or Scythian ruler

[8] Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, Index Dromichaetes, King of the Getians

[9] Kurt W. Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in “A history of Romania - East European Monographs”, 1996, ISBN 9780880333450, page 17 "Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto-Dacian rulers (Zalmodegikos and later Rhemaxos) continued to exercise control over that city-state around 200 BC ...."

[10] McGing B.C.: The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus

[11] Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, Index Rubobostes Dacian, King

[12] Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 53, "Dacian, King Oroles"

[13] Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 47, "Dicomes of the Getians"

[14] The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus by Cassius Dio, Ian Scott-Kilvert, and John Carter, 1987, page 85: "... Then he completed their destruction with the help of Roles, the, King of a tribe of the Getae. When Roles visited Octavian, he was treated as a friend ..."

[15] Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book LI. "While he was thus engaged, Roles, who had become embroiled with Dapyx, himself also, King of a tribe of the Getae, sent for him. Crassus went to his aid, and by hurling the horse of his opponents back upon their infantry he so thoroughly terrified the latter also that what followed was no longer a battle but a great slaughter of fleeing men of both arms. Next he cut off Dapyx, who had taken refuge in a fort, and besieged him. In the course of the siege someone hailed him from the walls in Greek, obtained a conference with him, and arranged to betray the place. The barbarians, thus captured, turned upon one another, and Dapyx was killed along with many others. His brother, however, Crassus took alive, and not only did him no harm but actually released him."

[16] Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 48, "The Dacian, King Cotiso"

[17] Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 146, "Zyraxes who ruled in Dobruja"

[18] Studies in Ancient Greek and Roman Society by Robin Osborne, 2004, page 128: "... of its citizens, named Akornion, went on an embassy to Burebista, the first and greatest of the, Kings in Thrace..."

[Dacia_2007,_page_72-19] Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 72, "At least two of his successors Comosicus and Scorillo/Corilus/Scoriscus became high priests and eventually Dacian, Kings"

[Barrett-20] Barrett, Anthony A. (2002). Caligula: The Corruption of Power. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-203-13776-5.

[21] Pettinger, Andrew, The Republic in Danger: Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius (2012), pg. 229

[22] Syme, Ronald, The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), pg. 153

[23] T. R. S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II, pg. 409

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[15]

[16]

[17]

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List of state leaders in the 1st century BC

Africa

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Africa: Northeast

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Asia: West

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Europe: Central

Europe: East

Europe: South

Eurasia: Caucasus

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