List of sovereign states in the 1920s

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1920s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1920 and 31 December 1929. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 90 widely recognized sovereign states, and entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states

Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

Abkhazia – Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (from March 31, 1921 to December 16, 1921)
Capital: Sukhumi 		Recognized independent state. It was subordinate to the Georgian SSR from December 16, 1921.[a]
→ → → → → → → Afghanistan
Capital: Kabul 		Reign of Amanullah Khan, Inayatullah Khan, and Mohammed Nadir Shah: Widely-recognized independent state.
Reign of Habibullāh Kalakāni,[4] Ali Ahmad Khan and Abd-al Karim: Not recognized by any state.
→ → → Albania
Capital: Tirana 		Widely-recognized independent state. De facto Italian protectorate to August 2, 1920. LON member state from December 17, 1920.
Andorra – Principality of Andorra
Capital: Andorra La Vella 		Widely-recognized independent state.
 Argentina – Argentine Republic
Capital: Buenos Aires 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
→ Armenia (to March 12, 1922)
Capital: Yerevan 		Widely-recognized independent state. Became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR from March 12, 1922.
Asir – Idrisid Emirate of Asir (to October 21, 1926)
Capital: Sabya 		Widely-recognized independent state. Vassal state of Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd from October 21, 1926.
Asir, Upper – Sheikdom of Upper Asir (to August 30, 1920)
Capital: Abha 		Widely-recognized independent state. Partitioned between Sultanate of Nejd and Idrisid Emirate of Asir from August 30, 1920.
Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa
Capital: Aussa 		Widely recognized state.
 Australia – Commonwealth of Australia
Capital: Melbourne (to 9 May, 1927), Canberra (from 9 May, 1927) 		Widely-recognized independent state after 15 November, 1926. LON founding member state from 10 January, 1920. Australia had two external territories:

Australia administered two League of Nations mandates:

  • Nauru (Administered by Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom from December 17, 1920)
  • → New Guinea (Administered from December 17, 1920)
Austria – Republic of Austria
Capital: Vienna 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON member state from December 15, 1920.
→ → Azerbaijan (to March 12, 1922)
Capital: Baku 		Widely-recognized independent state. Became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR from March 12, 1922. Azerbaijan had one protectorate:

B

 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium
Capital: Brussels 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920. Belgium had sovereignty over one colony and one concession:

Belgium administered one League of Nations mandate:

  • Ruanda-Urundi (LON mandate from July 20, 1922. Administrative union with the Belgian Congo from March 1, 1926)
Bolivia Bolivia
Capital: Sucre 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil
Capital: Rio de Janeiro 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920; withdrew in June 14, 1926. Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.[b]
 Bulgaria – Kingdom of Bulgaria
Capital: Sofia 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON member state from December 16, 1920.

C

Canada →  Canada – Dominion of Canada
Capital: Ottawa 		Widely-recognized independent state after November 15, 1926. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
Chile Chile
Capital: Santiago 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
→  China – Republic of China

Capital: Beijing, Nanjing

Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
 Colombia – Republic of Colombia
Capital: Bogotá 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
Costa Rica Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
Capital: San José 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON member state from December 16, 1920; withdrew in January 22, 1925.
 Cuba – Republic of Cuba
Capital: Havana 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
→ Czechoslovakia
Capital: Prague
  • Czecho-Slovak Republic (to 1920)
  • Czechoslovak Republic (from 1920)
 Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.

D

 Danzig – Free City of Danzig (from November 15, 1920)
Capital: Danzig 		Widely-recognized independent. Under League of Nations protection.
 Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic – Third Dominican Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo 		Widely-recognized independent state under United States military occupation to 18 September 1924. LON member state from September 28, 1924.

E

Ecuador
Capital: Quito 		Widely-recognized independent state.
 Egypt – Kingdom of Egypt (from February 28, 1922)
Capital: Cairo 		Widely-recognized independent state.
 El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador
Capital: San Salvador 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
Estonia Estonia – Republic of Estonia
Capital: Tallinn 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON member state from September 22, 1921.
 Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire
Capital: Addis Ababa 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON member state from September 28, 1923.

F

 Finland – Republic of Finland
Capital: Helsinki 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON member state from December 16, 1920.
 Fiume – Free State of Fiume (from November 12, 1920 to February 22, 1924)
Capital: Fiume 		Widely-recognized independent. Annexed by Italy from February 22, 1924.
France – French Republic
Capital: Paris 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920. France administered the foreign affairs of the following protectorates:

France administered the following League of Nations mandates:

  • Alawite[c] (LON mandate from September 2, 1920. Administered by France from September 29, 1923.)
  • Greater Lebanon[d] (LON mandate from September 1, 1920. Administered by France from September 29, 1923)
  • Syrian Federation[e] (LON mandate from June 28, 1922 to January 1, 1925. Administered by France from September 29, 1923)
  • State of Syria[f] (LON mandate from January 1, 1925)
  • → Souaida[g] (LON mandate from July 25, 1920. Administered by France from September 29, 1923)
  • French Cameroons (LON mandate from July 20, 1922)
  • French Togoland (LON mandate from July 20, 1922)
  • Saar Basin (Administered by the United Kingdom and France from January 10, 1920)

G

Georgia (country) → Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic → Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Georgia (to March 12, 1922)
Capital: Tiflis 		Widely-recognized independent state. Georgian SSR had one autonomous republic (from July 16, 1921): Adjarian ASSR. Became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR from March 12, 1922.
Germany – German Realm
Capital: Berlin 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON member state from September 8, 1926.
→ Greece
Capital: Athens 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.

H

→ Ha'il / Jabal Shammar – Emirate of Ha'il (to November 2, 1921)
Capital: Ha'il 		Widely-recognized independent state. It was completely conquered by Saudi forces from November 2, 1921 and subsequently incorporated into the Sultanate of Nejd.
Haiti Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Capital: Port-au-Prince 		Widely-recognized independent state under United States occupation. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
→  Hejaz – Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz (to January 8, 1926)
Capital: Mecca 		Widely-recognized independent state. Annexed by Sultanate of Nejd, creating the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd from January 8, 1926.
Hejaz and Nejd – Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (Personal Union, from January 8, 1926)

Capital: Mecca (Hejaz), Riyadh (Nejd)

  • Kingdom of Hejaz and Sultanate of Nejd (from January 8, 1926 to January 29, 1927)
  • Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (from January 29, 1927)
 Widely-recognized independent state. Nejd and Hejaz had one protectorate:
  • Asir (from October 21, 1926)
 Honduras – Republic of Honduras
Capital: Tegucigalpa 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
→ Hungary
Capital: Budapest 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON member state from September 18, 1922.

I

Iceland – Kingdom of Iceland
Capital: Reykjavík 		Widely-recognized independent state.
 Ireland – Irish Free State (from December 6, 1922)
Capital: Dublin 		Widely-recognized independent state after November 15, 1926. LON member state from September 10, 1923.
 Italy – Kingdom of Italy
Capital: Rome 		Widely-recognized independent state under fascism from 31 October 1922. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920. Italy had four colonies and three concessions:

J

 Japan – Empire of Japan
Capital: Tokyo 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920. Japan had sovereignty over the following dependencies and concessions:

Japan administered one League of Nations mandate:

L

& Latvia (disputed between two governments to January 13, 1920)
Capital: Riga 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON member state from September 22, 1921.
 Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
→  Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz 		Widely-recognized independent state.
Lithuania Lithuania – Republic of Lithuania
Capital: Vilnius 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON member state from September 22, 1921.
 Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Capital: Luxembourg City 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON member state from December 16, 1920.

M

 Mexico – United Mexican States
Capital: Mexico City 		Widely-recognized independent state. Mexico had sovereignty over one territory:
 Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco City 		Widely-recognized independent state.
Mountain Republic – Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (to January 20, 1921)
Capital: Temir-Khan-Shura 		Widely-recognized independent state. Incorporated into the Russian SFSR as the Mountain ASSR from January 20, 1921.
 Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
Capital: Muscat 		De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate.

N

→ Nejd (to January 8, 1926)
Capital: Riyadh 		Widely-recognized independent state. Nejd annexed Hejaz, creating the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd from January 8, 1926.
Nepal Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal (from December 21, 1923)
Capital: Kathmandu 		Widely-recognized independent state.
Netherlands Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920. The Netherlands had sovereignty over three colonies:
 Newfoundland – Dominion of Newfoundland
Capital: St. John's 		Widely-recognized independent state after November 15, 1926.
New Zealand – Dominion of New Zealand
Capital: Wellington 		Widely-recognized independent state after November 15, 1926. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920. The following are territories of New Zealand:

New Zealand administered one League of Nations mandate:

 Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
Capital: Managua 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
 Norway – Kingdom of Norway
Capital: Oslo 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920. Norway had sovereignty over two uninhabited possessions:

O

 Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State (to November 1, 1922)
Capital: Constantinople 		Widely-recognized independent state. Ottoman Empire had one protectorate:

P

 Panama – Republic of Panama
Capital: Panama City 		Widely-recognized independent state.
 Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Capital: Asunción 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
→ Persia
Capital: Tehran 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
 Peru – Peruvian Republic
Capital: Lima 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
→ Poland – Republic of Poland
Capital: Warsaw 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
 Portugal
Capital: Lisbon 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920. The following are colonies and possession of Portugal:

R

 Romania – Kingdom of Romania
Capital: Bucharest 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
 Russia – Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (to December 30, 1922)
Capital: Moscow 		Widely-recognized independent state. Became part of the Soviet Union from December 30, 1922. Russia had three protectorates and one concession:
  • Bukhara (Protectorate to October 8, 1920)
  • Khiva (Protectorate to February 2, 1920)
  • Uryankhay (Protectorate to August 14, 1921)
  • Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Tientsin (De facto concession to September 15, 1920)

S

 San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
Capital: City of San Marino 		Widely-recognized independent state.
Siam – Kingdom of Siam
Capital: Bangkok 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
→  South Africa – Union of South Africa

Capital: Cape Town, Pretoria, Bloemfontein, and Pietermaritzburg

Widely-recognized independent state after November 15, 1926. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920. South Africa administered one League of Nations mandate:
Soviet Union → Soviet Union →  Soviet Union – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (from December 30, 1922)
Capital: Moscow 		Widely-recognized independent state. The Soviet Union was a federation of four (later seven) republics.[i]
Spain – Kingdom of Spain
Capital: Madrid 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920. Spain had sovereignty over the following colonies, possessions and protectorate:
 Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden
Capital: Stockholm 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.
Switzerland Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
Capital: Bern 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.

T

Tibet
Capital: Lhasa 		De facto independent state. Claimed by the Republic of China.
 Transcaucasia – Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (from March 12 to December 30, 1922)
Capital: Tiflis 		Widely-recognized independent state. The Transcaucasian SFSR was a federation constituted by the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR and the Georgian SSR. Became part of the Soviet Union from December 30, 1922.
Ottoman Empire Turkey (from April 23, 1920)
Capital: Ankara
  • State of Turkey (from April 23, 1920 to July 24, 1923)
  • Turkey (from July 24, 1923 to October 29, 1923)
  • Republic of Turkey (from October 29, 1923)
 Widely-recognized independent state.

U

 United Kingdom
Capital: London 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920. The following were colonies, concessions, and territories of the United Kingdom:

United Kingdom administered the following League of Nations mandates:

 United States – United States of America
Capital: Washington, D.C. 		Widely-recognized independent state. The following were territories of the United States of America:
 Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay
Capital: Montevideo 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.

V

 Vatican City – Vatican City State (from February 1, 1929; effective from June 7, 1929)
Capital: Vatican City 		Widely recognized independent state. Vatican City is administered by the Holy See.
 Venezuela – United States of Venezuela
Capital: Caracas 		Widely-recognized independent state. LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.

Y

Yemen – Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
Capital: Sana`a 		Widely-recognized independent state.
Yugoslavia[8] / Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Capital: Belgrade
  • Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (to January 6, 1929)
  • Kingdom of Yugoslavia (from January 6, 1929)
 Widely-recognized independent state; LON founding member state from January 10, 1920.

Other entities

Excluded from the list above are the following noteworthy entities which either were not fully sovereign or did not claim to be independent:

Alash – Alash Autonomy (to August 26, 1920)
Capital: Alash-Qala 		Unrecognized state.[9]
Ararat – Republic of Ararat (from October 28, 1927)
Capital: Kurdava 		Unrecognized state.
Armenia, Mountainous – Republic of Mountainous Armenia (from April 26, 1920 to July 13, 1921)
Capital: Tabriz 		Unrecognized state.
Azadistan (from April to September 13, 1920)
Capital: Goris 		Unrecognized state.
Baranya–Baja – Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic (from 14 to 25 August 1921)
Capital: Pécs 		Unrecognized state.
Bottleneck – Free State of Bottleneck (to February 23, 1923)
Capital: Lorch 		Quasi-state. Unoccupied territory within post-World War I Germany.
Bukhara (from October 8, 1920 to October 27, 1924)
Capital: Bukhara
  • Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (from October 8, 1920 to September 19, 1924)
  • Bukharan Socialist Soviet Republic (from September 19 to October 27, 1924)
 Soviet state.
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Byelorussia – Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic (from July 31, 1920 to December 30, 1922)
Capital: Minsk 		Soviet state. Became part of the Soviet Union from December 30, 1922.
Carnaro – Italian Regency of Carnaro (from September 8 to December 30, 1920)
Capital: Fiume 		Unrecognized state.
Central Lithuania – Republic of Central Lithuania (from October 12, 1920)
Capital: Vilnius 		Puppet state of the Second Polish Republic.
Don – Don Republic (to 1920)
Capital: Novocherkassk 		Unrecognized state.
 Far Eastern Republic (from April 6, 1920 to November 15, 1922)
Capital: Verkhneudinsk (to October 1920), Chita (from October 1920) 		Puppet state/Buffer state of Soviet Russia.
Galicia – Galician Socialist Soviet Republic (from July 8 to September 21, 1920)
Capital: Ternopil 		Unrecognized state.
Gilan – Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (from June 1920 to September 1921)
Capital: Rasht 		Unrecognized state.
Ireland – Irish Republic (to December 6, 1922)
Capital: Dublin 		Unrecognized state.
  Karelia
  • Karelian United Government (from December 20, 1920 to April 21, 1921)
  • Republic of Eastern Karelia (from April 21, 1921 to July 23, 1923)
 Unrecognized state.
Kholodny Yar – Kholodny Yar Republic (to 1922)
Capital: Melnyky, Cherkasy Raion 		Unrecognized state.
Khorasan – Autonomous Government of Khorasan (from April 2, 1921 to October 6, 1921)
Capital: Mashhad 		Unrecognized state.
Khorezm (from April 26, 1920 to October 27, 1924)
Capital: Khiva
  • Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (from April 26, 1920 to October 20, 1923)
  • Khorezm Socialist Soviet Republic (from October 20, 1923 to October 27, 1924)
 Soviet state.
Korea, Provisional Government of – Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
Capital-in-exile: Shanghai 		Partially recognized Korean government-in-exile.
 Kuban – Kuban People's Republic (to March 17, 1920)
Capital: Yekaterinodar 		Unrecognized state.
Kurdistan – Kingdom of Kurdistan (from September 1921 to July 1925)
Capital: Sulaymaniyah 		Unrecognized state.
Labin – Labin Republic (from March 2 to April 8, 1921)
Capital: Labin 		Unrecognized state.
Leitha – Banate of Leitha (from October 4 to November 10, 1921)
Capital: Oberwart 		Unrecognized state.
Lemko Republic – Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic (to March 1920)
Capital: Florynka 		Unrecognized state.
Mirdita – Republic of Mirdita (from July 17 to November 20, 1921)
Capital: Prizren 		Unrecognized state.
→ → Mongolia (from February 21, 1921)
Capital: Niislel Khüree (renamed Ulaanbaatar in 1924) 		Partially recognized socialist republic. Under Soviet intervention from 1921 to 1924. Satellite state of the Soviet Union from November 26, 1924.
North Ingria – Republic of North Ingria (to December 5, 1920)
Capital: Kirjasalo 		Unrecognized state.
Raqqa – Independent State of Raqqa (from August 10, 1920 to December 17, 1921)
Capital: Raqqa 		Unrecognized state.
Rhineland – Rhenish Republic (from October 21, 1923 to November 26, 1924)
Capital: Aachen 		Unrecognized state.
Rif – Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif (from September 18, 1921 to May 27, 1926)
Capital: Ajdir 		Unrecognized state.
  Southern Karelia – Olonets Government of Southern Karelia (from May to December 20, 1920) Unrecognized state.
Syria – Arab Kingdom of Syria (to July 25, 1920)
Capital: Damascus 		De facto independent state not recognized by any other state.[10]
→ Tannu Tuva (from August 14, 1921)
Capital: Khem-Beldyr
  • People's Republic of Tannu Tuva (from August 14, 1921 to November 24, 1926)
  • Tuvan People's Republic (from November 24, 1926)
 Partially recognized socialist republic. Satellite state of the Soviet Union.
Uhtua – Republic of Uhtua (to December 19, 1920)
Capital: Uhtua 		Unrecognized state.
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Ukraine, Soviet – Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (to December 30, 1922)
Capital: Kharkov 		Soviet proto-state. Became part of the Soviet Union from December 30, 1922.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Abkhazia signed a treaty of alliance with the Georgian SSR, which defined its status as a "treaty republic" (Russian: договорная республика) and established a military, political and financial union between the two Soviet republics, subordinating the Abkhazia to the Georgia.
  2. ^ 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre. 1 Federal District: Federal District.
  3. ^ Part of the Syrian Federation from June 28, 1922 to January 1, 1925.
  4. ^ Renamed Lebanese Republic from May 23, 1926.
  5. ^ Syrian Federation was a federation constituted by the States of Aleppo (LON mandate from September 1, 1920), Damascus (LON mandate from July 25, 1920) and of the Alawites (LON mandate from September 1, 1920).
  6. ^ The states of Aleppo and Damascus were united into the State of Syria.
  7. ^ Part of State of Damascus from July 25, 1920 to May 1, 1921. Renamed Jabal ad-Druze from June 1, 1927.
  8. ^ Claimed by Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (partially recognized government-in-exile).
  9. ^ Byelorussian SSR (from December 30, 1922), Russian SFSR (from December 30, 1922), Transcaucasian SFSR (from December 30, 1922), Ukrainian SSR (from December 30, 1922), Uzbek SSR (from December 5, 1924), Turkmen SSR (from May 13, 1925), Tajik SSR (from December 5, 1929).

References

  1. ^ Poullada, L. B. "AMĀNALLĀH". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States: Columbia University.
  2. ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 275. ISBN 9781558761551. The capture of the Arg on October 13, 1929 marked the end of the Tajik regime
  3. ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 275. ISBN 9781558761551. Nadir received word of the victory in Ali Khayl and immediately set out for the capital, arriving in the city on the 15th.
  4. ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; McChesney, R. D. (1999). Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 236. ISBN 9781558761544.
  5. ^ (in Russian) Московский договор между Росскией и Турцией, 16 марта 1921 года Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b International Law: Achievements and Prospects, p. 51, at Google Books
  7. ^ a b Repertory of Decisions of the International Court of Justice (1947–1992), p. 453, at Google Books
  8. ^ Seton-Watson, Robert (1922). "Yugoslavia" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 32 (12th ed.).
  9. ^ Ubiria, Grigol (16 September 2015). Soviet Nation-Building in Central Asia:The Making of the Kazakh and Uzbek Nations. Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 9781317504351. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  10. ^ Tauber, Eliezer (13 September 2013). The Formation of Modern Iraq and Syria. Routledge. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1-135-20118-0.