The Corn Islands are two islands about 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, constituting one of 12 municipalities of the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region of Nicaragua. The official name of the municipality is Corn Island (the English name is officially used in Spanish-speaking Nicaragua).[2]
According to Edward Conzemius, a French ethnologist from Luxembourg, in 1929 he stated in his article Les Îles Corn du Nicaragua (The Corn Islands of Nicaragua), that the first inhabitants of Corn Island were the Indigenous Kukras, who were exterminated by the also Indigenous Miskitos in alliance with the English buccaneers.
Canon on display overlooking Brig Bay on Big Corn Island
The island was used to resupply firewood and water, repair their ships, and support their fishing activities. Puritan settlers of British origin arrived on the island in the mid-18th century, bringing with them their slaves of African origin. It is known that they came from Jamaica, settling in British Honduras (now Belize) until they reached the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua.
The first settlers preferred to inhabit the southeastern part of the island. This was for several reasons: Quinn Hill's height offered a panoramic view of the sea, from which they could see the arrival of pirate ships as they approached "Insurance Harbor", a strategic port on the island that provided facilities for anchoring and unloading boats. This port, "Insurance Harbor", also has historical importance since Colonel Alexander McDonald, superintendent of British Honduras (today Belize), landed on August 27, 1841.
Monumento de la Emancipación, commemorating the emancipation of enslaved Africans and their descendants, located in front of the Culture House museum on Big Corn Island
This superintendent was the one who ordered to call the enslaved laborers, at the point called South West Bay, to declare them free from slavery, in the name of Queen Victoria of Great Britain and King Robert Charles Frederick of the Mosquitia.
After the English colonists established themselves in the Corn Islands, a process of acculturation began. Most of the settlers came to these Islands as adventurers and explorers in search of fortunes and riches. They settled permanently and interacted with the enslaved laborers. A product of this relationship is the Creole descent of Corn Island. Over time, these descendants gradually assimilated and adapted the customs and traditions of English culture. This is how the genetic profile of the Corn Island Creole ethnic group emerged.
Eleven years after the emancipation from slavery, on August 25, 1852, Reverend Edward Kelly from British Honduras founded the Ebenezer Baptist Church and School, the island's first church and educational center. Kelly was the one who evangelized the Cornaileños since, in previous years, the Moravians attempted but could not.
Corn Island, along with the eastern half of Nicaragua, was a protectorate of the British Empire from 1655 to 1894, a period in which the region was called the Mosquito Coast. At some point, the islands were frequented by Caribbean pirates. In 1894, the Nicaraguan government claimed the area. The islands were handed over to the United States for a 99-year lease under the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty of August 5, 1914. Under the terms of that treaty, they were subject to U.S. law, but Nicaraguan sovereignty was maintained.
In 1940, Corn Island was elevated to a municipality in the Zelaya Region (as the region was known at the time) by presidential decree.
The United States maintained the right to the actual or potential use of the islands until April 25, 1971, the date on which the agreement was officially canceled with the repeal of the Chamorro-Bryan treaty, under the presidency of Anastasio Somoza Debayle, from July 14, 1970.
Before that event, the municipality had a governor rather than a mayor, as it does now. The mayors were previously elected in a community assembly, where, in addition to the highest municipal representative, the judge and secretary were also elected. The first popular vote elections in which all the people participated were at the beginning of the 20th century.
Geography
A signpost indicating the direction for Mount Pleasant Hill and viewpoint
The Corn Islands consist of the Great Corn Island (often simply referred to as Corn Island), with an area of 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi), and Little Corn Island, with an area of 2.9 square kilometres (1.1 sq mi). The total area is 12.9 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi). Mount Pleasant Hill, in the north of Great Corn Island, is the highest elevation of the islands, at 113 metres (371 ft). Little Corn Island reaches a height of 38 metres (125 ft) at Lookout Point in the northern part of the island.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, the nearby mainland region of Bluefields features a tropical rainforest climate (KöppenAf). There is a drier period from February to April, but the trade winds ensure that, unlike the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, rain still falls frequently during this period. For the rest of the year, when tropical low pressure dominates, rainfall is extremely heavy, helped by the coast being shaped in such a manner as to intercept winds from the south as prevail during the northern summer.
The population of the islands numbered 7,747 as of 2020[update] (census of population, Late 2020).[4]
The islanders are primarily Afro-descendant, English-speaking Creole people, some mixed with indigenous people.
Subdivisions
The municipality of Corn Island is subdivided into six neighborhoods (barrios), five of which are on Great Corn Island, while Little Corn Island constitutes the sixth Neighborhood:
Neighborhood
Location
Sub-divisions
Brig Bay
west
Passion Street, Vicente, Pomar, South West Bay, Woula Point, Broad Bay.
Great Corn Island has a paved road about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) long, which runs the island's length. Automobiles, motorbikes, and bicycles are the primary means of transport on the island. Most cars are used as taxis and cost 20 Cordobas for each ride of an adult person. The only other public transportation option is the bus that circles the island clockwise and costs ten cordobas.
Little Corn Island is accessible by fast boats, usually three or four times per day depending on weather from Great Corn Island, and by a small cargo ship from the port at Southwest Bay on Great Corn Island (World Port Index No. 9775). Little Corn Island has no motor vehicles. Due to its small size, all transport on the island is done on foot.
Great Corn Island can be reached by a ferry or a small speedboat from the City of Bluefields that leaves from there every Wednesday and Saturday to the island.
Economy and tourism
A bus shelter on the island, with a lobster statue on top
Throughout most of the 20th century, the economy revolved around coconut production. During the 1960s and 1970s, commercial fishing as well as lobster and shrimp fishing became the primary industry. However, the recent growth in tourism throughout the region has also affected the islands. Tourism on the islands has grown considerably, with their many surrounding coral reefs making them a popular destination for scuba diving and snorkeling.
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