List of echinoderms of Venezuela

List of echinoderms of Venezuela

The echinoderms of Venezuela are a strictly marine animal phylum comprising about 124 species of marine waters designated for Venezuelan Caribbean.[1] The first lists of species for Venezuelan coast date back to 1939[2] and 1967.[3]

In Venezuela are five classes representatives living today: Crinoidea, Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea.[4] In this list are listed 105 species for the territory Venezuelan.[2][3][5][6][7]

List of species identified for Venezuela

Crinoidea (Sea Lilies)

Crinoidea
Species Common name Global distribution Distribution by state[nota 1] Image
Antedon bifida (Pennant, 1777)[3][7] Rosy Feather-star[8] Atlantic Ocean[9] Ar; Su; Va

Davidaster rubiginosus (Pourtàles, 1869)[3] Sea lily[3][10] Caribbean Sea[11] Ar

Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Black and White Sea Lily[12] Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean[13] Ar; Ca; Fa; DF; Su; Va

Asteroidea (Starfishs)

Asteroidea
Species Common name Global distribution Distribution by state Image
Anthenoides piercei Perrier, 1881[5] Starfish[14] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[15] NE; Su
Asterinides folium (Lütken, 1859)[2][3][7] Common Blunt Armed Sea Star[16] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[17] Su
Astropecten antillensis Lütken, 1859[2][3][7] Starfish[14] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[18] Su; Zu
Astropecten brasiliensis Müller & Troschel (1842)[3][7] Starfish[14] Western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[19] An; Fa; Mi; NE; Su
Astropecten duplicatus Gray, 1840[3][7][20] Two-spined Star Fish[21] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[22] NE; Su; Va; Zu
Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840[2][3][7][20] Starfish[14] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[23] DA; Fa; NE; Su; Zu
Echinaster brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842[7] Starfish[14] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[24] Su
Echinaster echinophorus (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Starfish[14] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[25] DF; NE; Su
Goniaster tesellatus (Lamarck, 1816)[3][5][7] Starfish[14] Atlantic Ocean[26] NE; Su
Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840[2][3][7] Yellow Starfish[14] Cosmopolitan[27] NE
Luidia alternata (Say, 1825)[3] Starfish[14] Caribbean Sea[28] NE; Su; Zu
Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825)[3][7] Starfish[14] Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean[29] An; NE; Su; Zu
Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816)[2][3][7][20] Nine-armed Sea Star[30] Northwesthern Atlantic Ocean[31] Mi; NE; Su
Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1858)[2][3][7] Orange Starfish[14] Cushion Sea Star[32] Caribbean Sea[33] Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; Su
Tethyaster vestitus (Say, 1825)[3][7] Starfish[14] Caribbean Sea[34] DA; DF; Su

Ophiuroidea (Sea spiders and sea snakes)

Ophiuroidea
Species Common name Global distribution Distribution by state Image
Amphiodia trychna H. L. Clark, 1918[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[35] An; Su
Amphioplus coniortodes H. L. Clark, 1918[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[36] An; NE; Su
Amphipholis januarii Ljungman, 1867[7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[37] Su
Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828)[3][7] Small Brittle Star[38] Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean[39] NE; Su
Amphiura palmeri T Lyman, 1882[3] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[40] Su
Amphiura rathbuni Koehler, 1914[3] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[41] NE
Amphiura stimpsonii Lútken, 1859[7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[42] Su
Asteronyx loveni Müller & Troschel, 1824[3] Pipe-cleaner Brittlestar[43] Northern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[44] Fa
Astrophyton muricatum (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7][20] Grifo[14] Giant Basket Star[45] Caribbean Sea[46] Ar; DF; NE; Su
Microphiopholis atra (Stimpson, 1852)[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[47] An; DA; Mo; Su
Microphiopholis gracillima (Stimpson, 1852)[7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[48] Su
Ophiactis muelleri Lütken, 1856[3] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[49] Su
Ophiactis algicola H.L. Clark, 1933[7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[50] Su
Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842)[3][7] Savigny's Brittle Star[51] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean[52] DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophiocnida scabriuscula (Lútken, 1859)[7] Lobate Brittle Star[53] Caribbean Sea[54] Su
Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Black Brittle Star[55] Caribbean Sea[56] Ar; DF; Fa; NE; Su
Ophiocoma pumila Lütken, 1859[3][7] Banded Ophiocoma[57] Caribbean Sea[58] DF; Fa; Su; Va
Ophiocoma wendtii Müller & Troschel, 1842[3][7] Red Ophiocoma[59] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean[60] NE; Su
Ophiocomella ophiactoides (H. L. Clark, 1963)[3][7] Coralline Brittle Star[61] Caribbean Sea[62] Ar; Su
Ophioderma appressa (Say, 1825)[3][7] Harlequin Brittle Star[63] Caribbean Sea[64] DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophioderma brevicauda Lütken, 1856[2][3][7] Short Spined Ophioderma[65] Caribbean Sea[66] Ca; DF; Fa; Mi
Ophioderma brevispina (Say, 1825)[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[67] DF; Mi
Ophioderma cinerea Müller & Troschel, 1842[7] Chocolate Brittle Star[68] Caribbean Sea[69] Su
Ophioderma rubicunda Lütken, 1856[3][7] Ruby Brittle Star[70] Caribbean Sea[71] Su
Ophiolepis elegans Lütken, 1859[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[72] An; DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophiolepis impressa Lütken, 1859[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[73] Mi; Su
Ophiolepis paucispina (Say, 1825)[7] Scaly Brittle Star[74] Caribbean Sea[75] Su
Ophiomyxa flaccida ( Say, 1825)[3][7] Slimy Brittle Star[76] Caribbean Sea[77] DF; Su
Ophionereis olivacea H. L. Clark, 1901[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[78] Su
Ophionereis reticulata (Say, 1925)[3][7] Reticulated Brittle Star[79] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[80] DF; NE; Su
Ophionereis squamulosa Köehler, 1913[7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[81] Su
Ophiopsila hartmeyeri Koehler, 1913[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[82] Su
Ophiopsila riisei Lütken, 1859[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[83] Ar; DF; Su
Ophiophragmus wurdemani (Lyman, 1860)[3] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[84] Va
Ophiothrix angulata (Say, 1825)[3][7] Angular Brittle Star[85] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[86] DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophiothrix brachyactis H. L. Clark, 1915[3] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[87] Su
Ophiothrix oerstedii Lütken, 1856[2][3][7] Oersted's Brittle Star[88] Caribbean Sea[89] DF; NE; Su
Ophiothrix suensonii Lütken, 1856[3][7] Suenson's Brittle Star[90] Caribbean Sea[91] NE; Su
Ophiura acervata Lyman 1869[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[92] DA; Mo; Su

Echinoidea (Sea urchins and sand dollar)

Echinoidea
Species Common name Global distribution Distribution by state Image
Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Purple Sea Urchin.[93][94] Caribbean Sea[95] An; NE; Su
Brissopsis elongata Mortensen, 1907[3][7] Caribbean Sea[96] An; Su
Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778)[3] Groove Burrowing Urchin[97] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Westhern Mediterranean Sea[98] An; DF; Su
Clypeaster cyclopylus H.L.Clark, 1941[99] Venezuelan Caribbean Sea[100] DF (Archp. Los Testigos)
Clypeaster euclastus H.L.Clark, 1941[7][99] Caribbean Sea[101] An, Ca, DA, DF, Fa
Clypeaster lamprus H.L.Clark, 1914[99] Caribbean Sea[102] Va
Clypeaster prostratus Ravenel, 1848[99] Caribbean Sea[103] Fa, Zu
Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)[3][99] Sea Biscuit[104] Caribbean Sea[105] Fa; DF; NE
Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray, 1825)[3][7][99] Sand Dollar[106] Caribbean Sea[107] An; Fa; NE; Su
Diadema antillarum (Philippi & Agassiz, 1863)[3][7] Long-spined Sea Urchin[108] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[109] Ar; Ca; DF; Mi; Su; Va
Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758)[3][7][110] Rock-boring Urchin[111] Caribbean Sea[112] An; Ar; Ca; DA; DF; Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; Su; Va; Zu
Echinometra viridis Agassiz, 1863[2][3][7] Green Urchin[14] Caribbean Sea[113] Ar; Ca; DF; Fa; Mi
Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778)[3][7][99] Sand Dollar, Cookie[14] Caribbean Sea[114] Ar; NE; Su
Encope michelini Agassiz, 1841[99] Notched Sand Dollar[115] Caribbean Sea[116] Ar; NE; Su
Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816)[2][3][7] Slate Pencil Urchin[117] Caribbean Sea[118] DF; Mi; NE; Su; Va; Zu
Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske, 1778)[3][7][99] Six Holed Keyhole Urchin[119] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[120] An; Ar; Ca; Mi; NE; Su; Va
Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816)[2][3][7][121] Variegated Sea Urchin[122] Caribbean Sea[123] An; Ar; Ca; DA; DF; Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; su; Va; Zu
Mellita quinquiesperforata latiambulacra H. L. Clark, 1940[2][3][7][99] Dollar see; Cookie[124] Caribbean Sea[125] An; Ar; Ca; DA; Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; Su; Va; Zu
Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Caribbean Sea[126] DF; NE
Moira atropos (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Caribbean Sea[127] Su;
Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin, 1788)[7] Caribbean Sea[128] An; DA; Su
Schizaster orbignyanus Agassiz, 1980[3][7] Caribbean Sea[129] An; DA; Su
Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Sea Egg[130] Caribbean Sea[131] DF; Fa; Mi; NE; Su; Va

Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers)

Holothuroidea
Species Common name Global distribution Distribution by state Image
Aslia pygmaea (Théel 1886)[2][6][7] Venezuelan Caribbean sea[132] NE
Aslia surinamensis (Semper 1868)[7][133] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[133] NE
Astichopus multifidus (Sluter, 1910)[134] Fissured Sea Cucumber[135] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[136] DF
Chiridota rotifera (Pourtalès, 1851)[7] Worm Cucumber[137] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[138] Su
Euthyonacta solida (Deichmann, 1930)[7] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[139] Su
Holothuria arenicola Semper, 1868[7] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean[140] Su
Holothuria cubana Ludwig, 1875[7] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[141] Su
Holothuria glaberrima Selenka, 1867[7] Brown Rock Sea Cucumber[142] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[143] Su
Holothuria grisea (Selenka; 1867)[6][7] Gray Sea Cucumber[144] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[145] Su
Holothuria impatiens (Forskaal, 1775)[6][7] Impatient Sea Cucumber[146] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean[147] Su
Holothuria mexicana Ludwig, 1875[7] Donkey Dung Sea Cucumber[148] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[149] DF; Fa
Holothuria occidentalis Ludwig, 1875[7] Caribbean Sea[150] Su
Holothuria parvula (Selenka, 1867)[7] Golden Sea Cucumber[151] Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean[152] Su
Holothuria princeps (Selenka, 1867)[6][7] Caribbean Sea[153] Su
Holothuria surinamensis Ludwig, 1875[2][7] Surinam Sea Cucumber[154] Caribbean Sea[155] Zu
Holothuria thomasi Pawson & Caycedo, 1980[7] Tiger Tail Sea Cocumber[156] Caribbean Sea[157] su
Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867)[6][7] Three-rowed Sea Cucumber[158] Caribbean Sea[159] DF; Su
Lissothuria antillensis Pawson, 1967[7] Venezuelan Caribbean Sea[160] Su
Lissothuria braziliensis (Théel, 1886)[7] Venezuelan Caribbean Sea[161] Su
Ocnus suspectus (Ludwig, 1874)[7] Caribbean Sea[162] Su
Pentamera pulcherrima Ayres, 1852[7] Nortrwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[163] Su
Pseudothyone belli (Luswig, 1887)[7] Caribbean Sea[164] Su
Sclerodactyla briareus (Lesueur, 1824)[7] Caribbean Sea[165] Su
Thyone pseudofusus Deichmann, 1930[7] Caribbean Sea[166] Su
Thyonidium seguroensis (Deichmann, 1930)[7] Caribbean Sea[167] Su

See also

Notas

  1. ^ The following codes are used:
    • An: Anzoátegui
    • Ar: Aragua
    • Ca: Carabobo
    • DA: Delta Amacuro
    • DF: Dependencias Federales
    • Fa: Falcón
    • Mi: Miranda
    • Mo: Monagas
    • NE: Nueva Esparta
    • Su: Sucre
    • Va: Vargas
    • Zu: Zulia

References

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  12. ^ "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Tropiometra carinata". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  21. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Astropecten duplicatus Two-spined Star Fish". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  22. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Astropecten duplicatus Gray, 1840 AphiaID: 178650". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  23. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840 AphiaID: 178667". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  24. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Echinaster (Othilia) brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842 AphiaID: 178747". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  25. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Echinaster (Othilia) echinophorus (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 178748". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  26. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Goniaster tessellatus (de Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 124033". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  27. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840 AphiaID: 178188". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  28. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Luidia alternata (Say, 1825)AphiaID: 178615". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  29. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 158497". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  30. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Luidia senegalensis Nine-armed Sea Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  31. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Luidia senegalensis (Lamark, 1816) AphiaID: 178641". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  32. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Oreaster reticulatus Cushion Sea Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  33. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) AphiaID: 178210". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  34. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Tethyaster vestitus (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 178718". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  35. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Amphiodia trychna H.L. Clark, 1918 AphiaID: 242681". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  36. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Amphioplus coniortodes H.L. Clark, 1918 AphiaID: 242765". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  37. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Amphipholis januarii Ljungman, 1866 AphiaID: 149906". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  44. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Asteronyx loveni Müller & Troschel, 1842 AphiaID: 124951". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  47. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Microphiopholis atra (Stimpson, 1852) AphiaID: 158072". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  52. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) AphiaID: 125122". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  53. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocnida scabriuscula Lobate Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  54. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiocnida scabriuscula (Lütken, 1859) AphiaID: 422458". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  55. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocoma echinata Black Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  56. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 243573". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  57. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocoma pumila Banded Ophiocoma". EOL. 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  58. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiocoma pumila Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 243578". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  59. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocoma wendtii Red Ophiocoma". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  60. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiocoma wendtii Müller & Troschel, 1842 AphiaID: 243582". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  61. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocomella ophiactoides Coralline Brittle Star". EOL. 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  62. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiocomella ophiactoides (H.L. Clark, 1900) AphiaID: 243584". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  63. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophioderma appressa Harlequin Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  64. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophioderma appressa (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 243630". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  65. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophioderma brevicauda Short Spined Ophioderma". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  67. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophioderma brevispina (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 158073". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  70. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophioderma rubicunda Ruby Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  76. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiomyxa flaccida Slimy Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  78. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophionereis olivacea H.L. Clark, 1900 AphiaID: 243886". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  79. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophionereis reticulata Reticulated Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  80. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophionereis reticulata (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 124833". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  81. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophionereis squamulosa Koehler, 1914 AphiaID: 243892". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  82. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiopsila hartmeyeri Koehler, 1913 AphiaID: 244010". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  84. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiophragmus wurdemani (Lyman, 1860) AphiaID: 243937". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  85. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiothrix angulata Angular Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  87. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiothrix brachyactis H.L. Clark, 1915 AphiaID: 244106". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  88. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiothrix oerstedii Oersted's Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  90. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiothrix suensoni Suenson's Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  96. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Brissopsis elongata Mortensen, 1907 AphiaID: 422510". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  97. ^ "Encyclopedia Of Life (EOL) Brissus unicolor". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  98. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) AphiaID: 124380". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  101. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster euclastus H.L. Clark, 1941 AphiaID: 422495". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  102. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster lamprus H.L. Clark, 1914 AphiaID: 513185". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  103. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster prostratus (Ravenel, 1845) AphiaID: 422497". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  106. ^ "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Clypeaster subdepressus". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  108. ^ "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Diadema antillarum". EOL. 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  109. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Diadema antillarum Philippi, 1845 AphiaID: 124332". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  113. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz, 1863 AphiaID: 422493". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  114. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) AphiaID: 513255". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  115. ^ "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Encope michelini". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  116. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Encope michelini L. Agassiz, 1841 AphiaID: 422501". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  117. ^ "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Eucidaris tribuloides". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  118. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 396741". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  119. ^ "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Leodia sexiesperforata". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  120. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske, 1778) AphiaID: 422502". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  123. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 367850". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  124. ^ "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Mellita quinquiesperforata". EOL. 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  125. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske, 1778) AphiaID: 158065". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  126. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 367846". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  127. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Moira atropos (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 158067". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  128. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin, 1788) AphiaID: 422511". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  129. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Schizaster orbignyanus A. Agassiz, 1880 AphiaID: 422521". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  130. ^ "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Tripneustes ventricosus". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  131. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 422490". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  132. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Aslia pygmaea (Théel, 1886) AphiaID: 529439". Marinespecies.org. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  135. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Astichopus multifidus Fissured Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  136. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910) AphiaID: 241780". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  137. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Chiridota rotifera Worm Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  138. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Chiridota rotifera (Pourtalès, 1851) AphiaID: 422538". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  139. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Euthyonacta solida (Deichmann, 1930) AphiaID: 422524". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  140. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper, 1868 AphiaID: 210814". Ojs.udo.edu.ve. 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  141. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Cystipus) cubana Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 241823". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  142. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria glaberrima Brown Rock Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  143. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Selenkothuria) glaberrima Selenka, 1867 AphiaID: 241851". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  144. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria grisea Gray Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  145. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea Selenka, 1867 AphiaID: 241833". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  146. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria impatiens Impatient Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  147. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Thymiosycia) impatiens (Forskål, 1775) AphiaID: 125185". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  148. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria mexicana Donkey Dung Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  149. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Halodeima) mexicana Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 125180". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  150. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Cystipus) occidentalis Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 241826". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  151. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria parvula Golden Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  152. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Platyperona) parvula (Selenka, 1867) AphiaID: 125183". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  153. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Theelothuria) princeps Selenka, 1867 AphiaID: 210890". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  154. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria surinamensis Surinam Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  155. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Semperothuria) surinamensis Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 241858". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  156. ^ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria thomasi Tiger Tail Sea Cocumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  157. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Thymiosycia) thomasi Pawson & Caycedo, 1980 AphiaID: 241876". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  158. ^ Isostichopus badionotus. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Isostichopus badionotus Three-rowed Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  159. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) AphiaID: 367868". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  160. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Lissothuria antillensis Pawson, 1967 AphiaID: 529094". Marinespecies.org. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  161. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Lissothuria braziliensis (Théel, 1886) AphiaID: 529525". Marinespecies.org. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  163. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Pentamera pulcherrima Ayres, 1852 AphiaID: 149908". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  164. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Pseudothyone belli (Ludwig, 1887) AphiaID: 422535". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  165. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Sclerodactyla briareus (Lesueur, 1824) AphiaID: 158532". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  166. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Thyone pseudofusus Deichmann, 1930 AphiaID: 225684". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  167. ^ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Thyonidium seguroensis (Deichmann, 1930) AphiaID: 529705". Marinespecies.org. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-18.