Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan border

A Kyrgyz-Tajik border checkpoint, as viewed from Leylek District in Kyrgyzstan.

The border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan is 984 kilometres (611 mi) long and runs from the tripoint with Uzbekistan to the tripoint with China.[1]

Description

The border starts in the north at the tripoint with Uzbekistan in the Ferghana Valley. The border proceeds roughly westwards, with a sharp Tajik protrusion at the town of Chorku; it almost reaches the Kayrakkum Reservoir, however a thin strip of Tajik territory lies between the reservoir and the border. It then turns southwards near the Tajik enclave of Kayragach before turning sharply eastwards upon reaching the Turkestan Range. The border then follows this range, and the Alay and Trans-Alay ranges, eastwards to the Chinese tripoint.

Exclaves

On the border there are two Tajik exclaves within Kyrgyzstan: Vorukh and Kayragach.

History

Main article: National delimitation in the Soviet Union § National delimitation in Central Asia
Soviet Central Asia in 1922 before national delimitation
Kyrgyzstani and Tajik boundary markers

National Territorial Delimitation (NTD) of the area along ethnic lines had been proposed as early as 1920.[2][3] At this time Central Asia consisted of two Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSRs) within the Russian SFSR: the Turkestan ASSR, created in April 1918 and covering large parts of what are now southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, as well as Turkmenistan, and the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirghiz ASSR, Kirgizistan ASSR on the map), which was created on 26 August 1920 in the territory roughly coinciding with the northern part of today's Kazakhstan (at this time Kazakhs were referred to as 'Kyrgyz' and what are now the Kyrgyz were deemed a sub-group of the Kazakhs and referred to as 'Kara-Kyrgyz' i.e. mountain-dwelling 'black-Kyrgyz'). There were also the two separate successor 'republics' of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva, which were transformed into the Bukhara and Khorezm People's Soviet Republics following the takeover by the Red Army in 1920.[4]

On 25 February 1924 the Politburo and Central Committee of the Soviet Union announced that it would proceed with a policy of NTD in Central Asia.[5][6] The process was to be overseen by a Special Committee of the Central Asian Bureau, with three sub-committees for each of what were deemed to be the main nationalities of the region (Kazakhs, Turkmen and Uzbeks), with work then exceedingly rapidly.[7][8][9][10][11] There were initial plans to possibly keep the Khorezm and Bukhara PSRs, however it was eventually decided to partition them in April 1924, over the often vocal opposition of their Communist Parties (the Khorezm Communists in particular were reluctant to destroy their PSR and had to be strong-armed into voting for their own dissolution in July of that year).[12]

Map showing Tajikistan's exclaves; Kayragach is the smaller one at the far left

The border assumed its current position in 1929.[13][14] The Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast was originally within the Russia SSR in October 1924, with borders matching those of modern Kyrgyzstan. In 1925, it was renamed the Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast in May 1925, then became the Kirghiz ASSR in 1926 (not to be confused with the Kirghiz ASSR that was the first name of Kazak ASSR), finally becoming the Kirghiz SSR in 1936.[15]

The Soviets aimed to create ethnically homogeneous republics; however, many areas were ethnically mixed (e.g. the Ferghana Valley), and they experienced difficulties in assigning a 'correct' ethnic label to some peoples.[16][17] In spite of this, regional elites strongly argued in favour of strict delineation, and was further complicated by a lack of expert knowledge and paucity of accurate or up-to-date ethnographic data on the region.[16][18] Furthermore, NTD also aimed to create 'viable' entities, with economic, geographical, agricultural and infrastructural matters unrelated to (and sometimes trumping those of) ethnicity.[19][20]

International border

See also: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes and 2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

The boundary became an international frontier in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence of its constituent republics. There were tensions in the post-independence era over border delimitation and policing, and especially after an Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) incursion into Kyrgyzstan from Tajik territory in 1999/2000.[21][22] At present border delimitation is ongoing.[23][24]

This tension has led to conflict, primarily over access to resources within each nation's territory, especially in regards to water.[25] As early as 2004, border clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan were being discussed by local media,[26] with over 70 border incidents being reported from 2004 to 2015.[25] This conflict then escalated into a three-day battle in April–May 2021, which killed 55 people and forced over 33,000–58,000 Kyrgyzstan civilians to evacuate from the Batken Region.[27][28][29] Clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan became increasingly frequent throughout 2022,[30][31][32] culminating in a 14–20 September confrontation that caused 137,000 Kyrgyz civilians to flee the border area.[29]

Border crossings

Settlements near the border

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

History maps

Historical English-language maps of the Kyrgyz SSR-Tajik SSR border, mid to late 20th century:

See also

References

  1. ^ CIA World Factbook – Kyrgyzstan, 23 September 2018
  2. ^ Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 40-1
  3. ^ Starr, S. Frederick (ed.) (2011) Ferghana Valley – the Heart of Central Asia Routledge, pg. 105
  4. ^ Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 39
  5. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pg. 55
  6. ^ Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 42
  7. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pg. 54
  8. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pgs. 52-3
  9. ^ Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 92
  10. ^ Starr, S. Frederick (ed.) (2011) Ferghana Valley – the Heart of Central Asia Routledge, pg. 106
  11. ^ Khalid, Adeeb (2015) Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR, Cornell University Press, pg. 271-2
  12. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pgs. 56-8
  13. ^ Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 55
  14. ^ Rahim Masov, The History of the Clumsy Delimitation, Irfon Publ. House, Dushanbe, 1991 (in Russian). English translation: The History of a National Catastrophe, transl. Iraj Bashiri, 1996
  15. ^ Haugen, Arne (2003) The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia, Palgrave Macmillan, pg. 167
  16. ^ a b Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 44-5
  17. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pg. 47
  18. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pg. 53
  19. ^ Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 43-4
  20. ^ Starr, S. Frederick (ed.) (2011) Ferghana Valley – the Heart of Central Asia Routledge, pg. 112
  21. ^ Trofimov, Dmitriy (2002), Ethnic/Territorial and Border Problems in Central Asia, retrieved 28 October 2018
  22. ^ International Crisis Group (4 April 2002), CENTRAL ASIA – BORDER DISPUTES AND CONFLICT POTENTIAL (PDF), retrieved 28 October 2018
  23. ^ Asia-Plus (3 March 2018), Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan expected to resume border talks in the second half of March, archived from the original on 4 November 2018, retrieved 4 November 2018
  24. ^ EurAsia Daily (1 February 2018), Kyrgyz president paying "courtesy visit" to Tajikistan. Is that all?, retrieved 4 November 2018
  25. ^ a b Kurmanalieva, Gulzana (2018). "Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: Endless Border Conflicts". L'Europe en Formation. 385 (1): 121–130. doi:10.3917/eufor.385.0121 – via Cairn.info.
  26. ^ ""Абрикосовая" война на кыргызо-таджикской границе" [Apricot War on the Kyrgrz-Tajik Border]. AKIpress News Agency (in Russian). 9 March 2004.
  27. ^ "Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan: Images of destruction after border clashes". BBC News. 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  28. ^ "33,388 Kyrgyzstanis evacuated from conflict zone in Batken". Trend.Az. 2 May 2021.
  29. ^ a b Sultanalieva, Syinat (21 September 2022). "Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan border clashes prove deadly for civilians". Human Rights Watch.
  30. ^ "Two civilians killed as guards clash at Kyrgyz-Tajik border". Al Jazeera. 28 January 2022.
  31. ^ "Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan Hold New Talks After Shooting At Border Leaves One Dead". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 10 March 2022.
  32. ^ "Tajikistan accuses Kyrgyzstan of provoking latest border clash". Reuters. 4 June 2022.
  33. ^ a b c d e Caravanistan – Kyrgyzstan border crossings, retrieved 23 September 2018
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan border.

Read other articles:

Daftar Kepala Badan Pusat Statistik

Kepala Badan Pusat Statistik Republik IndonesiaLambang Badan Pusat Statistik Republik IndonesiaPetahanaAmalia Adininggar Widyasanti, S.T., M.Si., M.Eng., Ph.D.sejak 17 Juli 2023Pejabat pertamaAbdul Karim Pringgodigdo Berikut adalah daftar orang yang pernah menjabat sebagai Kepala Badan Pusat Statistik Republik Indonesia. No Foto Nama Dari Sampai Keterangan 1 Abdul Karim Pringgodigdo 1945 1946 2 Sarbini Sumawinata 1955 September 1965 Bernama Kepala Biro Pusat Statistik 3 M. Abdul Madjid 1...

 

Proyek Euler

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada September 2016. Proyek EulerURLprojecteuler.netEponimLeonhard Euler TipeSitus web penyelesaian masalahPerdagangan ?TidakRegistration (en)GratisBagian dariterminologi psikologi PembuatColin HughesService entry (en)5 Oktober 2001Peringkat Alexa33,152 (Oktober 201...

 

Daftar duta besar Trinidad dan Tobago untuk Indonesia

Duta Besar Trinidad dan Tobago untuk Indonesia Berikut adalah daftar duta besar Trinidad dan Tobago untuk Republik Indonesia. Nama Kredensial Selesai tugas Ref. Solomon Satcumar Lutchman 16 Maret 1974 [1] John Reginald Phelps Dumas 17 Desember 1977 [1] Nathan Hazel 19 April 1980 [1] Pundit Maniedeo Persad 22 Juni 2007 [2][cat. 1] Chandradath Singh 14 Januari 2013 [3][cat. 1] Dave Chandalal Persad 18 Mei 2017 [4][cat. 1] C...

Yevgeny Leonov

Yevgeny LeonovPerangko pos yang menggambarkan Leonov (2001)Nama asalЕвгений Павлович ЛеоновLahir(1926-09-02)2 September 1926Moskwa, USSRMeninggal29 Januari 1994(1994-01-29) (umur 67)Moskwa, RusiaMakamPemakaman Novodevichy, MoskwaAlmamaterTeater Kesenian MoskwaPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1947–1993GelarArtis Rakyat USSR (1978)Suami/istriVanda StoilovaAnakAndrey Leonov (1959)Orang tuaPavel Vasilyevich LeonovAnna Ilyinichna LeonovaPenghargaanOrdo Lenin Yevgen...

 

Revolutionary Left Front (Bolivia)

Political party in Bolivia Revolutionary Left Front Frente Revolucionario de IzquierdaChairpersonEdgar Guzmán JáureguiVice ChairpersonVíctor Hugo LandivarSecretary-GeneralWálter Villagra RomayFoundedApril 23, 1978 (1978-04-23)ColorsBlue, redChamber of Deputies4 / 130[1]Senate of Bolivia0 / 36Politics of BoliviaPolitical partiesElections The Revolutionary Left Front (Spanish: Frente Revolucionario de Izquierda, abbreviated FRI) is a political party in Bolivia, founde...

 

Mandai, Maros

Untuk pengertian lain, lihat Mandai (disambiguasi). Koordinat: 5°05′08″S 119°31′34″E / 5.0854726°S 119.5260538°E / -5.0854726; 119.5260538 Mandai (Lontara Bugis & Makassar: ᨆᨉᨕᨗ)KecamatanPeta Kecamatan Mandai dan pembagian wilayah administrasinyaMandaiLetak Kecamatan Mandai di Pulau SulawesiTampilkan peta SulawesiMandaiMandai (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 5°05′08″S 119°31′34″E / 5.0854726°S 119.5260538�...

Poston Elementary School, Unit 1, Colorado River Relocation Center

United States historic placePoston Elementary School, Unit 1, Colorado River Relocation CenterU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark District 1943 photoLocationPoston Road, former site of Poston War Relocation Center, Poston, ArizonaArea22 acres (8.9 ha)Built1943 (1943)Architectural styleAdobeNRHP reference No.12001010[1]Significant datesAdded to NRHPOctober 16, 2012Designated NHLDOctober 16, 2012 The Poston Elementary S...

 

Dehydroepiandrosterone

This article is about DHEA as a hormone. For its use as a medication or supplement, see Prasterone. For other uses, see DHEA (disambiguation). For the precursor hormone of DHEA produced mainly in the adrenal cortex, DHEA sulfate or DHEA-S, see Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Dehydroepiandrosterone Names IUPAC name 3β-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one Systematic IUPAC name (3aS,3bR,7S,9aR,9bS,11aS)-7-Hydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-2,3,3a,3b,4,6,7,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthr...

 

Moti Lugasi

Israeli taekwondo practitioner Moti Lugasi Medal record Representing  Israel Men’s taekwondo 2010 European Taekwondo Championships 2010 Saint Petersburg 54 kg Moti lugasi pro atlete. Moti Lugasi (born April 18, 1992) is an Israeli taekwondo athlete. He won a bronze medal at the age of 18 in the 54 kg (fin) class at the 2010 European Taekwondo Championships.[1][2][3][4] References ^ Taekwondo - Moti Lugasi (Israel): season totals. The-sports.org. Ret...

Lisa Smirnova

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Smirnova. Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (mai 2020). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En pratique ...

 

Dôme de Pajan Yan

Pajan Yan Tholus Pour les articles homonymes, voir Pajan Yan. Création automatique ou semi-automatique. Cet article a été créé automatiquement par Feldo. Il peut contenir, entre autres, des erreurs linguistiques ou un choix bizarre d'images. Il doit être (re)vérifié par un être humain.Le modèle peut être retiré après inspection du contenu. Plus d'articles avec ce bandeau dans la catégorie dédiée. Les erreurs systématiques suspectes peuvent être signalées sur Wikipédia:Bot/...

 

Синелобый амазон

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

Armour (zoology)

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Armour zoology – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Fossilized armour of Edmontonia, specimen AMNH 5665 Armour or armor in animals is a rigid cuticle or exoskeleton that provides exterior protecti...

 

Democratic Front (Montenegro)

Montenegrin political alliance Democratic Front Демократски фронтDemokratski frontLeaderCollective leadershipFoundersMiodrag LekićAndrija MandićNebojša MedojevićFounded24 July 2012 (2012-07-24)Dissolved14 May 2023 (2023-05-14)Succeeded byFor the Future of Montenegro (partly)HeadquartersPodgoricaIdeologySerbian nationalism[1]Social conservatismRight-wing populism[2]Initially (2012–2015):Catch-all allianceLiberal conservat...

 

Nivelles

NivellesMunicipalityGereja Saint Gertrude BenderaLambang kebesaranLocation of Nivelles Negara BelgiaMasyarakatMasyarakat PrancisDaerahWalloniaProvinsiBrabant WalloniaArrondissementNivellesPemerintahan • Wali KotaPierre Huart (MR-UNi) • Partai penguasaMR-UNi, CDHLuas • Total60,83 km2 (2,349 sq mi)Populasi (2018-01-01)[1] • Total28.521 • Kepadatan4,7/km2 (12/sq mi)Kode pos1400, 1401, 1402, 140...

Uldin

Chieftain of the Huns Detail of the Hun king in Caravaggio's The Martyrdom of Saint Ursula, 1610 Uldin, also spelled Huldin (died before 412) is the first ruler of the Huns whose historicity is undisputed. Etymology The name is recorded as Ουλδης (Ouldes) by Sozomen, Uldin by Orosius, and Huldin by Marcellinus Comes.[1] On the basis of the Latin variants, Omeljan Pritsak and Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen argue that the name ended on -n, not the Greek suffix -s.[1][2] H...

 

Susarma

Susarmaसुशर्माTokoh MahabharataNamaSusarmaEjaan Dewanagariसुशर्माEjaan IASTSuśārmaKitab referensiMahabharataAsalKerajaan TrigartaKastakesatriaWahanakereta perang Dalam wiracarita Mahabharata, Susarma (Dewanagari: सुशर्म; ,IAST: Suśārma, सुशर्म) adalah raja Trigarta. Ia merupakan saudara dari Banowati,[1] istri Duryodana, sehingga menjalin hubungan yang baik dengan para Korawa dan Sangkuni. Maka dari itu, ia menjadi seku...

 

نيكاراغوا

  نيكاراغوا (بالفرنسية: la République du Nicaragua)‏[1]  نيكاراغواعلم نيكاراغوا  نيكاراغواشعار نيكاراغوا    الشعار الوطني(بالويلزية: Ymddiriedwn yn Nuw)‏  النشيد: سالف أ تي  [لغات أخرى]‏  الأرض والسكان إحداثيات 13°N 85°W / 13°N 85°W / 13; -85   [2] أعلى قمة م�...

維文 (新加坡)

本條目存在以下問題，請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此生者传记条目需要补充更多可供查證的来源。 (2015年9月18日)请协助補充可靠来源，无法查证的在世人物内容将被立即移除。 此條目過於依赖第一手来源。 (2015年9月18日)请補充第二手及第三手來源，以改善这篇条目。 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2015年9月18日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条�...

 

Arianism

Christological doctrine, attributed to Arius Arian redirects here. For other uses, see Arian (disambiguation). Not to be confused with the racialist ideology of Aryanism. Part of a series of articles onArianism History and theology Arius Acacians Anomoeanism Arian controversy Arian creeds First Council of Nicaea Gothic Christianity Gothic Bible (Codex Argenteus) Lucian of Antioch Semi-Arianism Arian leaders Acacius of Caesarea Aëtius of Antioch Demophilus of Constantinople Eudoxius of Antioc...