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Kepler-23
	; Kepler-23 compared to the Sun
Observation data; Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000
Constellation	Cygnus
Right ascension	19h 36m 52.5355s
Declination	+49° 28′ 45.253″
Apparent magnitude (V)	13.547
Characteristics
Spectral type	G2V
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)	−26.97±2.38 km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: 2.275(12) mas/yr ; Dec.: 3.879(14) mas/yr
Parallax (π)	1.1395 ± 0.0101 mas
Distance	2,860 ± 30 ly ; (878 ± 8 pc)
Details
Mass	1.078±0.077 M☉
Radius	1.548±0.048 R☉
Luminosity	~2.3 L☉
Surface gravity (log g)	4.00±0.14 cgs
Temperature	5828±100 K
Metallicity [Fe/H]	−0.09±0.14 dex
Age	4-8 Gyr
Other designations
	Gaia DR2 2135019107451751168, KOI-168, KIC 11512246, GSC 03564-01806, 2MASS J19365254+4928452
Database references
SIMBAD	data
KIC	data

Kepler-23 is a G-type main-sequence star about 2,860 light-years (880 parsecs) away in the northern constellation of Cygnus, the swan. With an apparent visual magnitude of 13.5,^[3] it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye. This star is similar in mass and temperature to the Sun, but is larger and more luminous.^[5]^[4] Kepler-23 is orbited by three known exoplanets.^[6]

Planetary system

Three transiting exoplanets orbit this star, discovered using the Kepler space telescope. Two planets, Kepler-23b and Kepler-23c, were discovered in 2011 and were confirmed in 2012.^[5] A third planet, Kepler-23d, was confirmed in 2014 as part of a study validating hundreds of Kepler candidates.^[7] All three planets are between Earth and Neptune in size (sub-Neptunes), and their masses have been measured via transit-timing variations, showing that they have lower densities than Earth.^[4]

The Kepler-23 planetary system^[8]^[4]
Companion (in order from star)	Mass	Semimajor axis (AU)	Orbital period (days)	Eccentricity	Inclination	Radius
b	2.56+0.43 −0.40 $M$ _🜨	0.075	7.106995(73)	0.017+0.019 −0.014	—	1.638±0.047 $R$ _🜨
c	7.81+1.32 −1.20 $M$ _🜨	0.099	10.742434(39)	0.021+0.009 −0.014	—	3.005±0.074 $R$ _🜨
d	4.44+1.30 −1.21 $M$ _🜨	0.124	15.27429(17)	0.010+0.014 −0.008	—	2.206±0.057 $R$ _🜨

References

^ "Cygnus – constellation boundary", The Constellations, International Astronomical Union, retrieved 2011-12-15
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Kepler-23". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Leleu, A.; Delisle, J.-B.; et al. (January 2023). "Removing biases on the density of sub-Neptunes characterised via transit timing variations. Update on the mass-radius relationship of 34 Kepler planets". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 669: A117. arXiv:2207.07456. Bibcode:2023A&A...669A.117L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244132.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ford, Eric B.; Fabrycky, Daniel C.; Steffen, Jason H.; Carter, Joshua A.; Fressin, Francois; Holman, Matthew J.; Lissauer, Jack J.; Moorhead, Althea V.; Morehead, Robert C.; Ragozzine, Darin; Rowe, Jason F.; Welsh, William F.; Allen, Christopher; Batalha, Natalie M.; Borucki, William J.; Bryson, Stephen T.; Buchhave, Lars A.; Burke, Christopher J.; Caldwell, Douglas A.; Charbonneau, David; Clarke, Bruce D.; Cochran, William D.; Désert, Jean-Michel; Endl, Michael; Everett, Mark E.; Fischer, Debra A.; Gautier III, Thomas N.; Gilliland, Ron L.; Jenkins, Jon M.; et al. (2012), "Transit Timing Observations Fromkepler. Ii. Confirmation of Two Multiplanet Systems Via a Non-Parametric Correlation Analysis", The Astrophysical Journal, 750 (2): 113, arXiv:1201.5409, Bibcode:2012ApJ...750..113F, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/113, S2CID 4528963
^ "Kepler-23 Overview". NASA Exoplanet Archive. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
^ Rowe, Jason F.; Bryson, Stephen T.; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Lissauer, Jack J.; Jontof-Hutter, Daniel; Mullally, Fergal; Gilliland, Ronald L.; Issacson, Howard; Ford, Eric; Howell, Steve B.; Borucki, William J.; Haas, Michael; Huber, Daniel; Steffen, Jason H.; Thompson, Susan E.; Quintana, Elisa; Barclay, Thomas; Still, Martin; Fortney, Jonathan; Gautier III, T. N.; Hunter, Roger; Caldwell, Douglas A.; Ciardi Edna Devore, David R.; Cochran, William; Jenkins, Jon; Agol, Eric; Carter, Joshua A.; Geary, John (2014), Validation of Kepler's Multiple Planet Candidates. III: Light Curve Analysis & Announcement of Hundreds of New Multi-planet Systems, arXiv:1402.6534, Bibcode:2014ApJ...784...45R, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/45, S2CID 119118620
^ Van Eylen, Vincent; Albrecht, Simon (2015), "Eccentricity from Transit Photometry: Small Planets in Kepler Multi-Planet Systems Have Low Eccentricities", The Astrophysical Journal, 808 (2): 126, arXiv:1505.02814, Bibcode:2015ApJ...808..126V, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/808/2/126, S2CID 14405731