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Jackson–Weiss syndrome
Jackson–Weiss syndrome
Other names	Craniosynostosis, midfacial hypoplasia, and foot abnormalities
	Jackson–Weiss syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern
Symptoms	Hypertelorism
Causes	Mutations in the FGFR2 gene
Diagnostic method	Genetic testing
Treatment	Surgery

Jackson–Weiss syndrome (JWS) is a genetic disorder characterized by foot abnormalities and the premature fusion of certain bones of the skull (craniosynostosis), which prevents further growth of the skull and affects the shape of the head and face. This genetic disorder can also sometimes cause intellectual disability and crossed eyes.^[2] It was characterized in 1976.^[4]

Signs and symptoms

Many of the characteristic facial features (among other) of Jackson–Weiss syndrome result from the premature fusion of the skull bones. The following are some of the more common, such as:^[2]^[1]^[5]

Preaxial foot polydactyl
Tarsal synostosis
Frontal bossing
Proptosis
Craniosynostosis
Midfacial hypoplasia
Acrocephaly
Flat occiput
Ocular hypertelorism
Downslanted palpebral fissures
Ptosis
Strabismus
Flat nasal bridge
Maxillary hypoplasia
Cleft palate
Malformed ears

Genetics

Mutations in the FGFR2 gene cause Jackson–Weiss syndrome. The FGFR2 gene produces a protein called fibroblast growth factor receptor 2,^[6] which occurs in chromosome number 10. Among its multiple functions, this protein signals immature cells to become bone cells in a developing embryo. A mutation in a specific part of the FGFR2 gene alters the protein and causes prolonged signaling, which promotes the premature fusion of bones in the skull and feet,^[7]^[8]^[9] this condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.^[2] Autosomal dominant means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.^[10]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Jackson–Weiss syndrome in an individual suspected of having the condition is done via the following:

Genetic testing^[11]
Clinical presentation^[8]

Differential diagnosis

The DDx for this condition includes metopic synostosis, as well as Lambdoida synostosis.^[8]

Treatment

Treatment for Jackson–Weiss syndrome can be done through surgery for some facial features and feet.^[3] Secondary complications such as hydrocephalus or cognitive impairment, can be averted via prompt surgery.^[8]

Epidemiology

In terms of epidemiology, Jackson–Weiss syndrome is a rare genetic disorder; the overall contribution of FGFR mutation to the condition is not clear.^{[medical citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Jackson-Weiss syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center(GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Jackson-Weiss syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^ ^a ^b Fryns, Buggenhout, Jean, Griet (July 2005). "Jackson–Weiss syndrome" (PDF). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-03. Retrieved 2009-03-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jackson CE, Weiss L, Reynolds WA, Forman TF, Peterson JA (June 1976). "Craniosynostosis, midfacial hypoplasia and foot abnormalities: an autosomal dominant phenotype in a large Amish kindred". J. Pediatr. 88 (6): 963–8. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(76)81050-5. PMID 1271196.subscription required
^ "Jackson-Weiss Syndrome". National Organization for Rare Disorders. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
^ Chen L, Deng CX (2005). "Roles of FGF signaling in skeletal development and human genetic diseases". Front Biosci. 10 (1–3): 1961–76. doi:10.2741/1671. PMID 15769677.subscription required
^ "FGFR2 gene". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Robin, Nathaniel H.; Falk, Marni J.; Haldeman-Englert, Chad R. (1 January 1993). "FGFR Craniosynostosis Syndromes Overview". FGFR-Related Craniosynostosis Syndromes. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301628. Retrieved 14 December 2016. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)update 2011
^ Kelly, Evelyn B. (2013). Encyclopedia of human genetics and disease. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. p. 417. ISBN 9780313387142. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^ "Autosomal dominant: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^ "Jackson-Weiss syndrome - Conditions - GTR - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 14 December 2016.