Indian Institutes of Technology

"IIT" redirects here. For other uses, see IIT (disambiguation).

Indian Institutes of Technology
Other name
IIT or IITs (plural)
TypePublic technical institute
Established15 May 1950
(74 years ago) (1950-05-15)
Parent institution
Ministry of Education, Government of India
Budget₹10,324.5 crore (US$1.2 billion)
(FY2024–25 est.)[1]
Location
23 cities in India
LanguageEnglish
Websiteiitsystem.ac.in
class=notpageimage|
Location of the 23 IITs

The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are a network of engineering and technology institutions in India. Established in 1950, they are under the purview of the Ministry of Education of the Indian Government and are governed by the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961. The Act refers to them as Institutes of National Importance and lays down their powers, duties, and framework for governance as the country's premier institutions in the field of technology.[2][3] 23 IITs currently fall under the tenor of this act.[4] Each IIT operates autonomously and is linked to others through a common council called the IIT Council, which oversees their administration. The Minister of Education of India is the ex officio chairperson of the IIT Council.[5] According to data obtained through Right to Information (RTI) applications, approximately 38% of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) graduates from the class of 2024 have not secured job placements.[6][7] This is the highest percentage in the past three years, with a steady increase from 19% in 2021 and 21% in 2022.[8][9][7][6]

List of all Indian Institutes of Technology

IITs and their locations, sorted by date of establishment [2][3][4][10][11]
No. Name Abbreviation Founded Converted as IIT State/UT Website Faculty Students
1 IIT Kharagpur IITKGP 1951 1951 West Bengal www.iitkgp.ac.in 928[12] 15,862[12]
2 IIT Bombay IITB 1958 1958 Maharashtra www.iitb.ac.in 759[13] 12,976[13]
3 IIT Madras IITM 1959 1959 Tamil Nadu www.iitm.ac.in 674[14] 10,238[14]
4 IIT Kanpur IITK 1959 1959 Uttar Pradesh www.iitk.ac.in 655[15] 8,346[15]
5 IIT Delhi IITD 1961 1961 Delhi home.iitd.ac.in 687[16] 12,543[16]
6 IIT Guwahati IITG 1994 1995 Assam www.iitg.ac.in 539[17] 7,849[17]
7 IIT Roorkee IITR 1847 2002[18] Uttarakhand www.iitr.ac.in 585[19] 9,735[19]
8 IIT Ropar IITRPR 2008 2008 Punjab www.iitrpr.ac.in 179[20] 2,768[20]
9 IIT Bhubaneswar IITBBS 2008 2008 Odisha www.iitbbs.ac.in 178[21] 2,597[21]
10 IIT Gandhinagar IITGN 2008 2008 Gujarat www.iitgn.ac.in 143[22] 2,010[22]
11 IIT Hyderabad IITH 2008 2008 Telangana www.iith.ac.in 306[23] 3,946[23]
12 IIT Jodhpur IITJ 2008 2008 Rajasthan www.iitj.ac.in 238[24] 3,308[24]
13 IIT Patna IITP 2008 2008 Bihar www.iitp.ac.in 166[25] 2,883[25]
14 IIT Indore IITI 2009 2009 Madhya Pradesh www.iiti.ac.in 204[26] 2,323[26]
15 IIT Mandi IITMD 2009 2009 Himachal Pradesh www.iitmandi.ac.in 197[27] 2,343[27]
16 IIT (BHU) Varanasi IITBHU 1919 2012[28] Uttar Pradesh www.iitbhu.ac.in 381[29] 7,980[29]
17 IIT Palakkad IITPKD 2015[30] 2015 Kerala iitpkd.ac.in 127[31] 972[31]
18 IIT Tirupati IITT 2015[32] 2015 Andhra Pradesh www.iittp.ac.in 119[33] 1,168[33]
19 IIT (ISM) Dhanbad IITISM 1926 2016[34] Jharkhand www.iitism.ac.in 414[35] 6,660[35]
20 IIT Bhilai IITBH 2016[36] 2016 Chhattisgarh www.iitbhilai.ac.in 71[37] 806[37]
21 IIT Dharwad IITDH 2016[38] 2016 Karnataka www.iitdh.ac.in 86[39] 866[39]
22 IIT Jammu IITJMU 2016[40] 2016 Jammu and Kashmir www.iitjammu.ac.in 116[41] 1,178[41]
23 IIT Goa IITGOA 2016[42] 2016 Goa iitgoa.ac.in
24 IIT Madras - Zanzibar IITM-Zanzibar 2023 2023 Zanzibar, Tanzania https://www.iitmz.ac.in/ 50
25 IIT Delhi - Abu Dhabi IITD-Abu Dhabi 2023 2023 Abu Dhabi, UAE https://abudhabi.iitd.ac.in/ 52

History

Nalini Ranjan Sarkar, who recommended the set up of Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), along the lines of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) USA (America)
The office of the Hijli Detention Camp served as the first academic building of IIT Kharagpur.
Library at IIT BHU
IIT Guwahati, established in 1994
IIT Madras Research Park at Chennai
Main article: History of Indian Institutes of Technology

In the late 1940s, a 22-member committee, headed by Nalini Ranjan Sarkar, recommended the establishment of these institutions in various parts of India, along the lines of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), with affiliated secondary institutions.[43]

The first Indian Institute of Technology was founded in May 1950 at the site of the Hijli Detention Camp in Kharagpur, West Bengal.[44] The name "Indian Institute of Technology" was adopted before the formal inauguration of the institute on 18 August 1951 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.[45]

On 15 September 1956, the Parliament of India passed the Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Act, declaring it as an Institute of National Importance. Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India, in the first convocation address of IIT Kharagpur in 1956, said:[46]

Here in the place of that Hijli Detention Camp stands the fine monument of India, representing India's urges, India's future in the making. This picture seems to me symbolically of the changes coming to India.

On the recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, four campuses were established at Bombay (1958), Madras (1959), Kanpur (1959), and Delhi (1961). The location of these campuses was chosen to be scattered throughout India to prevent regional imbalance.[47] The Indian Institutes of Technology Act was amended to reflect the addition of new IITs.[2]

In the tenth meeting of IIT Council in 1972, it was also proposed to convert the then IT-BHU into an IIT and a committee was appointed by IIT Council for the purpose but because of political reasons, the desired conversion could not be achieved then.[48] IT-BHU had been taking admissions through Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE) for undergraduate courses and Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) for postgraduate courses since 1972. Finally, in 2012 the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University was made a member of the IITs and renamed as IIT (BHU) Varanasi.[28]

Student agitations in the state of Assam made Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi promise the creation of a new IIT in Assam. This led to the establishment of a sixth institution at Guwahati under the Assam Accord in 1994.

In 2001, the University of Roorkee was converted into IIT Roorkee.[18] Over the past few years, there have been several developments toward establishing new IITs. On 1 October 2003, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced plans to create more IITs "by upgrading existing academic institutions that have the necessary promise and potential".[49] Subsequent developments led to the formation of the S K Joshi Committee, in November 2003, to guide the selection of the five institutions which would be converted into IITs. Based on the initial recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, it was decided that new IITs should be spread throughout the country. When the government expressed its willingness to correct this regional imbalance, 16 states demanded IITs. Since the S K Joshi Committee prescribed strict guidelines for institutions aspiring to be IITs,[50] only seven colleges were selected for final consideration.[51] Plans are also reported to open IITs outside India, although there has not been much progress in this regard.[52] Eventually in the 11th Five year plan, eight states were identified for establishment of new IITs.

From 2008 to 2009, eight new IITs were set up in Gandhinagar, Jodhpur, Hyderabad, Indore, Patna, Bhubaneswar, Ropar, and Mandi.

In 2015 to 2016, six new IITs in Tirupati, Palakkad, Dharwad, Bhilai, Goa, and Jammu, approved through a 2016 bill amendment, were founded, along with the conversion of Indian School of Mines Dhanbad into IIT, Dhanbad.[34]

The entire allocation by the central government for the 2017–18 budget for all Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) was slightly over ₹70 billion (US$840 million). However, the aggregate money spent by Indian students for tertiary education in the United States was about six times more than what the central government spends on all IITs.[53]

In June 2023, education officials of India and Tanzania announced that the first foreign IIT campus would be established on the Tanzanian autonomous territory of Zanzibar, as a satellite campus of IIT Madras. The campus is scheduled to begin offering classes in October 2023.[54]

Organisational Structure

Organisational structure of IITs

The President of India is the ex officio Visitor,[55] and has residual powers. Directly under the President is the IIT Council, comprising minister-in-charge of technical education in the Union Government, the Chairmen of all IITs, the Directors of all IITs, the Chairman of the University Grants Commission, the Director General of CSIR, the Chairman of IISc, the Director of IISc, three members of Parliament, the Joint Council Secretary of Ministry of Education, and three appointees each of the Union Government, AICTE, and the Visitor.[56]

Under the IIT Council is the Board of Governors of each IIT. Under the Board of Governors is the Director, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT.[57] Under the Director, in the organisational structure, comes the Deputy Director. Under the Director and the deputy director, come the Deans, Heads of Departments, Registrar, President of the Students' Council, and Chairman of the Hall Management Committee. The Registrar is the chief administrative officer of the IIT and overviews the day-to-day operations.[57] Below the Heads of Department (HOD) are the faculty members (Professors, Associate Professors, and Assistant Professors). The Wardens come under the Chairman of the Hall Management Committee.[58]

The Institutes of Technology Act

Main article: Institutes of Technology Act

The Institute of Technology Act (parliamentary legislation) gives legal status, including degree-granting powers, to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). It was notified in the gazette as Act Number 59 of 1961 on 20 December 1961 and came into effect on 1 April 1962. The Act also declares these institutes as Institutes of National Importance.[2][59]

Academics

IIT Bombay
IIT Kanpur
See also: Education in India

The IITs receive comparatively higher grants than other engineering colleges in India.[60] While the total government funding to most other engineering colleges is around ₹ 100–200 million ($2–4 million) per year, the amount varies between ₹ 900–1300 million ($19–27 million) per year for each IIT.[51] Other sources of funds include student fees and research funding from industry and contributions from the alumni. The faculty-to-student ratio in the IITs is between 1:6 and 1:8.[61] The Standing Committee of IIT Council (SCIC) prescribes the lower limit for faculty-to-student ratio as 1:9, applied department wise. The IITs subsidize undergraduate student fees by approximately 80% and provide scholarships to all Master of Technology students and Research Scholars (PhD) to encourage students for higher studies, per the recommendations of the Thacker Committee (1959–1961).[62] The cost borne by undergraduate students is around ₹180,000 per year.[63] Students from the OBC, ST, SC categories, female students as well as physically challenged students are also entitled to scholarships.[64][65]

The various IITs function autonomously, and their special status as Institutes of National Importance facilitates the smooth running of IITs, virtually free from both regional as well as student politics. Such autonomy means that IITs can create their curricula and adapt rapidly to the changes in educational requirements, free from bureaucratic hurdles. The government has no direct control over internal policy decisions of IITs (like faculty recruitment and curricula) but has representation on the IIT Council. The medium of instruction in all IITs is English.[66] The electronic libraries allow students to access online journals and periodicals. The IITs and IISc, Bengaluru have taken an initiative along with Ministry of Education to provide free online videos of actual lectures of different disciplines under National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning. This initiative is undertaken to make quality education accessible to all students.[67]

The academic policies of each IIT are decided by its Senate. This comprises all professors of the IIT and student representatives. Unlike many Western universities that have an elected senate, the IITs have an academic senate. It controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations and results, and appoints committees to look into specific academic matters. The teaching, training and research activities of the institute are periodically reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards.[68] The Director of an IIT is the ex-officio Chairman of the Senate.

All the IITs follow the credits system of performance evaluation, with proportional weighting of courses based on their importance. The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of grades, with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks. Sometimes, relative grading is done considering the overall performance of the whole class. For each semester, the students are graded on a scale of 0 to 10 based on their performance, by taking a weighted average of the grade points from all the courses, with their respective credit points. Each semester evaluation is done independently and then the weighted average over all semesters is used to calculate the cumulative Grade Point Average (known as CGPA or CPI—Cumulative Performance Index).

Undergraduate education degrees

The Bachelor of Technology (BTech) degree is the most common undergraduate degree in the IITs in terms of student enrollment,[citation needed] although Bachelor of Science (BS) degree, dual degrees integrating Master of Science or Master of Arts are also offered. The BTech course is based on a 4-year program with eight semesters,[69] while the Dual Degree and Integrated courses are 5-year programs with ten semesters. In all IITs, the first year of BTech and Dual Degree courses are marked by a common course structure for all the students, though in some IITs, a single department introduction-related course is also included.[70] The common courses include the basics from most of the departments like Computers, Electronics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Electrical and Physics. At the end of the first year (the end of the first semester at IIT Madras, IIT Hyderabad, IIT Bhilai, IIT Palakkad, and IIT Roorkee), an option to change departments is given to meritorious students based on their performance in the first two semesters.[71] Few such changes ultimately take place as the criteria for them are usually strict,[71] limited to the most meritorious students.

From the second year onward, the students study subjects exclusively from their respective departments.[72] In addition to these, the students have to take compulsory advanced courses from other departments to broaden their education. Separate compulsory courses from humanities and social sciences departments, and sometimes management courses are also enforced.[73] In the last year of their studies, most of the students are placed into industries and organisations via the placement process of the respective IIT, though some students opt out of this either when going for higher studies or when they take up jobs by applying to the companies directly.[74]

Postgraduate education

Master's degrees and postgraduate diplomas

The IITs offer several postgraduate programs including Master of Technology (MTech), Master of Business Administration (MBA), and Master of Science (MSc). Some IITs offer specialised graduate programmes such as Master of Design (M.Des.), the Post Graduate Diploma in Information Technology (PGDIT), Masters in Medical Science and Technology (MMST), Masters in City Planning (MCP), Master of Arts (MA), Postgraduate Diploma in intellectual property Law (PGDIPL), and the Postgraduate Diploma in Maritime Operation & Management (PGDMOM).

Some of the IITs offer an M.S. (by research) program; the MTech and M.S. are similar to the US universities' non-thesis (course-based) and thesis (research-based) masters programs respectively. Admissions to master's programs in engineering are made using scores of the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE), while those to master's programs in science are made using scores of the Joint Admission Test for M.Sc. (JAM).

Several IITs have schools of management offering master's degrees in management or business administration.

In April 2015, IIT Bombay launched the first U.S.-India joint EMBA program alongside Washington University in St. Louis.[75]

Bachelors-Masters dual degrees

The IITs also offer an unconventional BTech and MTech integrated educational program called "Dual Degree". It integrates undergraduate and postgraduate studies in selected areas of specialisation. It is completed in five years[76] as against six years in conventional BTech (four years) followed by an MTech (two years).[77] Integrated Master of Science programs are also offered at few IITs which integrates the Undergraduate and Postgraduate studies in Science streams in a single degree program against the conventional university system. These programs were started to allow its graduates to complete postgraduate studies from IIT rather than having to go to another institute.

Doctoral

The IITs also offer the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) as part of their doctoral education programme. In it, the candidates are given a topic of academic interest by the ins or have to work on a consultancy project given by the industries. The duration of the program is usually unspecified and depends on the specific discipline. PhD candidates have to submit a dissertation as well as provide an oral defence for their thesis. Teaching Assistantships (TA) and Research Assistantships (RA) are often provided.

The IITs, along with NITs and IISc, account for nearly 80% of all engineering PhDs in India.[78] IITs now allow admission in PhD programs without the mandatory GATE score.[79][80]

Culture and student life

All the IITs provide on-campus residential facilities to the students, research scholars and faculty. The students live in hostels (sometimes referred to as halls) throughout their stay in the IIT. Students in all IITs must choose among National Cadet Corps (NCC), National Service Scheme (NSS) and National Sports Organisation (NSO) in their first years.[81] All the IITs have sports grounds for basketball, cricket, football (soccer), hockey, volleyball, lawn tennis, badminton, athletics and swimming pools for aquatic events. Usually, the hostels also have their own sports grounds.

Moreover, an Inter IIT Sports Meet is organised annually where participants from all 23 IITs contest for the General Championship Trophy in 13 different sports. Along with Inter IIT Cultural Meet and Tech Meet, all of them generally happening on various dates in the month of December every year.

Technical and cultural festivals

IIT Kanpur during Diwali
Rocknite in Saarang at IIT Madras
Further information: List of cultural and technical festivals in IITs and NITs

All IITs organize annual technical festivals, typically lasting three or four days. The technical festivals are Shaastra (IIT Madras), Advitiya (IIT Ropar), Kshitij (IIT Kharagpur), Techfest (IIT Bombay), Technex (IIT-BHU Varanasi), Cognizance (IIT Roorkee), Concetto (IIT-ISM Dhanbad), Tirutsava (IIT Tirupati), Nvision (IIT Hyderabad), Meraz (IIT Bhilai), Amalthea, (IIT Gandhinagar), Techkriti (IIT Kanpur), Tryst (IIT Delhi), Techniche (IIT Guwahati), Wissenaire (IIT Bhubaneswar), Technunctus (IIT Jammu), Exodia (IIT Mandi), Fluxus (IIT Indore), Celesta (IIT Patna) and IGNUS[broken anchor] (IIT Jodhpur) Petrichor(IIT Palakkad). Most of them are organized in January or March. Techfest (IIT Bombay) is also one of the most popular and largest technical festivals in Asia in terms of participants and prize money involved. It has been granted patronage from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) for providing a platform for students to showcase their talent in science and technology. Shaastra holds the distinction of being the first student-managed event in the world to implement a formal Quality Management System, earning ISO 9001:2000 certification.[82] Kshitij, which is branded as a techno-management festival due to its emphasis on both technology and management, is the largest of these festivals by sponsorship money.

Annual cultural festivals are also organized by the IITs and last three to four days. These include Thomso (IIT Roorkee), Kashiyatra (IIT BHU Varanasi), Alcheringa (IIT Guwahati), Exodia (IIT Mandi), Saarang and Paradox (annual fests of IIT Madras BTech and BS Degree respectively), Spring Fest (IIT Kharagpur, also known as SF), Rendezvous (IIT Delhi), Meraz (IIT Bhilai), Tirutsava (IIT Tirupati), Srijan, (earlier known as Saturnalia, IIT Dhanbad), Tarang (culfest) (previously Rave), Anwesha (IIT Patna), SPANDAN (IIT Jodhpur), Renao (IIT Jammu), Petrichor (IIT Palakkad), Blithchron (IIT Gandhinagar), ELAN (IIT Hyderabad), Alma Fiesta (IIT Bhubaneswar), Mood Indigo (IIT Bombay, also known as Mood-I), Antaragni (IIT Kanpur) and Zeitgeist (IIT Ropar).

Academic rankings

IITs have generally ranked above all other engineering colleges in India for Engineering. According to Outlook India's Top Engineering Colleges of 2017, the top four engineering colleges within India were IITs.[83] In 2019 QS World University Ranking, IIT Bombay ranked highest at 162, followed by IIT Delhi (172), IIT Madras (264), IIT Kanpur (283), IIT Kharagpur (295), IIT Roorkee (381) and IIT Guwahati (472).[84] In the 2022 NIRF rankings published by Ministry of Education, India, IIT Madras has been ranked 1st for seven consecutive years in the Engineering Category and for four consecutive years in the Overall Category.[85]

National and World Rankings of all IITs
Name 2023 NIRF[86] 2022 NIRF[87] 2021 NIRF[88] 2020 NIRF[89] 2019 NIRF[90] 2023 QS World[91] 2022 QS World[92] 2021 QS World[93] 2020 QS World[94] 2022 QS Asia[95] 2020 QS India[96] Times World[97] Times Asia[97]
IIT Madras 1 1 1 1 250 255 275 271 54 4 601–800 (2020) 125 (2020)
IIT Bombay 3 3 4 4 172 177 172 152 42 1 401–500 (2020) 69 (2020)
IIT Delhi 2 4 3 3 174 185 193 182 45 3 401–500 (2020) 67 (2020)
IIT Kanpur 4 5 6 6 264 277 350 291 64 6 601–800 (2020) 125 (2020)
IIT Kharagpur 6 6 5 5 270 280 314 281 60 5 401–500 (2020) 59 (2020)
IIT Roorkee 5 7 9 8 369 400 383 383 109 9 501–600 (2020) 83 (2020)
IIT Guwahati 7 8 7 9 384 395 470 491 119 10 601–800 (2020) 160 (2020)
IIT Hyderabad 8 16 17 22 581–590 N/A 224 15 601–800 (2021) 144 (2021)
IIT (BHU) Varanasi 15 28 26 28 N/A 281–290 N/A N/A N/A
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad 17 26 22 25 N/A 251–260 46 1001–1200 (2022) 201–250 (2021)
IIT Indore 14 30 23 N/A 396 178 13 401–500 (2022) 78 (2021)
IIT Mandi 33 82 67 44 N/A N/A N/A 1001–1200 (2022) N/A
IIT Ropar 22 31 39 29 N/A 261–270 25 351–400 (2022) 55 (2021)
IIT Gandhinagar 18 33 35 51 N/A 301–350 N/A 601–800 (2022) N/A
IIT Jodhpur 30 N/A
IIT Patna 41 51 54 58 N/A N/A N/A N/A 301–350 36 801–1000 (2022) 301–350 (2021)
IIT Bhubaneswar 47 58 56 46 801–1000 N/A N/A N/A 251–260 20 1001–1200 (2022) 251–300 (2021)
IIT Tirupati 59 N/A
IIT Palakkad 69 N/A
IIT Bhilai 81
IIT Dharwad 93
IIT Jammu 67
IIT Goa N/A

Reservation Policy and Discrimination

IITs practice affirmative action and offer reservation to the "backward and weaker sections" of the society that includes SC/ST/OBC-NCL/EWS/PWD/Girl candidates. About 50% of seats are reserved for candidates holding backward-caste certificates, and 10% seats are further reserved for candidates from general (unreserved) category who fulfill the economically weaker section criteria. Furthermore, students from reserved categories pay significantly lower fees compared to students from the unreserved category.

Despite the implementation of reservation policies, provision of economic assistance, and enforcement of the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, IITs have faced allegations of caste-based discrimination. Instances of suicides among students from reserved categories are often cited to illustrate this ongoing issue.[98] [99][100][101][102][103] However, it's important to note that the suicide rates appear to be consistent among students from both reserved and non-reserved categories.[104]

Criticism

The IITs have faced criticism from within and outside academia. Major concerns include allegations that they encourage brain drain and that their stringent entrance examinations encourage coaching colleges and put heavy pressure on the student's body. Recently some prominent IITians have also questioned the quality of teaching and research in IITs.[105][106]

With the tripling the number of IITs in recent decades, the newly created institutes have struggled to establish themselves compared to their peers. A 2021 report by Comptroller and Auditor General of India criticized the newer IITs for not meeting targets for research, faculty and student recruitment, students retention, as well as for being beset with infrastructure delays.[107][108]

In the recent past, the number of student suicides has attracted significant attention.[109]

Brain drain

Among the criticisms of the IIT system by the media and academia, a common notion is that it encourages brain drain. Until liberalisation started in the early 1990s, India experienced large scale emigration of IIT graduates to developed countries, especially to the United States. Since 1953, nearly twenty-five thousand IIT graduates have settled in the US.[110] Since the US benefited from subsidized education in IITs at the cost of Indian taxpayers' money, critics say that subsidising education in IITs is useless. Others support the emigration of graduates, arguing that the capital sent home by the IIT graduates has been a major source of the expansion of foreign exchange reserves for India, which, until the 1990s, had a substantial trade deficit.[citation needed] A 2023 study by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that among the top 1,000 JEE scorers, 36% migrated abroad, while for the top 100 scorers, the rate was 62%, primarily to the U.S. and for graduate school.[111]

This trend has been reversed somewhat (dubbed the reverse brain drain) as hundreds of IIT graduates, who have pursued further studies in the US, started returning to India in the 1990s.[112] The extent of intellectual loss receded substantially over the 1990s and 2000s, with the percentage of students going abroad dropping from as high as 70% at one time to around 30% in 2005.[112] This is largely attributed to the liberalization of the Indian economy and the opening of previously closed markets. Government initiatives are encouraging IIT students into entrepreneurship programs and are increasing foreign investment. Emerging scientific and manufacturing industries, and outsourcing of technical jobs from North America and Western Europe have created opportunities for aspiring graduates in India. Additionally, IIT alumni are giving back generously to their parent institutions.[113]

Entrance competition

The highly competitive examination in the form of IIT-JEE has led to the establishment of a large number of coaching institutes throughout the country that provide intensive, and specific preparation for the IIT-JEE for substantial fees. It is argued that this favours students from specific regions and richer backgrounds. Some coaching institutes say that they have individually coached nearly 800 successful candidates year after year.[114] According to some estimates, nearly 95% of all students who clear the IIT-JEE had joined coaching classes.[115] Indeed, this was the case regarding preparation for IIT entrance exams even decades ago. In a January 2010 lecture at the Indian Institute of Science, the 2009 Nobel laureate in Chemistry, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan revealed that he failed to get a seat at any of the Indian engineering and medical colleges.[116] He also said that his parents, being old-fashioned, did not believe in coaching classes to prepare for the IIT entrance exam and considered them to be "nonsense".[116]

In a documentary aired by CBS, Vinod Khosla, co-founder of Sun Microsystems states, "The IITs probably are the hardest schools in the world to get into, to the best of my knowledge".[117] The documentary further concludes, "Put Harvard, MIT, and Princeton together, and you begin to get an idea of the status of IIT in India" to depict the competition as well as demand for the elite institutes.

Not all children are of a similar aptitude level and may be skilled in different paradigms and fields. This has led to criticism of the way the examinations are conducted and the way a student is forced in the Indian community. The IIT-JEE format was restructured in 2006 following these complaints.[118] After the change to the objective pattern of questioning, even the students who initially considered themselves not fit for subjective pattern of IIT-JEE decided to take the examination. Though the restructuring was meant to reduce the dependence of students on coaching classes, it led to an increase in students registering for coaching classes.[119] Some people (mostly IIT graduates) have criticized the changed pattern of the IIT-JEE. They reason that while IIT-JEE is traditionally used to test students' understanding of fundamentals and their ability to apply them to solve tough unseen problems, the current pattern does not stress much on the application part and might lead to a reduced quality of students.[120]

IIT-JEE is conducted only in English and Hindi, making it harder for students with regional languages as their main language. In September 2011, the Gujarat High Court has acted on a Public Interest Litigation by the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad, for conducting the exams in Gujarati.[121] A second petition was made in October by Navsari's Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanik Pustakalaya Trust.[122] Another petition was made at the Madras High Court for conducting the exam in Tamil. In the petition, it was claimed that not conducting the exam in the regional languages violates article 14 of the Constitution of India.[123] IIT council recommended major changes in entrance examination structure which is effective from 2017 onwards.[124]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Notes on Demands for Grants, 2024–2025" (PDF).
  2. ^ a b c d "The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961" (PDF). Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. 24 May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  3. ^ a b "IIT Act (As amended till 2012" (PDF). YouTube. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Problem of plenty: As IITs multiply, the brand value diminishes". Hindustan Times. 29 June 2015. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  5. ^ "IIT Council Portal". Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  6. ^ a b "38% IITians yet to be placed this year, IITs reach out to alumni network: Report". Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  7. ^ a b "38% IIT graduates from class of 2024 yet to be placed, shows RTI data". Firstpost. 23 May 2024. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  8. ^ https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-bombay-reacts-to-36-graduates-without-placement-headlines-with-data-2523416-2024-04-04
  9. ^ https://www.livemint.com/education/news/iit-bombay-achieves-75-per-cent-placement-rate-for-2023-24-academic-year-but-8-000-iitians-remain-unemployed-11725351036352.html
  10. ^ "Gazette Notification of the Bill" (PDF). 29 June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  11. ^ "Institute History – Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur". IIT Kharaggpur. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  12. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITKGP" (PDF). NIRF.
  13. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITB" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  14. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITM" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  15. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITK" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  16. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITD" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  17. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITG" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  18. ^ a b Information notification, University of Roorkee to IIT Roorkee. "The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2002" (PDF). The eGazette of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  19. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITR" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  20. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITRPR" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  21. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITBBS" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  22. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITGN" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  23. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITH" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  24. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITJ" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  25. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITP" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  26. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITI" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  27. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITMandi" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  28. ^ a b Information notification, IT-BHU to IIT (BHU) Varanasi. "The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2011" (PDF). The eGazette of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  29. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITBHU" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  30. ^ "JEE Advanced 2015: IIT Bombay announces that four new IITs will admit students from this session". Prepsure.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  31. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITPKD" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  32. ^ "IIT Tirupati all set to begin classes from Aug. 5". The Hindu. 25 June 2015. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  33. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITT" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  34. ^ a b Information notification, ISM Dhanbad to IIT (ISM) Dhanbad. "The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2016" (PDF). The eGazette of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  35. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITISM" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  36. ^ "Chhattisgarh to open IIT campus in Bhilai". The Indian Express. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  37. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITBhilai" (PDF). Ministry of Education.
  38. ^ "Dharwad will host first IIT of Karnataka". The Times of India. 9 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  39. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IITDH" (PDF). IIT Dharwad.
  40. ^ "IIT Jammu to be set up at Chak Bhalwal". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 23 April 2015. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  41. ^ a b "NIRF 2024 IIT Jammu" (PDF). IIT Jammu.
  42. ^ "Failure to identify land likely to delay setting up of IIT in Goa". The Times of India. 29 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  43. ^ "Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur". 13 August 2007. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  44. ^ "Inaugurated In Kharagpur In 1951, The First Indian Institute of Technology Turns 66 Today". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  45. ^ "Inaugurated In Kharagpur In 1951, The First Indian Institute of Technology Turns 66 Today". The Times of India. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  46. ^ "Institute History". 14 May 2006. Archived from the original on 8 July 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  47. ^ See "more IIT" in references below. Under "Final selection", the third paragraph
  48. ^ "Minutes of the 10th Meeting of IIT council" (PDF). iitsystem.ac.in. 17 January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  49. ^ Upadhyaya, Yogesh K. (23 March 2005). "The making of new IITs". Rediff.com. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  50. ^ Upadhyaya, Yogesh K (18 August 2005). "The march of the new IITs". Rediff.com. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  51. ^ a b Upadhyaya, Yogesh K (25 May 2005). "New IITs: A long journey ahead". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  52. ^ Times News Network (1 May 2005). "Desi IITs in pardes: conditions apply". The Economic Times. Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
  53. ^ "Indian students spend USD 6.54 billion in US, near three times more than FDI flow from North America | Business News". www.youtube.com/@tamilneet. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  54. ^ Iftikhar, Fareeha (6 July 2023). "First IIT campus outside India to come up in Tanzania's Zanzibar". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  55. ^ "Visitor of the Institute". IIT Kharagpur. 18 November 2005. Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  56. ^ "IIT-Council". IIT Kharagpur. 18 November 2005. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  57. ^ a b "Organisational Structure". IIT Kharagpur. 18 November 2005. Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  58. ^ "Organizational Structure". Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. 3 March 2006. Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  59. ^ "The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961". Government of India. 19 December 1961. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  60. ^ "Performance based funding of IITs" (PDF). IISc. 10 February 2004. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  61. ^ Rajguru, Suvarna (30 December 2005). "What makes the IITs so chic". LittleINDIA. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
  62. ^ Natarajan, R. "The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India" (PDF). CAGS 2005 Conference. Canadian Association for Graduate Studies. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
  63. ^ "Kakodkar panel suggests steep hike in tuition fee at IITs". The Indian Express. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  64. ^ "IIT fee more than doubled; total waiver for SC/ST, disabled, poor". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  65. ^ "IIT fee more than doubled; total waiver for SC/ST, disabled, poor".
  66. ^ "B.Tech Ordinances". iitm.ac.in. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  67. ^ "NPTEL". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 March 2009. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  68. ^ Prabhu, S.S. (September–November 2000). "Engineering Education in a Flux". Report of the Review Committee. IIT Kanpur. Archived from the original on 4 September 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
  69. ^ "Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance No.3)". Ordinances. IIT Madras. Archived from the original on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  70. ^ "Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance under R.4.2:Class Committee)". Ordinances. IIT Madras. Archived from the original on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  71. ^ a b "Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance under R.5.0:Change of Branch)". Ordinances. IIT Madras. Archived from the original on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  72. ^ "Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance under R.2.0 (ii))". Ordinances. IIT Madras. Archived from the original on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  73. ^ "Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance under R.2.0 (iii))". Ordinances. IIT Madras. Archived from the original on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  74. ^ "BTech Ordinances". Senate Ordinances. IIT Madras. Archived from the original on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2006.
  75. ^ "First U.S.-India joint EMBA program begins". Global. 23 April 2015. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  76. ^ Ordinance under Ordinance No. 3 Archived 17 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^ Natarajan, R. "The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India" (PDF). CAGS 2005 Conference. Canadian Association for Graduate Studies. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
  78. ^ Natarajan, R. "The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India" (PDF). CAGS 2005 Conference. Canadian Association for Graduate Studies. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2005.
  79. ^ "Getting Admission to PhD Seats in IITs gets simplified". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  80. ^ "Students of central institutes can join PhD in IITs without GATE". The Times of India. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  81. ^ "Different academic programmes at IIT". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  82. ^ "Director's Report" (PDF). IIT Madras. 8 May 2005. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2006.
  83. ^ "Top 100 Engineering Colleges in 2017". Outlook India. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  84. ^ "Top Universities". Top Universities. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  85. ^ "IIT Madras emerges as the Undisputed Leader in Higher Education in India". IIT-Madras (Press and News). 15 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  86. ^ "National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) 2023 Engineering Rankings". nirfindia.org. 5 June 2023. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  87. ^ "National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) 2022 Engineering Rankings". nirfindia.org. 15 July 2022. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  88. ^ "MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)". www.nirfindia.org. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  89. ^ "MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)". nirfindia.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  90. ^ "MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)". nirfindia.org. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  91. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2023". Top Universities. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  92. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2022". Top Universities. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  93. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2019". Top Universities. 29 May 2018. Archived from the original on 8 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  94. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2018". Top Universities. 1 February 2017. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  95. ^ "Asia University Rankings 2022". Top Universities. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  96. ^ "QS India University Rankings 2020". Top Universities. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  97. ^ a b "Search". Times Higher Education (THE). 27 September 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  98. ^ "How Caste Discrimination Plagues IITs". 18 August 2023.
  99. ^ "Religious and Caste Discrimination". The Times of India.
  100. ^ Lakshman, Abhinay (7 September 2023). "Caste discrimination survey in IIT-Delhi commenced and withdrawn". The Hindu.
  101. ^ "Stress, dropouts, suicides: Unravelling IIT's casteism problem". 28 March 2023.
  102. ^ "Two Dalit Students' Suicides in Two Months Highlight 'Institutionalised Discrimination' at IITs".
  103. ^ "The IITs have a long history of systematically othering Dalit students". 17 February 2019.
  104. ^ "33 IIT students died by suicide in last 5 years: Govt".
  105. ^ "IIT, IIM faculty not world-class: Jairam Ramesh". India Education Review. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  106. ^ "Poor quality of students entering IITs: Narayana Murthy". The Times of India.
  107. ^ Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on the Performance Audit of Setting up of new Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) (PDF) (Report). Ministry of Education. 2021. Report 20. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  108. ^ "India's tech innovation engines must raise their game". Nature. 601 (7894): 483–484. 26 January 2022. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..483.. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00154-y. PMID 35082427. S2CID 246297398.
  109. ^ "Suicides at IITS not due to academic stress alone". 13 May 2017.
  110. ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (2006). The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century. US: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 104–105. ISBN 0-374-29288-4.
  111. ^ Choudhury, Prithwiraj; Ganguli, Ina; Gaulé, Patrick (June 2023). "Top Talent, Elite Colleges, and Migration: Evidence from the Indian Institutes of Technology". National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts. doi:10.3386/w31308. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  112. ^ a b "Trend of brain drain on reverse to India". Hindustan Times. Indo-Asian News Service. 7 March 2006. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  113. ^ "How IITs are tapping into their robust alumni network for funding". Business Today (in Hindi). 5 April 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  114. ^ "Successful students in IIT-JEE 2005". Brilliant Tutorials. Archived from the original on 21 April 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  115. ^ Idichandy, V G (11 October 2005). "Why the IIT-JEE pattern was changed". Rediff.com. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  116. ^ a b "Nobel laureate Venkat Ramakrishnan failed IIT, medical entrance tests". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  117. ^ "Imported from India". CBS News. 19 June 2003.
  118. ^ "Change in IIT-JEE pattern from academic year 2006". Education4India.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  119. ^ Rukmini Shrinivasan & Hemali Chhapia (31 March 2006). "3 lakh students to vie for IIT entry this year". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  120. ^ Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey (4 May 2005). "Crack the IIT code, it's too easy". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2006.
  121. ^ "Sahitya Parishad demands entrance tests in Gujarati". The Times of India. 21 September 2011. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  122. ^ "Another PIL seeks entrance tests in Gujarati". The Times of India. 21 October 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  123. ^ "Plea to write IIT entrance in Tamil". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  124. ^ "Committee Recommends Major Changes in IIT Entrance Examination". NDTV.com.

Further reading

Wikiquote has quotations related to Indian Institutes of Technology.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Institutes of Technology.

Read other articles:

Dominic Calvert-Lewin

Dominic Calvert-Lewin Calvert-Lewin, 2017Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Dominic Nathaniel Calvert-Lewin[1]Tanggal lahir 16 Maret 1997 (umur 26)[2]Tempat lahir Sheffield, InggrisTinggi 614 kaki (187 m)[3]Posisi bermain PenyerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini EvertonNomor 9Karier junior2005–2014 Sheffield UnitedKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2014–2016 Sheffield United 11 (0)2014–2015 → Stalybridge Celtic (pinjam) 5 (6)2015–2016 → Northampton Town ...

 

Jembatan Martir 15 Juli

Jembatan Bosporus Jembatan Martir 15 JuliJembatan Bosporus di Istanbul, menghubungkan Eropa dan Asia.Koordinat41°03′N 29°02′E / 41.05°N 29.03°E / 41.05; 29.03Moda transportasi3 lajur Jalan Bebas Hambatan di setiap arahMelintasiSelat BosporusLokalIstanbulKarakteristikDesainJembatan gantungBahan bakuBajaPanjang total1.560 m (5.118 ft)[1]Lebar3.340 m (10.958 ft)[1]Tinggi165 m (541 ft)[1]Bentang terpanjang...

 

Katedral Concordia

Katedral ConcordiaKatedral Santo Antonius dari PaduaLokasiConcordiaNegara ArgentinaDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan Concordia Katedral Concordia atau yang bernama resmi Katedral Santo Antonius dari Padua adalah sebuah gereja katedral Katolik yang terletak di Concordia, Argentina. Katedral ini merupakan pusat kedudukan dan takhta bagi Keuskupan Concordia.[1] Lihat juga Gereja Katolik Roma Gereja Katolik di Ar...

Холокост на Украине

Часть серии статей о Холокосте Идеология и политика Расовая гигиена · Расовый антисемитизм · Нацистская расовая политика · Нюрнбергские расовые законы Шоа Лагеря смерти Белжец · Дахау · Майданек · Малый Тростенец · Маутхаузен ·&...

 

Fiord

Sognefjord, Norwegia merupakan sebuah fyord terbesar kedua di dunia. Fyord[1] atau teluk ngarai merupakan semacam teluk yang berasal dari lelehan gletser, yaitu tumpukan es yang sangat tebal dan berat.[2] Fyord bisa sangat dalam dan sangat panjang. Fyord banyak ditemukan di negara Skandinavia dan di Amerika Utara, terutama Alaska dan Kanada.[3] Etimologi Istilah fyord dalam bahasa Indonesia diserap dari kata fjord atau fiord dalam bahasa Inggris, dibaca sebagai /ˈfjɔ...

 

Bugasong, Antique

Peta yang menunjukkan letak Bugasong Bugasong adalah munisipalitas di provinsi Antique, Filipina. Pada tahun 2000, munisipalitas ini memiliki populasi sebesar 28.294 jiwa atau 5.768 rumah tangga. Pembagian wilayah Secara politis Bugasong terbagi atas 27 barangay, yaitu: Anilawan Arangote Bagtason Camangahan Cubay North Cubay South Guija Igbalangao Igsoro Ilaures Jinalinan Lacayon Maray Paliwan Pangalcagan Centro Ilawod (Pob.) Centro Ilaya (Pob.) Centro Pojo (Pob.) Sabang East Sabang West Tagu...

Acido citrico

Le informazioni riportate non sono consigli medici e potrebbero non essere accurate. I contenuti hanno solo fine illustrativo e non sostituiscono il parere medico: leggi le avvertenze. Acido citrico Nome IUPACacido 3-carbossil-3-idrossi-1,5-pentandioico Nomi alternativiacido 2-idrossi-1,2,3-propantricarbossilico Caratteristiche generaliFormula bruta o molecolareC6H8O7 Massa molecolare (u)192,12 Aspettosolido incolore Numero CAS77-92-9 Numero EINECS201-069-1 PubChem311 DrugBankDB04272 SMILESC...

 

List of statutory instruments of Scotland, 2000

Part of a series onBritish law Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Year      1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 ...

 

Liste de jeux Xbox One

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le jeu vidéo. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) (voir l’aide à la rédaction). Consultez la liste des tâches à accomplir en page de discussion.   Liste des listes de jeux vidéo  La liste de jeux Xbox One répertorie les jeux vidéo disponibles sur la console Xbox One, distribués par des professionnels, sur le circuit commercial traditionnel, toutes régions confondues. Remarques : C...

Paul Fréart de Chantelou

Paul Fréart de Chantelou (1609 – 1694) è stato un collezionista d'arte e ingegnere militare francese. Frequentò e sostenne alcuni degli artisti maggiori del suo tempo, in particolare Nicolas Poussin e Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Era fratello di Roland Fréart de Chambray. Indice 1 Chantelou e Poussin 2 Chantelou e Bernini 3 Bibliografia 4 Altri progetti 5 Collegamenti esterni Chantelou e Poussin Poussin, autoritratto (1650) Il ritorno di Poussin a Parigi nel 1640 sarebbe stato certo fallimenta...

 

1915 LSU Tigers football team

American college football season 1915 LSU Tigers footballConferenceSouthern Intercollegiate Athletic AssociationRecord6–2 (4–0 SIAA)Head coachE. T. McDonald (2nd season)CaptainAlf ReidHome stadiumState FieldSeasons← 19141916 → 1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T Vanderbilt $ 5 – 0 – 0 9 – 1 – 0 Alabama 5 – 0 – 0 6 – 2 ...

 

Khmeimim Air Base

Airbase located south-east of the city of Latakia in Hmeimim, Latakia Governorate, Syria Hmeymim Air Base(Latakia Air Base)Авиабаза «Хмеймим»قَاعِدَةُ حُمَيْمِيمِ الْجَوِّيَّةِBassel Al-Assad International AirportNear Latakia in  SyriaA Russian Su-24 bomber at Khmeimim airbase, SyriaKhmeimim Air BasePosition in SyriaCoordinates35°24′42″N 35°56′42″E / 35.41167°N 35.94500°E / 35.41167; 35.94500Site inform...

HMS Papua

Colony-class frigate History United States NameUSS Howett NamesakeBritish name assigned in anticipation of ship's transfer to United Kingdom ReclassifiedPatrol frigate, PF-84, 15 April 1943 BuilderWalsh-Kaiser Company, Providence, Rhode Island Laid down7 September 1943[1] RenamedPapua, 1943 NamesakeTerritory of Papua Launched10 October 1943 Sponsored byMrs. William Eastham Commissionednever IdentificationPG-192 FateTransferred to United Kingdom, 25 July 1944 AcquiredReturned by Un...

 

Major Lazer Essentials

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Major Lazer Essentials – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2018 compilation album by Major LazerMajor Lazer EssentialsCompilation album by Major LazerReleasedOctober 19, 2018GenreDanceele...

 

Angiolina Quinterno

Angiolina Quinterno nel 1950 Angiolina Quinterno (Torino, 19 settembre 1932 – Roma, 3 febbraio 2006) è stata una doppiatrice, attrice e conduttrice radiofonica italiana. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Doppiaggi 2.1 Cinema 2.2 Cinema d'animazione 2.3 Telefilm, miniserie e film TV 2.4 Soap opera e telenovelas 2.5 Cartoni animati 2.6 Videogiochi 3 Radio 4 Note 5 Bibliografia 6 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Nata a Torino il 19 settembre 1932, Angiolina Quinterno cominciò la sua carriera in radio, anco...

Campolattaro

Campolattarocomune Campolattaro – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Campania Provincia Benevento AmministrazioneSindacoSimone Paglia (Le radici. Il futuro) dal 13-6-2022 TerritorioCoordinate41°17′N 14°44′E / 41.283333°N 14.733333°E41.283333; 14.733333 (Campolattaro)Coordinate: 41°17′N 14°44′E / 41.283333°N 14.733333°E41.283333; 14.733333 (Campolattaro) Altitudine430 m s.l.m. Superficie17,59 km²...

 

2016年美國總統選舉

2016年美國總統選舉 ← 2012 2016年11月8日 2020 → 538個選舉人團席位獲勝需270票民意調查投票率55.7%[1][2] ▲ 0.8 %   获提名人 唐納·川普 希拉莉·克林頓 政党 共和黨 民主党 家鄉州 紐約州 紐約州 竞选搭档 迈克·彭斯 蒂姆·凱恩 选举人票 304[3][4][註 1] 227[5] 胜出州/省 30 + 緬-2 20 + DC 民選得票 62,984,828[6] 65,853,514[6]...

 

西遊記大結局之仙履奇緣

本條目存在以下問題，請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要編修，以確保文法、用詞、语气、格式、標點等使用恰当。 (2013年8月6日)請按照校對指引，幫助编辑這個條目。（幫助、討論） 此條目剧情、虛構用語或人物介紹过长过细，需清理无关故事主轴的细节、用語和角色介紹。 (2020年10月6日)劇情、用語和人物介紹都只是用於了解故事主軸，輔助�...

Bjørn Spydevold

Questa voce sugli argomenti calciatori norvegesi e allenatori di calcio norvegesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Bjørn Spydevold Nazionalità  Norvegia Calcio Ruolo Jolly CarrieraGiovanili 1928-1938 Idrettslaget SpartaSquadre di club1 1945-1947 Fredrikstad? (?)1948 Greåker16 (1)1949-1954 Fredrikstad? (?)1954-1958 Greåker? (?)Nazionale 1945-1953 Norvegia...

 

Arcus cloud

A striated shelf cloud, seen in Massachusetts in July 2022. Part of a series onWeather Temperate and polar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn Tropical seasons Dry season Harmattan Wet season Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Derecho Lightning Volcanic lightning Thunderstorm Air-mass thunderstorm Thundersnow Dry thunderstorm Mesocyclone Supercell Tornado Anticyclonic tornado Landspout Waterspout Dust devil Fire whirl Anticyclone Cyclone Polar low Extr...