Hwasong-13

Hwasong-13
TypeBallistic missile, TEL-mounted Mobile IRBM/ICBM
Place of origin North Korea
Service history
Used byKorean People's Army Strategic Force (cancelled)
Production history
Manufacturer North Korea (out of production)
Produced
  • 2012 (first seen in parade)
  • 2016 (first alleged failed tests, on 9 Oct 2016 and 20 Oct 2016)
Specifications
Length16 m PVB 18 m longer (12 to ± 20 m, improvements can be longer (RS-24\RT2PM2 dimensions))
Diameter1.8 m (1.60–1.87 m) (if enlarged, like Hwasong-7 and other missiles)
Warheadnuclear
EngineLiquid, like the Hwasong-10[1]
PropellantLiquid propellant[2][1]
Operational
range
minimum 5,500km[1]

Conflicting reports, either:

  • 1,500–6,000 km (with IRFNA AK TG02)
  • 3,000–12,000 km (with other propellants, like NTO UDMH or LOX Kerosene)
Launch
platform
MAZ-based vehicle
Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl
화성13호
Hancha
Revised RomanizationHwaseong-13ho
McCune–ReischauerHwasŏng-13ho
lit. Mars-13

The Hwasong-13 (Korean: 화성 13호; Hancha: 火星 13号; lit. Mars-13), also known as Nodong-C (Korean: 노동-시; Hancha: 蘆洞-C) or KN-08 under the U.S. naming convention,[3] is a road-mobile intercontinental ballistic missile believed[4] to be under development by North Korea.[5][6][7][8] The changes shown in the mock-up displayed in October 2015 indicated a change from a three- to two-stage design.[9]

Development

Hwasong-13(KN-08) at Victory Day parade 2013

Mock-ups of the missile were first displayed during a military parade in April 2012 to mark the 100th anniversary of Kim Il Sung.[6][7][10][11] Six missiles were carried on 16-wheel[12] transporter erector launchers (TELs),[13][14] similar in size to those used by the Russian RT-2PM2 Topol-M missiles.[8] The TELs are thought to be based on WS-51200 frames made by Wanshan Special Vehicle in China,[7][11] possibly using technology from Minsk Automobile Plant.[8][15] UN investigators have concluded that the TELs were Chinese WS51200 trucks exported to North Korea for lumber transport. The North Koreans converted them into TELs by installing hydraulic gear and controls to erect a missile. Despite being converted to fire a missile, the truck would not be likely to survive damage from the rocket exhaust like a purpose-built TEL, making it a single-use launcher.[16]

Mock-ups were again paraded in 2013, with fewer discrepancies among them compared to the previous year.[17] The KN-08 was paraded again to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the founding of Workers' Party of Korea on 11 October 2015. In this parade, the missile featured a modified smaller-in-length but larger-in-diameter third stage plus re-entry vehicle section design,[18] which has led to suggestions that North Korea might have perfected nuclear warhead miniaturization.[citation needed]

The KN-08 mock-up dimensions are estimated to be: total length of about 17.1 metres; first and second stage diameter of about 1.9 metres, reducing to about 1.25 metres for the third stage.[19] Liquid-fueled ICBMs generally only have two stages for best performance, with a few exceptions (usually when an existing design is upgraded). The three stage design of the KN-08 is puzzling.[20]

In early 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that although they had not seen the KN-08 tested, they believed North Korea had the ability to put a nuclear weapon on a KN-08, and it was prudent to plan for that threat.[21] The KN-08 theoretically poses a threat to the U.S. mainland, able to deliver a 500–700 kg (1,100–1,500 lb) payload 7,500–9,000 km (4,700–5,600 mi) to the American West Coast. Practically speaking however, its accuracy is likely "barely adequate" to target large cities, mobility would be limited to paved roads, and the system will require 1–2 hours of pre-launch fueling. In 2017, speculations were published that the KN-08 may achieve an "emergency operational status" by 2020.[22]

On December 2, 2017, it was reported that the missile was canceled and that the development team was sent to assist development of the Hwasong-12 IRBM, the Hwasong-14 ICBM, and the Hwasong-15 ICBM.[23] In an interview for Difesa Online, a military-focused website, on November 27, 2017, German analyst Norbert Brugge claimed that Hwasong-10 and Hwasong-13 were likely canceled due to an inability to solve engine problems.[24]

List of KN-08 tests

Attempt Date Location Pre-launch announcement / detection Outcome
1 (Unconfirmed) 15 October 2016, 12:03 pm Pyongyang Standard Time Kusong None Failure (South Korea & United States)
2 (Unconfirmed) 20 October 2016, 7:00 am Pyongyang Standard Time Kusong None Failure (South Korea & United States)

Initially, the US military identified tests 1 and 2 each as an "Intermediate Ballistic Missile launch failure" from a Hwasong-10 missile, without specifying details.[25][26][27] North Korea is silent on these reports. The second launch, on 20 October, took place just hours before the start of the final US Presidential Election 2016 debates.

On 26 October 2016, The Washington Post carried a report from an analysis by Jeffrey Lewis, a nonproliferation expert and director of the East Asia Nonproliferation Program at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies.[28] Lewis suggested there was a 50% chance that North Korea might have actually tested their domestic ICBM (Western intelligence sources named this missile as KN-08), based on evidence taken from satellite imagery that the burn scars were bigger than any other Musudan (Hwasong-10) tests. He concluded that the test on 15 October damaged the launch vehicle without flight, but that the missile on 20 October test could have flown for a short distance before things went wrong.[28]

In the same report, Lewis also stated not to place full trust on the U.S. agency StratCom for identifying the missile. He cited that StratCom misidentified the three missiles launched the previous month—it identified them initially as short-range Rodongs, and subsequently as medium-range Musudans; yet they turned out to be extended-range Scud missiles.[28]

News of the tests was also reported by other media agencies, including Yonhap.[29][30]

KN-08 Mod 2

The mock-up displayed by North Korea in October 2015 was significantly different compared to previous models, with two stages rather than three. Overall size was somewhat reduced, with larger fuel tanks for the two stages. It was no longer built with extensive riveting, suggesting a more modern structural design, with reduced weight.[9]

On 31 March 2016, The Washington Free Beacon reported that the missile displayed in 2015 was a new missile—called KN-08 Mod 2, or KN-14[2]—rather than a KN-08. The report quickly circulated in Japanese,[31] Chinese,[32] Taiwanese,[33] and South Korean[34][35] media.

The KN-08 Mod 2 was originally referred to by Western sources as the "Hwasong-14". However, analysts now believe that the missile was inaccurately designated.[36] On July 4, 2017, North Korea test launched a newly revealed ICBM, designated locally as the Hwasong-14, which appeared to have no substantial relationship with the KN-08 Mod 2.[36] The KN-08 Mod 2 missile from 2015, which has never been test fired, is now referred to as the KN-14.[2]

Reactions from Chinese military expert

CCTV-4 aired a 9-minute-long interview with a Chinese military expert discussing the KN-08 Mod 2 and North Korea's potential future developments in ICBM technology.[37]

The Chinese expert estimated that North Korea could have a true ICBM within range of the US mainland between 2021 and 2026 if they can successfully master their Hwasong-10 missile. He stated that the technology and theory behind an Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile is exactly the same as an ICBM, except that an ICBM involves more stage separation in order for the missile to have a longer range. North Korea has successfully demonstrated their stage separation technology in two satellite launches: the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2 in 2012, and Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 in 2016.[citation needed]

However, the expert noted two weakness of North Korea's missile development program. One is that the North Korean missiles are based on older missile designs. Since North Korea has conducted only minimal flight tests (compared to other countries with active missile development programs), flaws in these older designs have continued into new missile development. The other aspect is that all of North Korea's ballistic missiles except the KN-02 (at the time of the interview) were liquid fueled, and therefore the preparation, fueling, and launch takes hours. This amount of time would give enemies—such as the United States or South Korea—time to conduct airstrikes and destroy the missiles before they could be launched.[citation needed]

However, North Korea may also be studying Soviet encapsulation techniques such as those used in the UR-100 ICBM, where each missile comes pre-fueled in a maintenance-free capsule with a mean time between overhauls of several years and a preparation time before launch reduced to minutes. This appears to have been proven with the successful test launches of the Pukkuksong-2 solid-fueled ballistic missile, in both land (PGS-2/KN-15) and submarine launched (PGS-1/KN-11) variants in 2017.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat (Report). Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee. June 2017. p. 29. NASIC-1031-0985-17. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  2. ^ a b c "KN-14 (KN-08 Mod 2) - Missile Threat". Archived from the original on 2017-07-17. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  3. ^ "KN-08 / Hwasong 13 - Missile Threat".
  4. ^ Gertz, Bill (December 5, 2011). "North Korea making missile able to hit U.S." The Washington Times: 1–4. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
  5. ^ C. P. Vick (2012–13). "KN-08:The semi-mobile Limited Range ICBM – No-dong-C". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  6. ^ a b Jonathan Marcus (27 April 2012). "New ICBM missiles at North Korea parade 'fake'". BBC News. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  7. ^ a b c "An essential aspect of ballistic proliferation: transporter erector launchers (TEL)". CESIM. 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  8. ^ a b c Nick Hansen (4 May 2012). "North Korea's New Long-Range Missile – Fact or Fiction". 38 North. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
  9. ^ a b John Schilling; Jeffrey Lewis; David Schmerler (22 December 2015). "A New ICBM for North Korea?". 38 North. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  10. ^ Markus Schiller; Robert H. Schmucker (April 18, 2012). "A Dog and Pony Show, North Korea's New ICBM" (PDF). armscontrolwonk. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
  11. ^ a b Craig Scanlan (April 19, 2012). "North Korea's Newest Road-Mobile Ballistic Missile". Asia Security Watch. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
  12. ^ Jeffrey Lewis (September 11, 2012). "KN-08 Markings". armscontrolwonk. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
  13. ^ "North Korean missile vehicle 'similar' to China design". BBC News. 20 April 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  14. ^ "US 'kept quiet over Chinese UN breach' on North Korea". The Telegraph. 13 Jun 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
  15. ^ Melissa Hanham (July 31, 2012). "North Korea's Procurement Network Strikes Again: Examining How Chinese Missile Hardware Ended Up in Pyongyang". The Nuclear Threat Initiative. NTI. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  16. ^ Tales Of The Forbidden TEL - Strategypage.com, 19 July 2013
  17. ^ Jeffrey Lewis; John Schilling (4 November 2013). "Real Fake Missiles: North Korea's ICBM Mockups Are Getting Scary Good". 38 North. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  18. ^ Richard D. Fisher (12 October 2015). "North Korea unveils new version of KN-08 ICBM". Janes Defence. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  19. ^ John Schilling (12 March 2015). "Where's That North Korean ICBM Everyone Was Talking About?". 38 North. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  20. ^ Markus Schiller; Robert H. Schmucker (2 May 2012). The Assumed KN-08 Technology (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  21. ^ Aaron Mehta (8 April 2015). "US: N. Korean Nuclear ICBM Achievable". DefenseNews. Gannett. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  22. ^ John Schilling, Henry (Long) Kan (2015). The Future of North Korean Nuclear Delivery Systems (PDF) (Report). US-Korea Institute at SAIS.
  23. ^ "日언론 "北, 화성-13형 개발 중단…연료 주입시간·출력 문제"". Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 2017-12-02. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-05-01.
  24. ^ "Missili nordcoreani, parla l'ingegnere tedesco..." Difesa Online (in Italian). 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2018-05-01.
  25. ^ North Korea conducted failed ballistic missile test, US military says - The Guardian, 15 Oct 2016 22:34 British Standard Time
  26. ^ US military detects 'failed ballistic missile launch' in North Korea after state media vows revenge for 'hostile acts' - The Independent, 15 Oct 2016
  27. ^ (LEAD) N. Korea's launch of Musudan missile ends in failure again: military - Yonhap, 20 Oct 2016 11:11
  28. ^ a b c Did North Korea just test missiles capable of hitting the U.S.? Maybe. - Washington Post, 26 Oct 2016
  29. ^ (LEAD) N. Korea's failed missile tests could have involved KN-08: U.S. expert, Yonhap 27 Oct 2016 12:06
  30. ^ 美专家：朝鲜本月试射的并非“舞水端”而是洲际弹道导弹 - CRI Online (In Chinese: "American Exert: North Korea's missile test in this month isn't 'Musudan' but an ICBM"), 27 Oct 2016 11:33:25
  31. ^ "北ミサイル「ＫＮ１４」米国防総省が分析".
  32. ^ "美确认朝鲜新型KN14洲际导弹 射程更远用中国越野车". 1 April 2016.
  33. ^ "美確認北韓新型洲際導彈 射程可能更遠". 2 April 2016.
  34. ^ "美 보수 군사매체, "北, 대륙간탄도미사일 'KN-14' 개발"". 1 April 2016.
  35. ^ "S. Korea, US Name Upgraded Version of N. Korean ICBM". Archived from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  36. ^ a b "Jeffery Lewis on Twitter "So, it's not that missile. At least, not in a form I recognize."". 4 July 2017.
  37. ^ "朝鲜成功研发新型洲际导弹KN-14？ 美媒——朝鲜成功研发针对美国本土的新型洲际弹道导弹".

Read other articles:

The O'Rahilly

Irish republican (1875–1916) Michael Joseph O'RahillyMícheál Seosamh Ó RathailleMichael Joseph O'Rahilly (The O'Rahilly) c. 1913-1916Born(1875-04-22)22 April 1875Ballylongford, County Kerry, IrelandDied29 April 1916(1916-04-29) (aged 41)Dublin, IrelandResting placeGlasnevin CemeteryNationalityIrishOther namesThe O'Rahilly, Ua RathghailleEducationClongowes Wood CollegeOrganization(s)Irish VolunteersGaelic LeagueSpouse(s)Nancy O'Rahilly (m. 1899)ChildrenBobbyRichardAodogánNiallM...

 

Epsilon Aurigae

Epsilon Aurigae A Epsilon Aurigae is located slightly below Capella, the brightest star in the constellation. Data pengamatan Epos J2000      Ekuinoks J2000 Rasi bintang Auriga Asensio rekta 05h 01m 58.1s Deklinasi +43° 49′ 24″ Magnitudo tampak (V) 3.04 Ciri-ciri Kelas spektrum F0Ia Indeks warna U−B 0.30 Indeks warna B−V 0.54 Indeks warna R−I 0.45 Jenis variabel Algol variable AstrometriKecepatan radial (Rv)-2.5 ± 0.9 km/sGer...

 

SAS Épinal

Football clubSAS ÉpinalFull nameStade Athlétique Spinalien ÉpinalFounded1941; 83 years ago (1941)GroundStade de la Colombière,ÉpinalCapacity8,000ChairmanYves BaillyHead coachFabien TissotLeagueChampionnat National2022–23Championnat National 2 Group B, 1st of 16 (promoted)WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Stade Athletique Spinalien Épinal is a French football club based in the commune of Épinal. They currently play in Championnat National, the third tier ...

Luccan lira

Former type of currency Luccan liralira (Italian) DenominationsSubunit 1⁄20soldo 1⁄60quattrinoCoinsq.1, q.2, s.1, q.5, s.2, s.3, s.5, s.10, L1, L2DemographicsUser(s) LuccaIssuanceMintLucca MintThis infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete. The lira (plural: lire) was the currency of the Republic of Lucca until 1800 and again of the Duchy of Lucca between 1826 and 1847. It was subdivided into 20 soldi, each of 3 quattrini...

 

USS Colusa

History United States NameUSS Colusa (APA-74) NamesakeColusa County, California BuilderConsolidated Steel Launched7 October 1944 Sponsored byMrs J. F. Chandler Acquired18 December 1944 Commissioned20 December 1944 Decommissioned16 May 1946 FateScrapped 2 March 1966 General characteristics Class and typeGilliam-class attack transport Displacement4,247 tons (lt), 7,080 t.(fl) Length426 ft (130 m) Beam58 ft (18 m) Draft16 ft (4.9 m) PropulsionWestinghouse turboelec...

 

Evolutionary neuroscience

Study of the evolution of nervous systems Part of a series onEvolutionary biologyDarwin's finches by John Gould Index Introduction Main Outline Glossary Evidence History Processes and outcomes Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Coextinction Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Natural history Origin of life Common descent History of life Timeli...

Henry Brevard Davidson

Henry Brevard DavidsonBrig. Gen. Henry B. DavidsonBorn(1831-01-28)January 28, 1831Shelbyville, TennesseeDiedMarch 4, 1899(1899-03-04) (aged 68)Livermore, CaliforniaPlace of burialMountain View CemeteryAllegiance United States of America Confederate States of AmericaService/branch United States Army Confederate States ArmyYears of service1846–1847, 1853–1861 (USA)1861–1865 (CSA)Rank Captain (USA) Brigadier General (CSA)Commands heldCavalry brigade in ...

 

Kapasitas tempat duduk

Indianapolis Motor Speedway memiliki kapasitas tempat duduk terbesar dari tempat manapun di dunia. Kapasitas tempat duduk adalah jumlah orang yang dapat menduduki tempat khusus, dalam hal tempat fisik yang tersedia, maupun batasan yang dirancang oleh hukum. Tempat olahraga terbesar di dunia, Indianapolis Motor Speedway, memiliki kapasitas tempat duduk permanen sebanyak lebih dari 235,000 buah.[1] Referensi ^ Indianapolis Motor Speedway. World of Stadiums (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsi...

 

Snyder's of Hanover

American pretzel company Not to be confused with Snyder of Berlin. Snyder's of Hanover, Inc.Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryPretzelsFounded1909 (1909)FounderHarry V. WarehimeHeadquartersHanover, Pennsylvania, U.S.Key peopleMichael Warehime (Chairman) Carl Lee (President, CEO)[1]ProductsSee products sectionRevenueUS$652 millionParentCampbell Soup CompanySubsidiariesJays FoodsWebsitewww.snydersofhanover.com Snyder's of Hanover is an American bakery and pretzel brand distribution comp...

On My Mind

On My MindSingel oleh Cody Simpsondari album Coast to CoastDirilis23 April 201123 Mei 2011 (iTunes)Direkam2011GenreTeen popDurasi3:45PenciptaJulie Frost, Fraser T. Smith, Mike Caren, Nasri Atweh On My Mind adalah singel penyanyi asal Australia, Cody Simpson. Lagu ini ditulis oleh Julie Frost, Fraser T. Smith, Mike Caren and Nasri Atweh. Lagu ini dirilis pada tanggal 23 April 2011 dan dirilis di iTunes pada tanggal 23 Mei 2011.[1] Daftar lagu Unduhan digital:[1] On My Mind - 3:...

 

Человек прямоходящий

† Человек прямоходящий Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапсиды�...

 

San Ramón (canton)

Canton in Alajuela province, Costa Rica Canton in Alajuela, Costa RicaSan RamónCantonView of San Ramón FlagSealNicknames: Tierra de Poetas (Land of Poets)[1]San Ramón cantonSan RamónSan Ramón canton location in Alajuela ProvinceShow map of Alajuela ProvinceSan RamónSan Ramón canton location in Costa RicaShow map of Costa RicaCoordinates: 10°13′06″N 84°35′57″W / 10.2182301°N 84.5992384°W / 10.2182301; -84.5992384Country Costa RicaPro...

Late Period of ancient Egypt

Period in ancient Egyptian history (c. 664 BCE–332 BCE) Late Period of ancient Egyptc. 664 BC–c. 332 BCEgypt in the 6th century BC.CapitalSais, Mendes, SebennytosCommon languagesAncient EgyptianReligion Ancient Egyptian religionGovernmentMonarchyPharaoh • c. 664–610 BC Psamtik I (first)• 336–332 BC Darius III (last) History • Began c. 664 BC• Ended c. 332 BC Preceded by Succeeded by Third Intermediate Period of Egypt M...

 

Lay Dam

Dam in Clanton, AlabamaLay DamLay Dam, Coosa River, AlabamaOroville DamShow map of AlabamaLay Dam (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCountryUnited StatesLocationClanton, AlabamaCoordinates32°57′49″N 86°31′00″W / 32.96372°N 86.51670°W / 32.96372; -86.51670PurposeWater Supply, flood control, powerStatusOperationalConstruction began1914Dam and spillwaysImpoundsCoosa RiverPower StationCoordinatesHistoric site Alabama Register of Landmarks and ...

 

Bosnian Americans

Americans of Bosnian and/or Herzegovinian birth or descent Ethnic group Bosnian AmericansBosanski AmerikanciTotal population125,793 (2010(0.04% of the US population)Regions with significant populationsNew York City Metropolitan Area, Greater St. Louis, Missouri; Chicagoland, Utica, New York, Des Moines, Iowa; Salt Lake County, Utah; San Jose and Silicon Valley, California, Metro Detroit, Phoenix, Tampa, FloridaLanguagesAmerican English · Bosnian · Croatian ...

Continental Divide (film)

1981 American romantic comedy directed by Michael Apted Continental DivideTheatrical release posterDirected byMichael AptedWritten byLawrence KasdanProduced byRobert T. LarsonStarring John Belushi Blair Brown Allen Goorwitz Carlin Glynn Tony Ganios Bruce Jarchow CinematographyJohn BaileyEdited byDennis VirklerMusic byMichael SmallProductioncompanyAmblin ProductionsDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date September 18, 1981 (1981-09-18) Running time103 minutesCountryUnited S...

 

Battle of the Somme

WWI battle pitting France and Britain against Germany For the battle fought in 1918, see Second Battle of the Somme. For the 1916 film, see The Battle of the Somme (film). Battle of the SommePart of the Western Front of the First World WarComplete map of the Battle of the SommeDate1 July 1916 – 18 November 1916 (4 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)LocationSomme River, north-central Somme and south-eastern Pas-de-Calais Départements, France50°00′56″N 02°41′51″E / &...

 

Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato

Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato S.p.A.Logo Stabilimento IPZS, via Salaria 712, Roma Stato Italia Forma societariaSocietà per azioni Fondazione6 dicembre 1928 a Roma Sede principaleRoma GruppoMinistero dell'economia e delle finanze Persone chiave Paolo Perrone, presidente Francesco Soro, amministratore delegato Settore Sicurezza Anticontraffazione Editoria Numismatica Prodotti Servizi informatici Diploma di maturità Diploma di licenza media Bollini farmaceutici GiocoLotto G...

Montpellier Open 1993

Montpellier Open 1993Sport Tennis Data11 ottobre - 17 ottobre Edizione1a SuperficieSintetico indoor CampioniSingolare Jelena Alexandrowna Lichowzewa Doppio Meredith McGrath / Claudia Porwik Il Montpellier Open 1993 è stato un torneo di tennis giocato sul sintetico indoor. È stata la 1ª edizione del torneo, che fa parte della categoria Tier IV nell'ambito del WTA Tour 1993. Si è giocato a Montpellier in Francia, dall'11 al 17 ottobre 1993. Indice 1 Campionesse 1.1 Singolare 1.2 Doppio 2 Co...

 

Honda Group, Colombia

Not to be confused with Hondita Formation. Geological group in the Colombian Andes Honda GroupStratigraphic range: Late Oligocene-Late Miocenetypically Middle Miocene(Laventan)~13.8–11.8 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Statue of a prehistoric ground sloth from the Honda Group in Villavieja, HuilaTypeGeological groupSub-unitsVillavieja Fm. Cerro Colorado Mb. Baraya Mb.La Victoria Fm. Cerbatana Mb.UnderliesGigante Group Neiva Fm.OverliesPayandé Group ...