OTR-21 Tochka

OTR-21 Tochka
SS-21 Scarab
Tochka-U missile systems at a Russian rehearsal for a parade in Yekaterinburg
TypeTactical ballistic missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1976–present (Scarab A)
1989–present (Scarab B)
Used bySee Operators
WarsYemeni Civil War (1994)
First Chechen War
Second Chechen War
Syrian Civil War
Russo-Ukrainian War
Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)
Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Production history
ManufacturerKBM (Kolomna)
Unit cost$300,000[1]
Produced1973
Specifications
Mass2,000 kg (4,400 lb) Scarab A
2,010 kg (4,430 lb) Scarab B
Length6,400 mm (250 in)
Diameter650 mm (26 in)
Crew3
Maximum firing range70 km (43 mi) Scarab A
120 km (75 mi) Scarab B
WarheadChemical, 100 kt nuclear warhead, EMP, or fragmentation filling
Main
armament
1 × OTR 21/9K79 Tactical Ballistic Missile
EngineSingle-stage solid-propellant rocket
96kN[2]
Maximum speed 1.8 km/s (1.1 mi/s; Mach 5.3)
Guidance
system
Inertial guidance, Tochka-R added passive radar against radar installations
Accuracy150 m (Tochka)
95 m (Tochka-U)
Launch
platform
BAZ-5921 [ru] Mobile TEL

OTR-21 Tochka (Russian: оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс (ОТР) «Точка», romanized: operativno-takticheskiy raketnyy kompleks (OTR) "Tochka", lit. 'Tactical Operational Missile Complex "Point"') is a Soviet tactical ballistic missile. Its GRAU designation is 9K79. Its NATO reporting name is the SS-21 Scarab. One missile is transported per 9P129 vehicle and raised prior to launch. It uses an inertial guidance system.[3][4]

The OTR-21 forward deployment to East Germany began in 1981,[citation needed] replacing the earlier Luna-M series of unguided artillery rockets. The system was scheduled to be decommissioned by the Russian Armed Forces in 2020 in favour of the 9K720 Iskander,[5] but they have been observed in use against Ukrainian targets during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[6][7]

Description

The OTR-21 is a mobile missile launch system, designed to be deployed along with other land combat units on the battlefield. While the 9K52 Luna-M is large and relatively inaccurate, the OTR-21 is much smaller. The missile itself can be used for precise strikes on enemy tactical targets, such as control posts, bridges, storage facilities, troop concentrations and airfields. The fragmentation warhead can be replaced with a nuclear, biological or chemical warhead. The solid propellant makes the missile easy to maintain and deploy.

OTR-21 units are usually managed in a brigade structure.[where?] There are 18 launchers in a brigade. Each launcher is provided with two or three missiles.[8]

The vehicle is amphibious, with a maximum road speed of 60 km/h (37 mph) and 8 km/h (5.0 mph) in water. The vehicle is NBC-protected. The system began development in 1968. Three variants were developed.[9]

Tochka

The initial version, Tochka, NATO reporting name Scarab A, entered service with the Soviet Army in 1975.[8] It carried one of four types of warhead:

  • 9M123F unitary High explosive warhead. Weight 420 kilograms (930 lb).[8]
  • 9M123K submunitions warhead. Anti-personnel, anti-armour and anti-runway submunitions available.[8]
  • 9M79B nuclear. Selectable yield of 10 or 100 kT.[8]
  • 9N123R EMP warhead.[8]

The minimum range was about 15 km (9.3 mi), maximum range was 70 km (43 mi). Its circular error probable (CEP) is estimated to be about 150 m (490 ft).[8]

A 9M79K missile for the 9K79 Tochka missile system

Tochka-U

The improved Tochka-U, NATO reporting name Scarab B, passed state tests from 1986 to 1988, and was introduced in 1989.

A new motor propellant increased the range to 120 km (75 mi). The CEP significantly improved, to 95 m (312 ft).[10] Six warhead options have been reported, a unitary high explosive warhead, an anti-personnel submunition dispenser, an anti-radar warhead, an EMP warhead and two nuclear warheads.[11]

Scarab C

An unconfirmed[9] third variant, designated Scarab C by NATO, may have been developed in the 1990s, but was likely never operational.[9] Range increased to 185 km (115 mi), and the CEP decreased to less than 70 m (229 ft). Scarab C weighed 1,800 kg (4,000 lb).

Configuration

  • 9M79 missiles with various types of warheads (-9M79-1 for Tochka U Complex).
  • Launcher 9P129 or 9P129-1M (SPU);
  • Transport and loading machine 9T218 or 9T128-1 (TZM);
  • Transport vehicle 9T222 or 9T238 (TM);
  • Automatic testing machine 9V819 or 9V819-1 (AKIM);
  • Technical service vehicle 9V844 or 9V844M (MTO).
  • Set of weapon equipment 9F370-1 (KAO);

Educational means:[citation needed]

  • Simulator 9F625M;
  • Missile overall weight model (such as 9M79K-GVM).
  • 9M79-UT training missile and 9N123F (K) -UT, 9N39-UT warhead. 9H123F-R UT;
  • 9M79-RM missile and 9N123K-RM missile split training model.

Operational history

Syrian civil war (2011–present)

  • In early December 2014, the Syrian Army fired at least one Tochka against Syrian rebels during the Siege of Wadi al-Deif (near Maarat al-Numan, in Idlib province).[18]
  • On 26 April 2016, the Syrian Army fired a Tochka at Syrian rebels in the Syrian Civil Defense Center in west Aleppo.[19]
  • On 14 June 2016, the Syrian Army fired a Tochka at Syrian rebel groups Al-Rahman Legion and Jaysh Al-Fustat in Eastern Ghouta, killing several fighters.[20]
  • On 20 March 2018, the Syrian Army fired a Tochka towards the Turkish Hatay province, which fell in the border district of Yayladağı without causing any casualties or damage.[21][22]
  • On 23 July 2018, the Syrian Army fired two Tochka missiles near the Israeli border. Initially thought to be inbound to Israel near the Sea of Galilee, two David's Sling interceptors were fired by Israel. A few moments later it became clear they were going to strike within Syria, as such one interceptor was detonated over Israel while the other one fell inside Syria.[23] One Tochka missile landed 1 kilometer inside Syria.[24]
  • On 5 March 2021, the Syrian Army reportedly fired a KN-02 Toksa, a North Korean copy, solid fuelled short ranged missile against a major oil facility in the country’s Idlib governorate, which is currently under the control of Turkish-backed insurgents.[25] The strike near oil facilities ignited major blazes and killed one and wounded 11 people.[25]

Yemeni civil war (2014–present)

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

  • Azerbaijan claimed Armenia fired Tochka-U rockets at its territory during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Armenia denied this, stating that Azerbaijan is making "disinformation to justify the use of a similar system or a system of a higher caliber."[37]

Russo-Ukrainian War

  • On 24 February 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a missile attack on Russian Millerovo Airbase in Rostov Oblast, using two Tochka-U ballistic missiles in response for the Russian invasion of Ukraine and to prevent further air strikes by the Russian air force against Ukraine.[38] The attack left one Su-30SM destroyed on the ground.[39]
  • On 24 February 2022, a 9M79 Tochka missile fired by Russian forces struck near a hospital building in Vuhledar, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, killing 4 civilians and wounding 10. An Amnesty International investigation confirmed that the hospital was not a military target.[40]
  • On 14 March 2022, the Russian Federation and the government of the separatist Donetsk People Republic blamed Ukrainian forces of launching a Tochka-U missile which killed 23 civilians and wounded 28 in Donetsk.[41] The housing facility was supposedly used as a barracks for separatists forces.[42]
  • On 19 March 2022, Russian forces claimed that they shot down a Ukrainian-fired missile near the Port of Berdiansk.[42]
  • On 24 March 2022, the Russian Navy landing ship Saratov, docked in Berdyansk port in Ukraine, caught fire and sunk.[43] On 3 July, a Russian official confirmed the sinking of the Saratov, a Soviet era Tapir-class landing ship. The ship was hit by a Tochka-U missile. Russia claims that the ship was scuttled by its crew to prevent its munitions from exploding and that the ship has been salvaged since.[44]
  • On 8 April 2022, the railway station in Kramatorsk under Ukrainian control was hit by two Russian Tochka-U ballistic missiles. The attack killed at least 52 civilians and injured at least 87 more. Later, Russia falsely blamed Ukraine for the strike.[45] The message in Russian "Za detei", meaning on behalf of the children, had been daubed on the missile in white.[46][47][48]
  • On 16 June 2022, a Russian ammunition warehouse in the occupied Ukrainian city of Khrustalnyi was report to have been hit by a Ukrainian Tochka-U missile.[49][self-published source?]
  • On 13 January 2023, Ukraine claims to have killed over 100 Russian soldiers in the Soledar area using various special forces, artillery and a Tochka-U missile.[50]
  • On 12 May 2024, according to Russian government and state media reports, a Ukrainian missile attack reportedly containing Tochka-U's allegedly damaged a 10-story residential building in Belgorod, with a reported death toll of 15 people.[51]

Operators

A map of OTR-21 operators in blue, with former operators in red. (Note: Russian Tochka-U ballistic missiles were returned to service amid Ukraine war in March 2022).[52]
An Armenian OTR-21 during the Independence Day parade in Yerevan, 2016
Ukrainian OTR-21 Tochka missiles during the Independence Day parade in Kyiv, 2008

Current operators

 Armenia
3+ launchers as of 2024[53]
 Azerbaijan
4 Tochka-U launchers as of 2024[54]
 Bulgaria
Unknown number of launchers as of 2024[55]
 Kazakhstan
12 launchers as of 2024[56]
 North Korea
Unknown numbers of KN-02 Toksa variant as of 2024[57]
 Russia
In 2022, it was estimated that Russia had 200 missiles in service, despite being largely replaced by the Iskander.[58] 50 launchers as of 2024[59]
 Ukraine
In 2022, it was estimated that Ukraine had 90 launchers and 500 missiles.[17] Unknown number of launchers as of 2024, possibly no longer operational[60]
 Syria
Unknown number of launchers as of 2024[61]

Former operators

 Belarus
36 Tochka-U launchers in 2022, split in three brigades with 12 launchers each according to the International Institute of Strategic Studies, while the Belarusian order of battle only lists the 465th Missile Brigade.[62] None in service in 2024[63]
 Czechoslovakia
8 launchers in 1989.[64] Passed on to successor states.[65][66]
 Czech Republic
Inherited from Czechoslovakia, remained in service as late as 2004[66]
 East Germany
8 launchers in 1989,[67] scrapped after the German reunification[68]
 North Yemen
Ordered 12 launchers and around 100 missiles. Declared operational in 1988.[69] They were used during the 1994 civil war,[70] and were passed on to unified Yemen after.[71]
 Poland
4 launchers and 40 missiles delivered in 1987,[72] remained in service as late as 2008[73]
 Slovakia
Inherited a small number from Czechoslovakia, remained in service as late as 2001[65]
 Soviet Union
300 launchers in 1991,[74] passed on to successor states[58]
 Yemen
Inherited from North Yemen.[75] Used during the 1994 civil war and the ongoing civil war.[76] None in service in 2024[77]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Some important Soviet solid fuel missilesArchived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine & 9M79M (Totchka)
  3. ^ Dullum, Ove (30 June 2010). "The Rocket Artillery Reference Book" (PDF). Norwegian Defence Research Establishment.
  4. ^ "Technikkatalog - Taktische Rakete (TR) 9M79B, F, K". Rocket and Weapons Technical Service, Leipzig. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  5. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2020). Russia's Military Modernisation: An Assessment. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-000-34451-6.
  6. ^ Williams, Ian (16 August 2023). Putin's Missile War: Russia's Strike Campaign in Ukraine. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-5381-7067-0.
  7. ^ Alberque, William (6 March 2023). "What has the war revealed about Russia's non-strategic missiles?". Online Analysis. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Lennox 2003, p. 147.
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  10. ^ Lennox 2003, pp. 147–148.
  11. ^ Lennox 2003, p. 148.
  12. ^ Zaloga, Steven J. Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955-2005, page 39.
  13. ^ "It Was No Spontaneous, But Planned War". Novaya Gazeta. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008.
  14. ^ Fulghum, David A.; Douglas Barrie; Robert Wall; Andy Nativi (15 August 2008). "Georgian Military Folds Under Russian Attack". Aviation Week. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
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  17. ^ a b Cooper et al. 2023, p. 168.
  18. ^ "( + ) -". 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.[failed verification]
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  33. ^ "Dozens of Saudi-led Forces Killed in Yemen New Tochka Attack- Al Manar TV Website Archive". Almanar.com.lb. 18 January 2016. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  34. ^ Leith Fadel. "Over 200 Saudi-led Coalition fighters killed in Tochka missile strike". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
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  36. ^ "Defense Digest on Twitter: "Updated #Tochka strike damage in Al Anad in #Yemen, 120 Sudanese dead out of the 145 killed & more than 250 injured"". postskriptum.org.com. 31 January 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  37. ^ Yerevan debunks reports of Tochka-U missile system use in Nagorno-Karabakh Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Tass, 30 Sept 2020.
  38. ^ "Ukrainian forces launch missile attack on Russia's military airfield". EuroMaidan Press. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
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  49. ^ @Osinttechnical (22 June 2022). "Footage on the ground from Krasnyi Luch near the Russian ammunition depot that was hit by a Ukrainian OTR-21 Tochka-…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2016. Indonesian Heritage Society, atau Yayasan Warisan Indonesia, adalah sebuah organisasi sosial yang menawarkan kepada anggotanya kesempatan untuk mendalami lebih jauh mengenai kekayaan warisan budaya di Indonesia. Aktivitas yang dapat diikuti terdiri dari ...

7.7×58mm Arisaka

Japanese military rifle cartridge Type 99 7.7 mm rimless7.7×58mm ArisakaTypeRiflePlace of originJapanProduction historyProduced1940–1945 (Type 99)VariantsType 92 semi-rimmed 7.7 mm, Type 99 rimless 7.7 mm (Arisaka), Navy type 7.7 mmSpecificationsParent case8×57mm IS[1]Bullet diameter7.92 mm (0.312 in)Neck diameter8.58 mm (0.338 in)Shoulder diameter11.0 mm (0.43 in)Base diameter12.02 mm (0.473 in)Rim di...

 

中华人民共和国国家元首列表

  提示：此条目页的主题不是中華人民共和國最高領導人。 中华人民共和国 中华人民共和国政府与政治系列条目 执政党 中国共产党 党章、党旗党徽 主要负责人、领导核心 领导集体、民主集中制 意识形态、组织 以习近平同志为核心的党中央 两个维护、两个确立 全国代表大会 （二十大） 中央委员会 （二十届） 总书记：习近平 中央政治局 常务委员会 中央书记处 �...

 

FC Haka

Football clubFC HakaFull nameValkeakosken HakaNickname(s)HakaFounded1934GroundTehtaan kenttä, ValkeakoskiCapacity3,516ChairmanOlli HuttunenManagerAndy Smith[1]LeagueVeikkausliiga2023Veikkausliiga, 9th of 12WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Tehtaan kenttä, home of Haka on a matchday FC Haka, originally Valkeakosken Haka, commonly known as Haka, is a Finnish football club based in the industrial town of Valkeakoski. The club was founded in 1934, competing in Finland's prem...

Serangan bunuh diri

Terorisme Definisi Sejarah Insiden Ideologi Anarkis Komunis Konservatif Nasionalis Sayap kanan Sayap kiri Terorisme berbasis narkotika Agama Buddha Kristen (Mormon) Hindu Islam Yahudi Sikh Berkepentingan khusus / Isu tunggal Anti-aborsi Lingkungan Topik terkait Kekerasan etnis Gerakan milisi Gerakan perlawanan Struktur Pendanaan Organisasi utama Kamp pelatihan Skuad kematian Sistem sel klandestin Tanpa perlawanan Radikalisasi kaum muda daring MetodeTaktik Agro-terorisme Alat peledak impr...

 

Madman Entertainment

Australian distribution and rights management company For the formerly associated anime company, see Crunchyroll Store Australia. Madman Entertainment Pty. Ltd.Company typePrivateIndustryEntertainmentFounded4 August 1996; 27 years ago (1996-08-04)FoundersTim AndersonPaul WiegardHeadquartersEast Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaArea servedAustralia and New ZealandKey peopleBrett Chenoweth (chairman)Paul Wiegard (CEO)Adrian MacKenzieProductsCinemaDVDBlu-rayDigital VideoVideo on d...

 

Pantai Karang Hawu

Pantai Karanghawu, Kota Palabuhanratu, Jawa Barat Pasanggrahan di Pantai Karang Hawu, Palabuhanratu pada tahun 1930-an Pantai Karang Hawu atau bisa juga ditulis Pantai Karanghawu adalah salahsatu Pantai dari sekian banyaknya pantai di Teluk Pelabuhan Ratu, Kota Palabuhanratu, Jawa Barat. Pantai Karang Hawu juga merupakan bagian dari Pantai Palabuhanratu, Kota Palabuhanratu, Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Lihat pula Nama-nama pantai bagian dari Pantai Palabuhanratu sebagai berikut: Pantai Cibangban Pa...

Members of the Malaysian Parliament who represented multiple states

This is a list of Members of the Malaysian Parliament who represented multiple states during their federal parliamentary career. Most people in the list represented different states in the Dewan Rakyat. Nobody has ever represented different states in the Dewan Negara, although various attempts have been made. This list includes MPs who served in the past and who continue to serve in the present.[1][2] Members of the Malaysian Parliament who represented multiple states Party N...

 

Aleut Ka

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Aleut Ka – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cyrillic letter Cyrillic letterAleut KaPhonetic usage:/q/The Cyrillic scriptSlavic lettersАА̀А̂А̄ӒБВГҐДЂЃЕЀЕ̄Е̂ЁЄЖЗЗ́ЅИІЇꙆЍИ̂ӢЙЈК...

 

Out of This World (1945 film)

1945 film directed by Hal Walker Out of This WorldTheatrical posterDirected byHal WalkerScreenplay byWalter DeLeonand Arthur PhillipsBased onStories byElizabeth Meehanand Sam CoslowProduced bySam Coslow(associate producer)StarringEddie BrackenVeronica LakeDiana LynnCass DaleyCinematographyStuart Thompson, A.S.C.Edited byStuart Gilmore(editorial supervision)Music byVictor Young(music direction)ProductioncompanyParamount PicturesDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date July 13, 19...

Friedrich Krafft

Krafft (fila centrale, secondo da destra), nel 1872 a Bonn Friedrich Krafft (Bonn, 21 febbraio 1852 – Heidelberg, 3 giugno 1923) è stato un chimico tedesco[1]. Nella chimica dei colloidi, la temperatura di Krafft porta il suo nome. In chimica organica, la degradazione di Krafft porta il suo nome[2]. Ha inoltre stabilito il punto di ebollizione dei metalli nobili e ha sintetizzato dei composti aromatici contenenti selenio e tellurio. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Pubblicazioni 3 Note...

 

Miyakoan language

Ryukyuan dialect cluster of the Miyako Islands Ogami redirects here. For other uses, see Ogami (disambiguation). Miyakoan宮古口/ミャークフツ MyākufutsuPronunciation[mjaːkufutss̩]Native toOkinawa, JapanRegionMiyako IslandsEthnicity68,000 (2000)[1]Native speakers(mostly over age 20 cited 1989)[1]Language familyJaponic RyukyuanSouthern RyukyuanMiyakoanDialects Miyako Island Ōgami Ikema-Irabu Writing systemJapaneseLanguage codesISO 639-3mviGlottologmiya12...