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The Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by Romanticism. Early on, the paintings typically depicted the Hudson River Valley and the surrounding area, including the Catskill, Adirondack, and White Mountains.

Works by second-generation artists expanded to include other locales in New England, the Maritimes, the American West, and South America.

Overview

The school of landscape painters flourished between 1825 and 1870, which was often called the "native," "American," or "New York" school. New York City was the center of it, many members had studios in the Tenth Street Studio Building in Greenwich Village.^[1] The term Hudson River School is thought to have been coined by the New York Tribune art critic Clarence Cook or by landscape painter Homer Dodge Martin.^[2] The name appeared in print in 1879, it was initially used during the 1870s disparagingly, as the style had gone out of favor after the plein-air Barbizon School had come into vogue among American patrons and collectors.^[1]

Hudson River School paintings reflect three themes of America in the 19th century: discovery, exploration, and settlement.^[3] They also depict the American landscape as a pastoral setting, where human beings and nature coexist peacefully. Hudson River School landscapes are characterized by their realistic, detailed, and sometimes idealized portrayal of nature, often juxtaposing peaceful agriculture and the remaining wilderness which was fast disappearing from the Hudson Valley just as it was coming to be appreciated for its qualities of ruggedness and sublimity.^[4] In general, Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was a reflection of God,^[5] though they varied in the depth of their religious conviction. They were inspired by European masters such as Claude Lorrain, John Constable, and J. M. W. Turner. Several painters were members of the Düsseldorf School of Painting, and they were educated by German Paul Weber.^[6]

Founder

Thomas Cole is generally acknowledged as the founder of the School.^[7] He took a steamship up the Hudson in the autumn of 1825, stopping first at West Point then at Catskill landing. He hiked west high into the eastern Catskill Mountains of New York to paint the first landscapes of the area. The first review of his work appeared in the New York Evening Post on November 22, 1825.^[8] Cole was from England and the brilliant autumn colours in the American landscape inspired him.^[7] His close friend Asher Brown Durand became a prominent figure in the school.^[9] A prominent element of the Hudson River School was its themes of nationalism, nature, and property. Adherents of the movement also tended to be suspicious of the economic and technological development of the age.^[10]

Second generation

The second generation of Hudson River School artists emerged after Cole's premature death in 1848; its members included Cole's prize pupil Frederic Edwin Church, John Frederick Kensett, and Sanford Robinson Gifford. Works by artists of this second generation are often described as examples of Luminism. Kensett, Gifford, and Church were also among the founders of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.^[11]

Most of the finest works of the second generation were painted between 1855 and 1875. Artists such as Frederic Edwin Church and Albert Bierstadt were celebrities then. They were both influenced by the Düsseldorf school of painting, and Bierstadt had studied in that city for several years. Thousands of people would pay 25 cents per person to view paintings such as Niagara^[12] and The Icebergs.^[13] The epic size of these landscapes was unexampled in earlier American painting and reminded Americans of the vast, untamed, and magnificent wilderness areas in their country. This was the period of settlement in the American West, preservation of national parks, and establishment of green city parks.

Female artists

Several women were associated with the Hudson River School. Susie M. Barstow was an avid mountain climber who painted the mountain scenery of the Catskills and the White Mountains. Eliza Pratt Greatorex was an Irish-born painter who was the second woman elected to the National Academy of Design. Julie Hart Beers led sketching expeditions in the Hudson Valley region before moving to a New York City art studio with her daughters. Harriet Cany Peale studied with Rembrandt Peale and Mary Blood Mellen was a student and collaborator with Fitz Henry Lane.^[14]^[15]

Legacy

Hudson River School art has had minor periods of a resurgence in popularity. The school gained interest after World War I, likely due to nationalist attitudes. Interest declined until the 1960s, and the regrowth of the Hudson Valley^[vague] has spurred further interest in the movement.^[16] Historic house museums and other sites dedicated to the Hudson River School include Olana State Historic Site in Hudson, New York, the Thomas Cole National Historic Site in the town of Catskill, the Newington-Cropsey Foundation's historic house museum, art gallery, and research library in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, and the John D. Barrow Art Gallery in the village of Skaneateles, New York.

Collections

Public collections

One of the largest collections of paintings by artists of the Hudson River School is at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut. Some of the most notable works in the Atheneum's collection are 13 landscapes by Thomas Cole and 11 by Hartford native Frederic Edwin Church. They were personal friends of the museum's founder, Daniel Wadsworth.

Other collections

Albany Institute of History & Art in Albany, New York
Arnot Art Museum in Elmira, New York
Berkshire Museum in Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn, New York
Corcoran Gallery of Art, in Washington, DC
Crystal Bridges Museum, in Bentonville, Arkansas
Cummer Museum of Art & Gardens, in Jacksonville, Florida
Detroit Institute of Arts in Detroit, Michigan
Fenimore Art Museum in Cooperstown, New York
Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center, in Poughkeepsie, New York
Fruitlands Museum in Harvard, Massachusetts
Gilcrease Museum in Tulsa, Oklahoma
Haggin Museum in Stockton, California
Hudson River Museum in Yonkers, New York
Hunter Museum of American Art in Chattanooga, Tennessee
Louvre Museum in Paris, France
Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee, Oklahoma^[17]
Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park in Woodstock, Vermont
Metropolitan Museum of Art, in Manhattan, New York
Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute, in Utica New York
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in Boston, Massachusetts
Museum of White Mountain Art in Jackson, New Hampshire
National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC
Newark Museum in Newark, New Jersey
Newington-Cropsey Foundation in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York
New-York Historical Society, in Manhattan, New York
Olana State Historic Site, in Hudson, New York
St. Johnsbury Athenaeum, in St. Johnsbury, Vermont
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, in Madrid, Spain
The Heckscher Museum of Art, in Huntington, New York
Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, in Richmond, Virginia
Worcester Art Museum, in Worcester, Massachusetts
Wadsworth Atheneum, in Hartford, Connecticut

The Newington-Cropsey Foundation, in their Gallery of Art Building, maintains a research library of Hudson River School art and painters, open to the public by reservation.^[18]

Notable artists

Albert Bierstadt (1830–1902)
William Mason Brown (1828–1898)
John William Casilear (1811–1893)
Frederic Edwin Church (1826–1900)
Thomas Cole (1801–1848)
Samuel Colman (1832–1920)
Jasper Francis Cropsey (1823–1900)
Thomas Doughty (1793–1856)^[19]
Robert Duncanson (1821–1872)

Asher Brown Durand (1796–1886)
Sanford Robinson Gifford (1823–1880)
James McDougal Hart (1828–1901)
William Hart (1823–1894)
William Stanley Haseltine (1835–1900)
Martin Johnson Heade (1819–1904)
Hermann Ottomar Herzog (1832–1932)

Thomas Hill (1829–1908)
David Johnson (1827–1908)
John Frederick Kensett (1816–1872)
Jervis McEntee (1828–1891)
Thomas Moran (1837–1926)
Robert Walter Weir (1803–1889)^[20]^[21]
Worthington Whittredge (1820–1910)
Francis Augustus Silva (1835–1886)

References

Notes

^ ^a ^b Kennet T. Jackson (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. Yale University. p. 174. ISBN 0-300-05536-6.
^ Howat, John K (1987). American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. pp. 3, 4.
^ Kornhauser, Elizabeth Mankin; Ellis, Amy; Miesmer, Maureen (2003). Hudson River School: Masterworks from the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art. p. vii. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
^ "The Panoramic River: the Hudson and the Thames". Hudson River Museum. 2013. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-943651-43-9. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
^ "The Hudson River School: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Celebration of the American Landscape". Virginia Tech History Department. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
^ John K. Howat: American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School, S. 311
^ ^a ^b O'Toole, Judith H. (2005). Different Views in Hudson River School Painting. Columbia University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780231138208.
^ Boyle, Alexander. "Thomas Cole (1801–1848) The Dawn of the Hudson River School". Hamilton Auction Galleries. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
^ "Asher B. Durand". Smithsonian American Art Museum: Renwick Gallery. Smithsonian Museum. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
^ Angela Miller, The Empire of the Eye (1996); Alfred L. Brophy, Property and Progress: Antebellum Landscape Art and Property, McGeorge Law Review 40 (2009): 601-59.
^ Avery, Kevin J. "Metropolitan Museum of Art: Frederick Edwin Church". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
^ "Corcoran Highlights: Niagara". Corcoran Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
^ Potter, Russell A. "Review of 'The Voyage of the Icebergs: Frederic Edwin Church's Arctic Masterpiece'". Rhode Island College. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
^ Dobrzynski, Judith H. "The Grand Women Artists of the Hudson River School". Smithsonian. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ "Remember the Ladies: Women Artists of the Hudson River School". Resource Library. Traditional Fine Arts Organization, Inc. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ Zimmer, William (October 17, 1999). "Hudson River School Just Keeps on Rolling". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
^ White, Mark Andrew (2002). Progress on the Land: Industry and the American Landscape Tradition. Oklahoma City, OK: Melton Art Reference Library. pp. 6–13. ISBN 0-9640163-1-1.
^ Hershenson, Roberta (November 7, 1999). "Work Is in Dispute, but Cropsey's Home Is Open". The New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
^ Encyclopedia Britannica
^ Allaback, Sarah. "19th Century Painters: Hudson River School" (PDF). 2006. Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
^ Rickey, Frederick. "Robert W. Weir (1803–1889)". United States Military Academy. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.

Sources

American paradise: the world of the Hudson River school. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1987. ISBN 978-0-87099-496-8.
Avery, Kevin J., & Kelly, Frank (2003). Hudson River school visions: the landscapes of Sanford R. Gifford. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-300-10184-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Ferber, Linda S. The Hudson River School: Nature and the American Vision. New York Historical Society, 2009.
Sullivan, Mark W. The Hudson River School: An Annotated Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ; Scarecrow Press, 1991.
Wilmerding, John. American Light: The Luminist Movement, 1850–1875: Paintings, Drawings, Photographs. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1980. ISBN 9780064389402. OCLC 5706999.