About 1410: The first known mention of a semi-rural lane called Heathrow (spelled La Hetherewe). Heathrow divided farmland and heath until 1819 when the heath also became farmland. Specifically, the lane divided the hamlet of Harmondsworth (on the northwestern edge of today's airport) from the 17th and 18th century highwaymen's lair of Hounslow Heath (centered roughly where Terminal 3 is today).[1] A little of Harlington, Hatton in Bedfont and Stanwell also fall within the airport's perimeter road.
1915:Fairey Aviation, founded by British aero-engineer and plane builder Richard Fairey, started assembling and flight testing its aircraft from Northolt Aerodrome, about six miles north of the modern Heathrow airport.
1917-1919: About 2.5 miles (4.0 km) southeast of Heathrow, Hounslow Heath Aerodrome was the only London aerodrome with customs facilities in 1919. After the closure of Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in 1919, Croydon Airport became the principal London Airport.[2][3]
1920s
1925:Norman Macmillan, an RAF officer, made a forced landing and take-off at Heathrow. He noted the flatness of the land and its suitability for an airfield. The land was at the time used for market gardening and wheat growing.
1928: The Air Ministry gave Fairey notice to cease using Northolt. Fairey Aviation needed an airfield for flight testing of aircraft designed and manufactured at its factory in North Hyde Road, Hayes. Norman Macmillan, by then Fairey's chief test pilot, remembered the forced landing and take-off at Heathrow in 1925, and recommended the suitability of the area for an aerodrome. Macmillan flew aerial surveys of the site.
1929: Fairey Aviation started by buying 148 acres (60 ha) of farmland in four adjoining plots near southeast of the hamlet of Heathrow from four local landowners, for about £1,500, at the typical 1929 market rate of £10 per acre. (The first plot bought was 71 acres from the Rev. R. Ross, vicar of Harmondsworth.)[4] The site was bounded to the northeast by Cain's Lane, to the south by the Duke of Northumberland's River, and to the west by High Tree Lane. The airfield boundaries were south of the Bath Road, northwest of the Great South West Road, and about two miles west of the western end of the Great West Road. The airfield was about three miles by road from the Hayes factory.[3][5][6]
Areas of land bought at Heathrow, Harmondsworth, Middlesex by Fairey Aviation[7]
Acres
Date
Seller
Name of land
71
31 Jan 1929
Rev. R. Ross, vicar of Harmondsworth as trustee of parochial church council
23.5
12 Feb 1929
Rev. J. Taylor & others (ditto)
14.2375
4 Mar 1929
Gamble's Farm (+ buildings)
40.86875
16 Apr 1929
Official Trustees of Charity Land
29.25
16 Jun 1930
Lowe's Farm
12
5 Jan 1939
F.W.Longhurst
38.65625
2 Dec 1942
10.40625
1 Nov 1943
circa 240 acres in TOTAL
After this list was made, it bought a bit more land, the last in November 1943, extending the southwest border to the Duke of Northumberland's River.[8]
1930s
June 1930: The airfield was declared operational.
1930 to 1939: The airfield was first called Harmondsworth Aerodrome, then The Great West Aerodrome, and sometimes Heathrow Aerodrome. One prewar map labels it "Airport". A hangar was built. Fairey planned to relocate its factory at Hayes to the site. The Great West Aerodrome was used for aircraft assembly and testing.[9] Commercial traffic used Croydon Airport, which was London's main airport at the time.
1935 to 1939: The Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS) held its annual garden party fly-ins at Heathrow airfield, at the invitation of Richard Fairey, chairman and managing director of Fairey Aviation Company Ltd, and a past president of the RAeS. The events were aviation society gatherings combined with promotion and display of aircraft and their manufacturers, before the development of aircraft industry shows in Britain, from 1947. Richard Fairey, who started in business with model aircraft, also allowed weekend use of the airfield by model aircraft clubs.[2][3] More people were said to visit Heathrow on that one day than they did for the rest of the year.
5 May 1935: The first Fairey's airshow. A description in The Aeroplane magazine (8 May 1935) calls the place "Heathrow Aerodrome, Harmondsworth".[10]
14 May 1939: The last Fairey's airshow. Its brochure calls the place "Great West Aerodrome, near Hayes", and no mention of Heathrow.[12]
1940s
What became the airport was used by the RAF during the Second World War, but only for diversions.
1940:No. 229 Squadron Hurricanes from RAF Northolt were sent to the Great West Aerodrome while there was a threat of enemy attack on Northolt.
1942: Richard Fairey was knighted as Sir Richard Fairey, and held the position of Director General of the British Air Mission, based primarily in Washington, DC.
1943: Fairey Aviation bought 10 more acres of land to add to the total of 230 acres (93 ha) bought in 1929, 1930, 1939 and 1942. The company planned to move its factory from Hayes to the aerodrome at Heathrow.
1943: The Air Ministry, headed by the Secretary of State for Air (Sir Archibald Sinclair), secretly developed plans to requisition the airfield under wartime legislation – the Defence of the Realm Act 1914. The plans were stated to be designed to suit the considerable needs of long-range bombers, such as USAAFBoeing B-29s, but they were actually based on recommendations from professor Patrick Abercrombie for a new international airport for London. The project was headed by Harold Balfour (then Under-Secretary of State for Air, later Lord Balfour of Inchrye), who kept the true nature of it hidden from Parliament.
January 1944: The decision and plans were finally revealed.[2]
The wartime legislation provided no obligation to pay compensation; Fairey Aviation was offered compensation at the 1939 farming land market rate of £10 per acre; that was rejected.[2] Sir Richard wrote to his co-chairman of Fairey Aviation:
It is manifestly so much easier for the Civil Aviation authorities to look over the airports near London, that the foresight of private companies has made available, and then using government backing forcibly to acquire them, than to go to the infinite trouble that we had in making an aerial survey to find the site, buying the land from different owners, and then building up a fine airfield from what was market-gardening land. And why the haste to proceed? I cannot escape the thought that the hurry is not uninspired by the fact that a post-war government might not be armed with the power or even be willing to take action that is now being rushed through at the expense of the war effort.[13]
The Air Ministry requisitioned the aerodrome, although the role that Fairey Aviation was fulfilling in the war effort meant the Ministry of Aircraft Production would only sanction the action if another site could be found for the test flights. Fairey moved to Heston Aerodrome, and stayed there until 1947, when it moved to White Waltham airfield in Berkshire. That proved especially inconvenient for the company, as the airfield was over 20 miles (32 km) from Hayes. As the aerodrome at Heathrow had been bought under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914, it meant the Government did not have to pay compensation when compulsorily acquiring land. Fairey sought compensation through legal proceedings that continued until 1964. Until their conclusion, the former Fairey hangar at Heathrow could not be demolished; afterwards it was used as Heathrow Airport's fire station.[14]
An attempt by the Air Ministry to take over the Perry Oaks sewage sludge works to fit in the top left corner of a ∇ layout of three runways caused furious exchanges with Middlesex County Council, who had to resist, as that would need first building somewhere else to treat the sewage sludge handled there, and building new connecting sewers, all in wartime.
April 1944: The Air Ministry requisitioned the airfield and surrounding farms, roads and houses, ostensibly to accommodate military bombers.[2][3] (Harold Balfour (later Lord Balfour), then Under-Secretary of State for Air (1938–44), wrote in his 1973 autobiography, Wings over Westminster, that he deliberately deceived the government committee into believing a requisition was necessary so that Heathrow could be used as a base for long-range transport aircraft in support of the war with Japan. In reality, Balfour wrote that he always intended the site to be used for civil aviation, and used a wartime emergency requisition order to avoid a lengthy and costly public inquiry.) This took over all or part of twenty farmers' and market-gardeners' land-holdings, in total about 1,300 acres initially.[16] Construction of the new airport by Wimpey Construction began.[17]
May 1944: Eviction notices were issued. Airfield construction work began: demolition of Heathrow domestic and farm buildings, and grubbing out trees and hedges and fruit orchards.
After World War II
May 1945: When World War II ended, the new airfield was still under construction. Plans had changed from tenuous wartime military use to development into an international airport. A photograph made in 1945[18] shows the first ∇ layout of three runways, and a perimeter road smaller than the later airport boundary, and the former country lanes still existing, and Perry Oaks Farm and some buildings along Cain's Lane still standing among fields outside this perimeter.
1945: several bombers including Lancasters and Halifax were diverted there. No RAF aircraft became based there, although facilities common on RAF bases had been built.[19]
1 January 1946: Ownership of the site was transferred from the (military) Air Ministry to the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Inaugural flight on Runway 1, recently completed; Runways 2 and 3 approaching completion. The airport buildings were Army marquees and caravans and prefabricated RAF huts.[20]
10 January 1946: The British Cabinet agreed Stage 3 of the airport, which was an extension north of the Bath Road, with a large triangle of three runways, obliterating Sipson and most of Harlington (Harlington church would have survived on a small spur of land with airport near on three sides), and diverting the Bath Road.[21]
The passenger terminal was an area of Army tents and duckboarding next to the south side of the Bath Road.[24] Later the tents were replaced by prefabricated buildings. (It was opposite the Bricklayers Arms pub, which in 1954 was renamed the Air Hostess, and in 1988 was demolished.) The first control tower was a crude brick building (3 storeys, plus 2 huts on its flat roof) roughly where the airport police station was later built.
31 May 1946: The airport was fully opened for civilian use.[2][3][26]
1947: By now Heathrow runways formed a triangle consisting of 100/280 (9,200 feet (2,800 m) long), 156/336 (6,300 feet (1,900 m) long), and 52/232 (6,700 feet (2,000 m) long). A parallel runway farther west soon replaced 156/336 thereby expanding the planned terminal area inside the triangle. The temporary "prefab" passenger and cargo buildings were at the northeast edge of the airport, just south of Bath Road.[27]
1948: Perry Oaks farm was demolished.
1948 to 1949: Buildings along Hatton Road were demolished, thus likely start of the airport spreading east of Hatton Road.
A short film made by the Crown Film Unit in 1949, London Airport (available at the Internet Archive), shows the official opening of the airport and the intensive building works. Runway 1 was ready for use but the old Heathrow village area's country lanes were still visible, and Perry Oaks farm and some houses along Hatton Road were still there.[28]
7 February 1952: Princess Elizabeth returned to the United Kingdom as Queen Elizabeth II. She arrived on the BOAC ArgonautAtalanta, on an area of the airport now covered by the Brasserie Restaurant of the Heathrow Renaissance Hotel.[30]
December 1953: Passenger traffic reached 1 million, with a total of 62,000 flights in the year.[32]
December 1953: After much protest, the northward extension plan was cancelled.[33][34]
1955: Queen Elizabeth II opened the first permanent passenger terminal, the Europa Building (later known as Terminal 2) as well as the Queens Building. These terminal buildings stood in the central area in the middle of the star pattern of runways and were reached by a twin access tunnel from the Bath Road (A4) passing under Runway 28R/10L .[31]
Late 1950s: BEA Helicopters ran an experimental helicopter service to Heathrow Central from London's South Bank and other destinations. The roof gardens on top of the Queen's Building and Europa Terminal were popular with the public, and above the tunnel there was a ground enclosure from which sight-seeing flights operated.
1955: The first central terminal building was named Building 1 Europa.
1956: The second central terminal building (an extension on Building 1) was named Building 2 Britannic.[34]
1961: Runway lengths: Runway 10L 9313 ft, 10R had been extended west to 11000 ft, 5L 6255 ft, 5R 7734 ft, 15R 7560 ft, 15L not in use.[35]
13 November 1961: Building 3, the Oceanic building (renamed as Terminal 3 in 1968) opened to handle long-haul flight departures.[27] The roof gardens on the Queen's Building and the Europa Terminal remained popular.[36]
Spring 1962: Last scheduled airline flights from London Airport North (Pan Am, TWA and Pakistan International).
1964: The documentary City of the Air is filmed at Heathrow.
The legal dispute between Fairey Aviation and the government over compensation, which started in early 1944, was finally settled in the sum of £1,600,000. Fairey's 1930 hangar, in legal limbo for 20 years, and used as the Heathrow Airport fire station and as backdrop for an advertising billboard for BOAC, was then finally demolished.[2][3]
September 1966: BAA officially renamed the airport Heathrow, to avoid confusion with the other airports serving the city, Gatwick and Stansted.[37][38]
8 June 1968:James Earl Ray, an American criminal convicted of assassinating civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., was captured while trying to fly out of the United Kingdom using a false Canadian passport. At check-in, the ticket agent noticed the name on the fake passport, Ramon George Sneyd, was on the Royal Canadian Mounted Police watchlist. The United Kingdom quickly extradited Ray to the United States where he was to have his trial in Tennessee, where Dr. King was assassinated.
6 November 1968:Terminal 1 opened, completing the cluster of buildings at the centre of the airport site.[39] By this time Heathrow was handling 14 million passengers annually.[27] Then or later, Building 1 (Europa) and Building 2 (Britannic) were jointly renamed Terminal 2.[34]
The original terminals being in the centre of the site became a constraint on expansion. Built for easy access to all runways, it was assumed that passengers using the terminals would not need extensive car parking, as air travel was beyond all but the wealthy, who would be chauffeur-driven with the chauffeur leaving with the car once his passengers had departed, and coming back with the car to collect his returning passenger.[41]
1970: Terminal 3 was expanded with the addition of an arrivals building in 1970. Other new facilities included the UK's first moving walkways.[27] Heathrow's two main east-west runways, 10L/28R and 10R/28L (later redesignated 09L/27R and 09R/27L) were also extended to their current lengths to accommodate new large jets such as the Boeing 747.[42] The other runways were closed to facilitate terminal expansion, except for Runway 23, which remained available for crosswind landings until 2002.
1973: The truth about the secret Air Ministry plan came out, in Harold Balfour's autobiography (Wings over Westminster, publ. Hutchinson, London, 1973).[43]
1974: Heathrow was briefly occupied by the Army, ostensibly as a training run in case of possible IRA terrorism. However, in a documentary, The Plot Against Harold Wilson in 2006, Baroness Falkender asserted that the government was not informed in advance. The occupation of Heathrow was privately seen at Number 10 as a warning to Wilson by the Army, or even a dress rehearsal for a coup d'etat.
1977: The Piccadilly line opened from Hatton Cross to Heathrow Central, putting the airport within just under an hour's journey of Central London.
1980s
Early 1980s: Annual passenger numbers had increased to 30 million, and required more terminal space. Terminal 4 was built south of the southern runway, on the site of farm or farms called Mayfields and Mayfield Farm, next to the existing cargo terminal and away from the three older terminals with connections to Terminals 1, 2 and 3 by the existing Heathrow Cargo Tunnel.[45] (Google Earth ground view) Some open land between Staines Road and Stanwell Road is still called Mayfield Farm.[46]
Following privatisation, during the late 1980s and 1990s BAA expanded the proportion of terminal space allocated to retail activities and invested in retail development activities. This included expanding terminal areas to provide more shops and restaurants, and routing passengers through shopping areas to maximise their exposure to retail offerings.
7 February 1996:Concorde G-BOAD arrived at Heathrow after crossing the Atlantic from New York in a new record time: 2 hours, 52 minutes, and 59 seconds.[50]
May 1997: The planning stage of the Terminal 5 Public Planning Inquiry ended at a total cost of £80m. Testimony was heard from 700 witnesses and 100,000 pages of transcripts were recorded. The consultation process took 524 days; eight years elapsed from the first application to final government approval – the longest ever planning process in UK history.[51]
2003: The army is again briefly deployed to Heathrow, as in 1974 – but this time under the orders of the Prime Minister, Tony Blair. Again, the reasons given relate to terrorism – specifically, intelligence of an "extremely probable" terrorist attack – which, however, never happened in the event.[53]
2005: Runway 23, a short runway for use in strong south-westerly winds, was decommissioned. It is now part of a taxiway.
2005: The Eastern Extension of Terminal 1 opened.
2006: The new £105 million Pier 6 was completed at Terminal 3[54] in order to accommodate the Airbus A380 superjumbo, and provided four new aircraft stands. Other modifications costing in excess of £340 million[54] were also carried out across the airfield in readiness for the Airbus A380.
From 7 January 2005 to 17 September 2006: The underground railway loop via Heathrow Terminal 4 was closed to connect a spur line to Heathrow Terminal 5 station. Heathrow Terminals 1, 2, 3 was again a terminus. Shuttle buses served Terminal 4 from Hatton Cross bus station. Briefly in summer 2006, the line terminated at Hatton Cross and shuttle buses also ran to Terminals 1, 2, 3 while the track configuration and tunnels there were altered for work on the Terminal 5 link.
18 May 2006: The first A380 test flight to Heathrow arrived.[55]
21 April 2007: A new 87-metre (285 ft) high £50 million air traffic control tower entered service, and was officially opened by Secretary of State for Transport Douglas Alexander on 13 June 2007. The tower was designed by the Richard Rogers partnership and is the tallest air traffic control tower in the United Kingdom.[27]
November 2007: A consultation process began for building a new third runway and a sixth terminal.
18 March 2008: Following delays in the A380's production, the first A380 in scheduled passenger service, Singapore Airlines Flight 380 with registration number 9V-SKA, touched down from Singapore carrying 470 passengers, marking the first ever European commercial flight by the A380.[54]
15 January 2009: New 3rd runway & 6th terminal controversially approved by UK government ministers.
29 October 2009: British Airways vacated Terminal 4 and moved to Terminal 5.
November 2009: The first stage of building Terminal 2B completed.
23 November 2009: The old Terminal 2 closed.
2010s
2010: Terminal 5's second satellite building was completed.[56]
12 May 2010: Third runway and 6th terminal cancelled by the new government after an election.
Summer 2010: The old Terminal 2 was demolished.
October 2010: The second phase of building Terminal 2B started.
20 May 2011: Terminal 5C opened unofficially.
1 June 2011: Terminal 5C opened officially.
February 2012: Construction starts on a temporary new terminal at a staff car park to accommodate the rush of about 7,000 athletes and their non-competing followers leaving when the 2012 Olympics ended. Described as being "the area of 3 Olympic sized swimming pools", it seemed to be made of plastic sheeting on metal posts. After check-in, the passengers were bussed to departures of the permanent terminals where their flights were to depart from.[57][58] Some of their luggage was checked in at their hotels.
September 2012: The Airports Commission is founded to consider how best to address the longstanding shortage of airport capacity in the South East of England, particularly hub airport capacity. The chief options under consideration were to build a third runway at Heathrow, to expand Gatwick Airport, or the Mayor of London Boris Johnson's suggestion of a Thames Estuary Airport. These were generally assumed to be mutually exclusive options, although in 2015 the chief executive of the London Chamber of Commerce recommended expanding both Heathrow and Gatwick, with Heathrow expansion as the first priority.
2013: The original 1950s red-brick control tower was demolished to enable access roads for the new Terminal 2 to be laid.[59]
December 2013: The Airports Commission delivers its interim report.
4 June 2014: New Terminal 2 opens to passengers[60]
November 2014: The large radar located near Terminal 1 was dismantled.[61]
June 2015:Terminal 1 was closed and demolished in order to allow a second stage of Terminal 2's expansion.[62] The last flights were on 29 June and the terminal closed permanently on 30 June.[63]
July 2015: The Airports Commission's Final Report on the expansion of airport capacity in the South East of England recommends Heathrow expansion. Controversy arose as statutory exceedances (legal overshoots) in air pollution are forecast beside some motorways and parts of the Bath Road and many more homes impacted by aircraft noise than Gatwick. The Commission opined that any increase in such pollution, if extensively mitigated, should be no bar because there were more populous pockets of London where the pollution levels were currently even worse. Prime Minister David Cameron chaired a Cabinet committee to consider the report. The committee excluded prominent disapproving Cabinet members who were critical of Heathrow expansion, prompting further controversy. The justification for excluding these ministers was that, having previously set out their opinions, they had a conflict of interest. The Conservative Member of Parliament for Richmond Park (heavily centred on a main landing path) and former editor of The Ecologist magazine, Zac Goldsmith, who in July 2015 and polled runner up for 2016-2020 Mayor of London, had vowed to resign his seat in Parliament and against his own party, if Heathrow expansion plans were to be approved by the Government.
26 October 2016: Heathrow is chosen over Gatwick as the preferred place to build a new runway. Goldsmith resigned and lost the by-election though he was subsequently re-elected at the next General Election as an expansion-critical Conservative.
2019: Second phase of the new Terminal 2 complete.
2020s
2020: the COVID-19 pandemic hit the aviation and tourism industry hard; the airport announced that from 6 April the airport would switch to single-runway operation.[64] It was reported that some 200 homeless people had moved to using Heathrow Airport, as some of the London amenities they were used to using were closed due to the UK lockdown.[65]
Plans for future
A new terminal building. To the west of Terminal 5 and the eventual demolition of Terminal 3 to make way for a series of new satellite terminals and also Transport. The creation of new public transport interchange points and the consolidation of parking facilities.
Historic images of Heathrow
Map of Heathrow and around from the late 1930s
Map, of 1948, showing the Passenger Aircraft apron next to Harlington Corner, in throwback style showing it east of The Magpies, a 15th century to early 20th century locality of the Bath Road but sometimes named part of Heathrow but omitting mention of Sipson Green which was more populous next to it.
^Copps, Alan (30 September 1966). "Airport News: Flights May Be Halted by Pay Freeze Row". Middlesex Chronicle. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com. BAA this week announced their intention to revive the name Heathrow as the official title of the airport. This, they say, is being done to avoid confusion with the other two airports which serve London, Gatwick and Stansted. In future they will refer to what is now known as London Airport as Heathrow Airport-London.
L'Etiopia (in greco antico: Αἰθιοπία?, Aithiopia) appare come termine geografico nei documenti classici in riferimento alle attuali regioni attorno al fiume Nilo superiore ed a certe zone a sud del deserto del Sahara. Indice 1 Etimologia 2 Geografia 3 Storia 3.1 Omero 3.2 Erodoto 4 Note 5 Voci correlate 6 Altri progetti 7 Collegamenti esterni Etimologia Il nome greco Αἰθιοπία (da Αἰθίοψ, Aithiops, etiope) è un composto derivato da due parole greche, αἴθω + ὤ
American actor and director This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Michael Lembeck – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this templ...
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Aes grave: Sextans, etwa 289–245 v. Chr. Als aes grave (wörtlich „schweres Erz“ oder „schweres Geld“) bezeichnen die römischen Schriftsteller das schwere Kupfer- bzw. Bronzegeld der frühen Römischen Republik. Aes grave: Sextans, 217–215 v. Chr., auf der Vorderseite Kopf des Gottes Mercurius, auf der Rückseite ein Schiffsbug (Prora) Die Numismatik versteht darunter die runde nord- und mittelitalische gegossene As-Kupfermünzen-Serie des 4. und 3. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Gemeinsam...
Pongola CommandoPongola Commando emblemDisbandedFebruary 14, 2003 (20 years ago) (2003-02-14)Country South AfricaAllegiance Republic of South Africa Republic of South Africa Branch South African Army South African Army TypeInfantryRoleLight InfantrySizeOne BattalionPart ofSouth African Infantry CorpsArmy Territorial ReserveGarrison/HQPongolaMilitary unit Pongola Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of ...
Kaw River RailroadKAW diesel locomotive 3855 in Kansas City in August 2020TypeRailroadIndustryTransportationFoundedJune 2004HeadquartersKansas City, Kansas, United StatesProductsIron and steel, corn starch, lumber products and aggregatesNumber of employees25ParentWatcoWebsitewww.watcocompanies.com The Kaw River Railroad (reporting mark KAW) is a Kansas City, Missouri railroad, established in June 2004. Twelve miles of original track served the Kansas City Southern Railroad customers in Kansas...
Cet article est une liste non exhaustive de tremblements de terre importants qui ont eu leur épicentre au Maroc ou ont eu un impact significatif dans le pays. Sismicité au Maroc Le nord du Maroc se situe à proximité de la frontière entre la plaque africaine et la plaque eurasienne, la faille transformante Açores-Gibraltar. Cette zone de décrochement latéral droit devient transpressionnelle à son extrémité Est, avec le développement de grandes failles de chevauchement. À l'Est du ...
В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Димитров. Филип Димитровболг. Филип Димитров 54-й Премьер-министр Болгарии 8 ноября 1991 — 30 декабря 1992 Президент Желю Желев Предшественник Димитр Попов Преемник Любен Беров Рождение 31 марта 1955(1955-03-31)[1][2]...
A section of pathway that changes direction This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Road curve – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Road curves are irregular bends in roads to bring a graduation change of direction. Similar...