Hexie (train)
Chinese high-speed electric multiple units
Hexie (Chinese : 和谐号 ; pinyin : Héxié hào lit. CRH series EMU, is an umbrella term for the multiple unit high-speed and higher-speed trains operated by China Railway under the China Railway High-speed brand. All series of Hexie are based on foreign-developed technology and later manufactured locally in China through technology transfer licenses, with the ultimate goal of China acquiring the know-how and capability to produce high-speed rail trains.
The Harmony series does not belong to any single platform, instead encompassing all high-speed trains in China with roots in foreign technology, specifically CRH1 , CRH2 , CRH3 and CRH5 . Although later variants of Hexie such as CRH380A were designed by Chinese companies, they are still classified as CRH due to incorporation of foreign technology.
History
In 2007, China's Ministry of Railways drafted a plan for China's future high-speed network. Bombardier Transportation , Kawasaki Heavy Industries , Alstom and later Siemens joined the high-speed train manufacturing project that later became known as Harmony. Forming joint-ventures with Chinese company CNR and CSR , these four foreign companies signed agreements with China to manufacture high-speed trains for China as well as provide assistance for Chinese companies to manufacture train cars locally in the future.
While the initial train sets from each Hexie series were manufactured overseas, subsequent sets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well. Although the first domestically produced trains were initially delivered in complete knock-down form, eventually manufacturing as a whole became predominantly Chinese.[ 1]
China currently holds many patents related to the internal components of these trains, re-designed in China to allow the trains to run at higher speeds than the foreign designs allowed. However, these patents are only valid within China, and as such hold no international power. This weakness on the intellectual property of Hexie trains became an obstruction for China to export its high-speed rail related products, leading to the development of a completely redesigned train brand, Fuxing , which is based on indigenous technologies.[ 1] [ 2] [ 3]
While most Hexie series trains are designed for China Railway, a variant of the CRH380A has been modified for operation by MTR Corporation of Hong Kong, who will operate these trains under the brand Vibrant Express specifically for the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link .
Variants
China Railway High-speed train passing through Shenzhou railway station in Hainan Engineer's compartment on the CRH3 The Harmony brand has different electric multiple unit trainsets, the designs for which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 through CRH-5 and CRH380A(L), CRH380B(L), and CRH380C(L). CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the trainsets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well, so the system as a whole is predominantly Chinese.[ 1] [ 1] [ 2] [ 3]
The trainsets are as follows:
CRH1 produced by Bombardier Transportation 's joint venture Sifang Power (Qingdao) Transportation (BST), CRH1A, and CRH1B, nicknamed "Metro" or "Bread", derived from Bombardier's Regina ; CRH1E, nicknamed "Lizard", is Bombardier's ZEFIRO 250 design.
CRH1A: sets consists of 8 cars; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h (155 mph)
CRH1B: a modified 16-car version; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h (155 mph)
CRH1E: a 16-car high-speed sleeper version; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h (155 mph) CRH2 : nicknamed "Hairtail", derived from E2 Series 1000 Shinkansen .
CRH2A: In 2006, China unveiled CRH2 , a modified version of the Japanese Shinkansen E2-1000 series. An order for 60 8-car sets had been placed in 2004, with the first few built in Japan, the rest produced by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock in China.[ 4]
CRH2B: a modified 16-car version of CRH2; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h (155 mph)
CRH2C (Stage one): a modified version of CRH2 with a maximum operating speed up to 300 km/h (186 mph) as a result of replacing two intermediate trailer cars with motored cars
CRH2C (Stage two): a modified version of CRH2C (stage one) has a maximum operating speed up to 350 km/h (217 mph) by using more powerful motors
CRH2E: a modified 16-car version of CRH2 with sleeping cars CRH3 : nickname "Rabbit", derived from Siemens ICE3 (class 403) ; 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of 350 km/h (217 mph).CRH5 A: derived from Alstom Pendolino ETR600 ; 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h (155 mph).[ 5] CRH6 : designed by CSR Puzhen and CSR Sifang, will be manufactured by CSR Jiangmen. It is designed to have two versions: one with a top operating speed of 220 km/h (137 mph); the other with a top operating speed of 160 km/h (99 mph). They will be used on 200 km/h (124 mph) or 250 km/h (155 mph) Inter-city High Speed Rail lines; planned to enter service by 2011.[clarification needed CRH380A ; Maximum operating speed of 380 km/h (236 mph). Developed by CSR and manufactured by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock ; entered service in 2010.
CRH380B : upgraded version of CRH3 ; maximum operating speed of 380 km/h (236 mph), manufactured by Tangshan Railway Vehicle and CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles ; entered service in 2011.
CRH380CL : designed and manufactured by CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles . Maximum operating speed of 380 km/h; planned to enter service in 2012.CRH380D : also named Zefiro 380 ; maximum operating speed of 380 km/h (236 mph), manufactured by Bombardier Sifang (Qingdao) Transportation Ltd.; planned to enter service in 2012.
CRH1 A, B,E, CRH2 A, B,E, and CRH5 A are designed for a maximum operating speed (MOR) of 200 km/h (124 mph) and can reach up to 250 km/h (155 mph). CRH3 C and CRH2 C designs have an MOR of 310 km/h (193 mph), and can reach up to 350 km/h (217 mph), with a top testing speed more than 380 km/h (236 mph). However, in practical terms, issues such as maintenance costs, comfort, and safety make the maximum speed of more than 380 km/h (236 mph) impractical and remain limiting factors.
Train type
Car dimensions
Total length
Top speed
Seating capacity
Formation
Power output
Entry into Service
CRH1
CRH1A–200
End cars length:26.95 m (88 ft 5 in)
Calculated:213.5 m (700 ft 6 in)
Test: 278 km/h (173 mph)
673: 144 first and 529 standard
5M3T
5.3 MW (7,107 hp )
February 1, 2007
CRH1A–250
Test: 278 km/h (173 mph)
597: 144 first and 453 standard
September ?, 2010
CRH1 B
Calculated:426.3 m (1,398 ft 7 in)
Test: 292 km/h (181 mph)
1299: 208 first and 1091 standard
10M6T
11 MW (14,751 hp )
May 1, 2009
CRH1 B (1E head)
End cars length:28.28 m (92 ft 9 in)
Calculated:428.96 m (1,407 ft 4 in)
1299: 208 first and 1091 standard
CRH1 E
Test: N/A
618: 122 standard, 16 luxury sleepers and 480 soft sleepers
November 4, 2009
CRH1A–A
End cars length:26.995 m (88 ft 6.8 in)
Calculated:205.94 m (675 ft 8 in)
613: 48 first and 565 standard
5M3T
5.5 MW (7,400 hp )
February 1, 2016
CRH1E–250
Calculated:408.54 m (1,340 ft 4 in)
642: 110 standard and 532 soft sleepers
10M6T
11 MW (15,000 hp )
January 29, 2016
CRH380D
End cars length:27.85 m (91 ft 4 in)
Calculated:215.3 m (706 ft 4 in)
Test: 420 km/h (260 mph)
554: 10 sightseeing, 32 first and 512 standard
4M4T
10 MW (13,000 hp )
April 19, 2014
CRH2
CRH2 G
End cars length:25.7 m (84 ft 4 in)
Calculated:201.4 m (660 ft 9 in)
Test: N/A
613: 48 first and 565 standard
4M4T
4.8 MW (6,400 hp )
January 8, 2016
CRH2A (EC)
End cars length:25.7 m (84 ft 4 in)
Test: N/A
November 6, 2013
CRH2A (Old)
Test: 282 km/h (175 mph)
610: 51 first and 559 standard
January 28, 2007
CRH2C Stage 1
Test: 394.2 km/h (244.9 mph)
6M2T
7.2 MW (9,700 hp )
August 1, 2008
CRH2C Stage 2
Test: N/A
8.76 MW (11,750 hp )
February 6, 2010
CRH2 B
Calculated:401.4 m (1,316 ft 11 in)
Test: 275 km/h (171 mph)
1240: 155 first and 1075 standard
8M8T
9.6 MW (12,900 hp )
August 1, 2008
CRH2 E
Test: N/A
630: 110 standard and 520 soft sleepers
December 1, 2008
CRH2E–NG
End cars length:25.7 m (84 ft 4 in)
642: 110 standard and 532 soft sleepers
December 14, 2015
End cars length:26.825 m (88 ft 0.1 in)
Calculated:412.75 m (1,354 ft 2 in)
Test: N/A
880: 880 soft sleepers
July 1, 2017
CRH380A
End cars length:26.5 m (86 ft 11 in)
Calculated:203 m (666 ft 0 in)
Test:416.6 km/h (258.9 mph)
480: 18 sightseeing, 89 first and 373 standard
6M2T
9.6 MW (12,900 hp )
September 30, 2010
CRH380A (New)
Test: N/A
556: 10 business, 28 first and 518 standard
January 16, 2014
CRH380A L
Calculated:403 m (1,322 ft 2 in)
Test: 486.1 km/h (302.0 mph)
1028: 28 business, 162 first and 838 standard
14M2T
20.44 MW (27,410 hp )
June 30, 2011
CRH3
CRH3 A
End cars length:27.05 m (88 ft 9 in)
Calculated:204.1 m (669 ft 7 in)
Test: N/A
613: 48 first and 565 standard
4M4T
Other sets: 5.12 MW (6,870 hp )MW (9,700 hp )
October 4, 2017
CRH3 C
End cars length:25.86 m (84 ft 10 in)
Calculated:200.67 m (658 ft 4 in)
Test: 394.3 km/h (245.0 mph)
546: 16 special, 40 first and 490 standard
4M4T
8.8 MW (11,800 hp )
August 1, 2008
CRH3 80BG
End cars length:25.86 m (84 ft 10 in)
Test: N/A
551: 16 sightseeing, 44 first and 491 standard
4M4T
9.376 MW (12,573 hp )
October 9, 2012
CRH3 80BL
Calculated:399.27 m (1,309 ft 11 in)
Test: 487.3 km/h (302.8 mph)
1005: 28 business, 186 first and 791 standard
8M8T
18.752 MW (25,147 hp )
January 13, 2011
CRH3 80B
End cars length:26.475 m (86 ft 10.3 in)
Calculated:202.95 m (665 ft 10 in)
Test: N/A
556: 10 business, 28 first and 518 standard
4M4T
9.376 MW (12,573 hp )
January 16, 2014
CRH3 80CL
End cars length:26.525 m (87 ft 0.3 in)
Calculated:400.6 m (1,314 ft 4 in)
Test: N/A
1029: 28 business, 130 first and 871 standard
8M8T
19.2 MW (25,700 hp )
April 3, 2013
CRH5
CRH5 A
End cars length:27.6 m (90 ft 7 in)
Calculated:205.2 m (673 ft 3 in)
Test: N/A
622: 60 first and 562 standard
5M3T
Other sets: 5.5 MW (7,400 hp )MW (9,700 hp )
April 18, 2007
CRH5G (Old)
Test: N/A
613: 48 first and 565 second class
December 26, 2014
CRH5G (New)
End cars length:26.85 m (88 ft 1 in)
Calculated:209.7 m (688 ft 0 in)
CRH5 E
Calculated:417.7 m (1,370 ft 5 in)
Test: N/A
642: 110 standard and 532 soft sleepers
10M6T
11 MW (15,000 hp )
Under testing
CRH6
CRH6A
End cars length:25.7 m (84 ft 4 in)
Calculated:201.4 m (660 ft 9 in)
Test: 220 km/h (140 mph)
1488: 557 standard and 931 standings
4M4T
5.52 MW (7,400 hp )
February 12, 2014
CRH6A–A
Calculated:101.4 m (332 ft 8 in)
688: 252 standard and 436 standings
2M2T
2.76 MW (3,701 hp )
Under testing
CRH6F
Calculated:201.4 m (660 ft 9 in)
Test: 176 km/h (109 mph)
1988: ... standard and ... standings
4M4T
5.152 MW (6,909 hp )
July 11, 2015
CRH6F–A
Calculated:101.4 m (332 ft 8 in)
875: ... standard and ... standings
2M2T
2.576 MW (3,454 hp )
March 26, 2018
Date
Factory
Speed Level
Type
Quantity
Quantity
Amount
2004-10-10[ 6]
Alstom
250 km/h
CRH5A
3
24
620 million EUR
CNR Changchun
57
456
2004-10-12[ 7]
BST (Bombardier & CSR)
250 km/h
CRH1A
20
160
US$350 million
2004-10-20[ 8]
Kawasaki
250 km/h
CRH2A
3
24
9,300 million RMB
CSR Sifang
57
456
2005-05-30[ 9]
BST
250 km/h
CRH1A
20
160
US$350 million
2005-06[ 8]
CSR Sifang
300 km/h
CRH2C Stage one
30
240
8,200 million RMB
350 km/h
CRH2C Stage two
30
240
2005-11-20[ 10]
Siemens
350 km/h
CRH3C
3
24
13,000 million RMB
CNR Tangshan
57
456
2007-10-31[ 11]
BST
250 km/h
CRH1B
20
320
1,000 million EUR
CRH1E
20
320
2007-11[ 12]
CSR Sifang
250 km/h
CRH2B
10
160
1,200 million RMB
2007-11[ 8]
CSR Sifang
250 km/h
CRH2E
6
96
900 million RMB
2008-12-06[ 8]
CSR Sifang
250 km/h
CRH2E
14
224
2,100 million RMB
2009-09-23[ 13]
CNR Changchun
250 km/h
CRH5A
30
240
4,800 million RMB
2009-03-16[ 14]
CNR Tangshan
380 km/h
CRH380BL
70
1,120
39,200 million RMB
CNR Changchun
30
480
2009-09-28[ 15]
CSR Sifang
380 km/h
CRH380A
40
320
45,000 million RMB
CRH380AL
100
1,600
2009-09-28[ 15] [ 16]
BST
380 km/h
CRH380D
70
560
27,400 million RMB
250 km/h
CRH1A
46
368
250 km/h
Zefiro 250NG
60
480
2009-09-28[ 17]
CNR Changchun
380 km/h
CRH380B
40
320
23,520 million RMB
CRH380BL
15
240
CRH380CL
25
400
2009-09-28[ 18]
CNR Tangshan
350 km/h
CRH3C[ 19]
20
160
3,920 million RMB
2009-12-30[ 20]
CSR Puzhen
220 km/h
CRH6
24
192
2,346 million RMB
2010-07-16[ 21]
BST
250 km/h
CRH1A
40
320
5,200 million RMB
2010-09-14[ 22]
CSR Sifang
250 km/h
CRH2A
40
320
3,400 million RMB
2010-10-13[ 23]
CNR Changchun
250 km/h
CRH5A
20
160
2,700 million RMB
2011-04-26
CNR Changchun
250 km/h
CRH5A
30
240
3,870 million RMB
Total
1050
10,240
Based on data published by Sinolink Securities;[ 24] [ 25]
Type
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Future
Total
CRH1A
8
18
12
2
20
20
106
80
CRH2A
19
41
15
25
100
CRH5A
27
29
4
30
20
30
140
CRH1B
4
9
7
20
CRH1E
3
8
9
20
CRH2B
10
10
CRH2E
6
14
20
CRH2C
10
20
30
60
CRH3C
7
36
37
80
CRH380A
40
40
CRH380AL
6
94
100
CRH380B
20
201
40
CRH380BL
11
49
551
115
CRH380CL
251
25
CRH380D
702
70
CRH380DL
02
0
CRH6
24
24
Total
27
86
78
88
204
237
330
1050
Cumulative
27
113
191
279
483
744
1050
1050
^1 ^2
Gallery
Two coupled 8-car CRH1A electric multiple unit train sets in Nanchang
Premier-class cabin inside Beijing-Tianjin Intercity CRH3 train
CRH380D at Beijing South railway station
See also
China Railway High-speed , Chinese high-speed railway service provided by China Railway.China Railway , Chinese state-owned corporation that operates nearly all Harmony trains.Fuxing (train) , next-generation EMU developed by China with independent intellectual property rights.
References
^ a b c d Shirouzu, Norihiko (2010-11-17). "Train Makers Rail Against China's High-Speed Designs" . The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-12-26 . ^ a b Wines, Michael; Bradsher, Keith (2011-02-17). "China Rail Chief's Firing Hints at Trouble" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012-12-27 . Many multinational companies also resent China for tweaking foreign designs and building the equipment itself rather than importing it. ^ a b Johnson, Ian (2011-06-13). "High-Speed Trains in China to Run Slower, Ministry Says" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012-12-27 . In the past few months, some foreign companies that sold China its high-speed technology said the trains were not designed to operate at 215 miles per hour. The ministry said that Chinese engineers had improved on the foreign technology and that the trains were safe at the higher speeds. ^ "High speed trainsets take shape" . Railway Gazette International the original on 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2018-03-23 .^ "China's high speed fleet expands steadily" . Railway Gazette International the original on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2018-03-23 .^ 法中企业握手互利共赢 news.xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). 2004-10-25. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012.^ "2004年10月12日，BSP与铁道部及广州铁路（集团）签订了20列（160辆）EMU动车组" . www.bsp.cn (in Chinese). January 12, 2006. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011.^ a b c d "CRH2型动车组详细资料及分类" . news.chineserailways.com (in Chinese). December 14, 2009. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.^ 庞巴迪：又获铁道部动车组大订单 info.traffic.hc360.com (in Chinese). 2005-06-10. Archived from the original on 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2018-03-23 .^ 西门子专家进驻唐山机车车辆厂 hebei.moform.gov.cn (in Chinese). August 15, 2006. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011.^ "BSP公司在北京签订40列EMU动车组订单" . www.bsp.cn (in Chinese). November 2, 2007. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011.^ www.docin.com 招商证券-中国南车-601766-动车交付高峰来临，业绩逐季增.. ^ "公司与北京铁路局签订了30列CRH5型动车组采购合同" . www.cccar.com.cnom (in Chinese). Archived from the original on July 17, 2011.^ 唐车公司拿到京沪高铁动车组大订单 总金额392亿 info.china.alibaba.com (in Chinese). 2009-03-17. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2018-03-23 .^ a b 中国南车：中标巨额合同 增厚公司业绩 www.guosen.com.cn (in Chinese). 2009-09-30.^ "Zefiro 250NG included in revised high speed train contract" . Archived from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved 2018-03-23 .^ 长客签下235亿订单 jlrbszb.chinajilin.com.cn (in Chinese). 2009-09-28. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2018-03-23 .^ www.docin.com 招商证券-中国北车-601299-动车组第三批高毛利率订单将陆续交付 ^ "关于CRH3和380B的提问" . bbs.ourail.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2018-03-23 .^ 中国南车获国内首个城际列车项目订单 总值23.46亿人民币 the original on 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2018-03-23 .^ "Bombardier Sifang Awarded Fourth Contract for 40 Additional CRH1 High-Speed Trains in China" . cn.bombardier.com . 2010-07-16. Archived from the original on 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2018-03-23 .^ 中国南车：再中标动车组订单、未来高增长确定::全景证券频道 www.p5w.net (in Chinese). 2010-09-30. Archived from the original on 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2018-03-23 .^ "news.xinmin.cn/rollnews/2010/10/13/7194620.html" . news.xinmin.cn (in Chinese). 2010-10-13.^ 中国南车研究报告：国金证券-中国南车-601766-通往春天的铁路设备龙头 docin.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2018-03-23 .^ 国金证券-中国北车-601299-动车交付单价已触底，毛利率回升可期 docin.com (in Chinese).
High-speed demonstrative
maglev
Intercity and Regional intercity Upgraded old lines
Italics : under construction or currently not operational(-), Place A- : section under construction or currently not operational§: in/related to Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan
(Place A–Place B): share tracks with other lines
Technologies
High-speed trains by service speed or planned service speed
400 km/h 350–399 km/h 300–349 km/h
Renfe Class 100, 101 , 102 , 103 Alstom AGV China Railway Hexie CRH2C , 3C , 380A / MTR CRH380A , 380B , 380C , 380D ETR 500 ETR 400 Eurostar e300 ; e320 ICE 3 KTX-I , Sancheon , Cheongryong Oaris PBKA Shinkansen Series 500 , N700 , N700S , E5/H5 , E6 , E8 AVRIL TGV Sud-Est (refurbished) , Atlantique , Réseau (PBA), Duplex , POS , 2N2 , M (Avelia Horizon) TCDD HT80000 THSR 700T Siemens Velaro Zefiro 300 , 380 250–299 km/h
Avelia Liberty China Star , DJF2 , China Railway Hexie CRH1A, 1B, 1E , 2A, 2B, 2E, 2G , 3A , 5A, 5E, 5G , China Railway Fuxing CR300AF, CR300BF ICE 1 , 2 , 4 (ICx)KTX-Eum New Pendolino Renfe Class 120, 121 , 130 Sapsan SBB RABe 501 , RABe 503 Shinkansen Series 200 , 300 , 700 , 800 , E2 , E3 , E7/W7 TCDD HT65000 TGV Sud-Est (original) , La Poste V250 Zefiro 250 200–249 km/h
Acela AEM-7 ACS-64 Adelante APT China Railway DJJ1 , China Railway Hexie CRH6 , China Railway Fuxing CR200J ER200 HHP-8 IC4 ICNG InterCity 125 , 225 ICE T , TD , L (ECx)Javelin NSB Class 71 (Flytoget) , 73 , 74 , 78 Pendolino Railjet Regina Shinkansen series 0 , 100 , 400 , E1 , E4 SBB RABDe 500 Re 460 SC-44 SCB-40 X 2000 , SJ X40 Z-TER (Z 21500) Sokol British Rail Classes 800 , 801 , 802 , 803 , 805 , 807 , 810 Talgo XXI Voyager/Meridian X3
High-speed railway line By countries and territoriesplanned networks in italics
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
