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Henryk Iwański (1902–1978), nom de guerre Bystry, was a member of the Polish resistance during World War II. He is known for leading one of the most daring actions of the Armia Krajowa (Home Army) in support of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, however later research cast doubts on the veracity of his claims.^[1] For his assistance to the Polish Jews Iwański was bestowed the title of the Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem in Jerusalem in 1964.^[2]

Life

Before the Second World War Henryk had reached the rank of captain in the Polish Army. Soon after Nazi Germany invaded Poland and began the Holocaust, Henryk was instrumental in the founding of the Żydowski Związek Wojskowy (Jewish Military Union).^[3] Together with the rest of his family he dedicated himself to support the Jews, working through the Polish resistance (Armia Krajowa). Iwański was one of the AK members dealing with the Jews, providing them with arms, ammunition, and instructional materials smuggled through the sewers or in carts that brought lime and cement into the ghetto.

"…heavy casualties were sustained by the ZZW, losing many of its leading fighters. Apfelbaum and Rodal were mortally wounded in fighting that raged on April 27 and 28. Iwanski's brother, Edvard, fell in Muranowska Square, his son, Roman was mortally wounded, and Iwanski himself was wounded during those days."^[4]

Zbigniew, another son of Henryk fought on Karmelicka Street and died on May 3, 1943, escorting a group of Jews out of the ghetto. After being wounded, Iwański was brought from the ghetto, escorted by a group of Polish and Jewish fighters, among them Ber Mark, who later wrote a book about the Uprising. Nonetheless, Iwański returned to the ghetto at least once more, bringing another set of ammunition and supplies.^[5]^[6]^[7] This was one of several actions of the Polish resistance providing assistance to the Jews in the ghetto.^[6]

In 1963, for his actions Iwański was awarded the Silver Cross of Virtuti Militari, one of Poland's highest military decorations for valor.^{[citation needed]} Soon later, in 1964, with his wife Wiktoria he was decorated with the medal of Righteous Among the Nations.^[8]

Controversy

Recent questions concerning inconsistencies regarding the nature and extent of Iwanski's support for the Jewish underground have been raised. Examinations of Israeli and Polish archives have brought allegations that Iwanski exaggerated his war time activities, had made anti-Semitic and anti-Israeli radio and television broadcasts, and as an informant of Polish secret police had spied on Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal as an informant against the Jewish Historical Institute .^[9]^[10]

The Polish-Israeli authors of a 2011 book on the Jewish Military Union (ŻZW), Dariusz Libionka and Laurence Weinbaum, suggest that Iwański's story of heroism in the ghetto revolt is a fabrication and that he did not even have any male children. They point out that Iwański succeeded in convincing visiting journalists from abroad, most notably Chaja Lazar and Dan Kurzman, of the veracity of his story which is one of the reasons it gained credence and tremendous popularity.^[1]^[2]^[11]^[12]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Joshua D. Zimmerman (5 June 2015). The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-107-01426-8.
^ ^a ^b Henryk Iwański – his activity to save Jews' lives during the Holocaust, at Yad Vashem website
^ "Artykul-Polskie Niezalezne Media". Zaprasza.net. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
^ Moshe Arens, "The Changing Face of Memory—Who defended the Warsaw Ghetto?" "Who Defended the Warsaw Ghetto? (Moshe Arens) May, 2003". Archived from the original on 2006-05-26. Retrieved 2006-05-09.
^ [1] Archived September 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b "Korbonski – Jews Under Occupation". Ucis.pitt.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
^ Nechama Tec (22 October 1987). When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland. Oxford University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-19-505194-0. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
^ "Iwański Henryk & Iwańska Wiktoria". The Righteous Among The Nations Database. Yad Vashem. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
^ Dariusz Libionka and Laurence Weinbaum. Deconstructing Memory and History: The Jewish Military Union (ZZW) and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Archived 2012-02-13 at the Wayback Machine Jewish Political Studies Review 18:1–2 (Spring 2006).
^ Yitzhak Zuckerman. A Surplus of Memory: Chronicle of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. University of California Press, 1993, pp. 410–12; 415.
^ Dariusz Libionka & Laurence Weinbaum – Bohaterowie, hochsztaplerzy, opisywacze Wokół Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego (Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, 2011)
^ "A Legendary Commander". Haaretz. 22 June 2007.