The Sosnowiec Ghetto (German: Ghetto von Sosnowitz) was a World War II ghetto set up by Nazi German authorities for Polish Jews in the Środula district of Sosnowiec in the Province of Upper Silesia. During the Holocaust in occupied Poland, most inmates, estimated at over 35,000 Jewish men, women and children were deported to Auschwitz death camp aboard Holocaust trains following roundups lasting from June until August 1943.[2] The ghetto was liquidated during an uprising, a final act of defiance of its Underground Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB) made up of youth. Most of the Jewish fighters perished.
The Sosnowiec Ghetto formed a single administrative unit with the Będzin Ghetto,[3] because both cities are a part of the same metropolitan area in the Dąbrowa Basin. Prior to deportations, the Jews from the two ghettos shared the "Farma" vegetable garden allocated to Zionist youth by the Judenrat.[4]
Before the war, there were about 30,000 Jews in Sosnowiec, making up about 20% of the town's population.[5] Over the next two years the Germans resettled thousands of Jews from smaller towns to Sosnowiec, temporarily increasing the size of the local Jewish community to 45,000.[5] By late 1942, Będzin and nearby Sosnowiec (which bordered Będzin), became the only two cities in the Zagłębie Dąbrowskie region that were still inhabited by Jews.[6]
The city, located on the pre-war Polish-German border, was taken over by the Germans on the first day of the invasion of Poland.[7] Arrests and beatings among more prominent Jews began the next morning. On 9 September 1939 the Great Synagogue in Sosnowiec was burned.[8] Local Jews were being evicted from better homes and terrorized on the streets. Jewish businesses were plundered by individual soldiers and closed by the Nazis pending confiscation proceedings. Shootings and first mass executions followed soon afterwards. Forced relocations into crowded tenements slowly created a ghetto.[6][7][9]
Judenrat and the Jewish police were soon established on German orders; the head of the Sosnowiec Judenrat was Moshe Merin (Mojżesz Merin in Polish).[10] Food rationing was introduced. The Jews were prohibited from buying anything outside their own community. In the first months of 1940 the Zentrale der Jüdischen Ältestenräte in Oberschlesien (Central Office of the Jewish Councils of Elders in Upper Silesia), headed by Merin, was created in Sosnowiec, representing about 45 communities. For a time, Merin became infamous as the dictator of the Jews of the Zaglebie region, with the power of life and death over local Jews.[11] A labour camp was established for the Jews deported to Sosnowiec from Czechoslovakia to work at the factory of the Shine brothers. Numerous forced labour facilities were established for the locals; making uniforms, underwear, corsets, bags, leather handbags, and military boots.[6][12] In 1940 some 2,592 German war profiteers arrived in the city. By 1942, their number rose to 10,749 settlers, constituting 10% of the general population.[13]
Ever since the ghetto was established, numerous deportation actions were organized by the Germans with the help of the Judenrat and Merin, selecting healthy men for slave labor at the camps.[14] Large transfers of Jews took part in May (1,500) and June 1942 (2,000).[15] Around October 1942 - January 1943 the ghetto was moved to the Środula district.[6][16] Środula also bordered the site of the Będzin Ghetto. At this point about 13,000 Jews still lived in Sosnowiec. The creation of the Sosnowiec ghetto ended on 10 March 1943, when it was finally closed off from the outside world.
Thousands of Jews were deported from Sosnowiec to Auschwitz in June 1943 during the major deportation action extending to nearby Będzin.[17] The ghetto was liquidated two months later in August, whereas almost all remaining Jews were also deported to Auschwitz.[18] A few hundred Jews remained in the Środula ghetto, which was liquidated in January 1944.[18]
There had been considerable underground activity among the Jews in Sosnowiec and Będzin Ghetto nearby, organized by the youth organizations Ha-No'ar ha-Ziyyoni, Gordonia, and Ha-Shomer ha-Za'ir. During the final major deportation push in August 1943, the Jewish Combat Organization (Polish: Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, ŻOB) in Będzin and Sosnowiec staged an uprising against the Germans.[6][19] The uprising, which began on 3 August 1943, was led by Cwi (Tzvi) Brandes, Frumka Płotnicka, and the Kożuch brothers. It was the final act of defiance of the local population with no chance of success. Most of the young Jewish fighters perished (400 killed in action),[13] fighting the overwhelming German forces.[20] The last Holocaust transport to Auschwitz-Birkenau with Jews forced to bury the dead, left Sosnowiec on 15 January 1944.[13]
Resistance of the ghetto inhabitants is commemorated by one of the streets in Sosnowiec, bearing the name "Street of the Ghetto Heroes" (Ul. Bohaterów Getta). There is also Kożuch Brothers square (Plac Braci Kożuchów) with a ghetto memorial.[citation needed]
The Catholic convent of Carmelite Nuns led by Mother Teresa Kierocińska aided the Jews in the ghetto and hiding. Kierocińska was awarded a medal of the Righteous 46 years after her death. She was declared "heroic in virtue" by Pope Francis in 2013. The Carmelite Sisters run an orphanage at the monastery. They delivered free bread to Jews in hiding, send food parcels to Auschwitz, and rescued Jewish children by hiding them under false names among the Christian orphans. The convent was frequently inspected by the Gestapo on suspicion of illegal activities.[21]
During the ghetto liquidation, Danuta Szwarcbaum-Bachmajer escaped with her new baby and was rescued by the Chawiński couple.[22] Szloma Szpringer (Springer) with his 5-year-old son Wolf was rescued by Pelagia Huczak, another recipient of the Righteous Among the Nations award.[23][24] Adela Zawadzka with her 3-year-old child and her sister Rozia Zawadzka escaped from the 1943 deportation and were rescued by Józefa Hankus and her sister Rozalia Porębska who got them false papers from the Polish underground; Rozia used her false Kennkarte to get her fiancé Elek Jakubowicz out of the camp, helped by Johan Brys, a railway man. Rozalia Porębska sheltered them both, and helped many other Jews from Sosnowiec as well. Porębska family and friend, a total of seven individuals, received the Righteous award in 1982.[25] Mosze Kokotek whose wife Brandla was killed by the Germans, escaped from the ghetto with his 9-year-old daughter Felicja and stayed with the Poles on the Aryan side until 1944. They left the city together after Sosnowiec became Judenfrei. Little Felicja was taken in by Leokadia Statnik (Pessel) in Ochojec near Katowice. Mosze left them there and perished, but his daughter grew up in the care of Leokadia, and in 1957 immigrated to Israel.[26] Another child, Zofia Goldman, rescued by Maria Suszczewicz, was claimed back by her father Henryk who survived, and went with him to Australia.[27]
Six Jews were sheltered for two years from 1943 until the arrival of the Soviets in 1945 by Maria Sitko and her daughter Wanda Sitko-Gelbhart, including Fela Kac and her aunt Fryda, Heniek Mandelbaum, Jerzy Feder, as well as Felicja and Leon Weintraub. They shared a tiny apartment consisting of one room with a kitchen and a vestibule with the door into the corridor. Fryda with Fela escaped from the Holocaust train. During police searches, the Jews used to descend into two dugouts constructed by the men under the floors, so the Sitko women could pretend that they did not harbor fugitives, which carried the death penalty in those days. Wanda Sitko stole an identity card while visiting the police station, and gave it to Jerzy Feder which allowed him to go outside with her to obtain the necessities of life on the Aryan side of the city. All Jews survived the Holocaust. Thirty years later in 1986 – after her mother's death – Wanda Sitko-Gelbhart received a letter from the survivors which stated: "You and your mother at the risk of your life did things impossible and great, all this disinterestedly, acting only from the heart, which at that time was truly heroic.[28]
The "Farma" was a plot of land between Bedzin and Sosnowiec that was allocated to the local Zionist youth movements by the Jewish Council for the growing of vegetables.
{{cite web}}
الألعاب العالمية 1997 البلد فنلندا المدينة المضيفة لاهتي التاريخ 1997 المكان لاهتي الألعاب العالمية 1993 الألعاب العالمية 2001 تعديل مصدري - تعديل عقدت الألعاب العالمية الخامسة في عام 1997 في لاهتي، فنلندا في الفترة من 7 إلى 17 أغسطس 1997. عقدت مراسم الافتتاح والا
Насолоджуватися, кохати та швидко бігатифр. Plaire, aimer et courir vite Офіційний постер до фільмуЖанр мелодрама[1]Режисер Крістоф ОнореПродюсери Філіпп МартенДавид ТіонСценарист Крістоф ОнореУ головних ролях Венсан Лакост П'єр ДеладоншамОператор Ремі ШевренКостюмер Паскалін…
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten TangerangDewan Perwakilan RakyatKabupaten Tangerang2019-2024JenisJenisUnikameral SejarahSesi baru dimulai23 Agustus 2019PimpinanKetuaH. Kholid Ismail, S.Ag. (PDI-P) sejak 24 September 2019 Wakil Ketua IH. Astayudin, S.E. (Gerindra) sejak 24 September 2019 Wakil Ketua IIIr. H. Ilham Chair, M.M. (Golkar) sejak 24 September 2019 Wakil Ketua IIIAdi Tiya Wijaya, S.H. (Demokrat) sejak 24 September 2019 KomposisiAnggota50Partai & kursi &…
1975 American satirical musical comedy-drama film by Robert Altman NashvilleTheatrical release posterDirected byRobert AltmanWritten byJoan TewkesburyProduced byRobert AltmanStarring David Arkin Barbara Baxley Ned Beatty Karen Black Ronee Blakley Timothy Brown Keith Carradine Geraldine Chaplin Robert DoQui Shelley Duvall Allen Garfield Henry Gibson Scott Glenn Jeff Goldblum Barbara Harris David Hayward Michael Murphy Allan F. Nicholls Dave Peel Cristina Raines Bert Remsen Lily Tomlin Gwen Welles…
مذكرات مراهقةملصق الفيلممعلومات عامةالصنف الفني دراما، رومانسيتاريخ الصدور 23 يناير 2001مدة العرض 110 دقيقةاللغة الأصلية العربيةالبلد مصرالطاقمالمخرج إيناس الدغيديالكاتب إيناس الدغيدي (قصة)عبد الحي أديب (سيناريو وحوار)البطولة هند صبريأحمد عزشمسمحمد رجبالتصوير ماهر راضي…
Artikel ini perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. Artikel ini ditulis atau diterjemahkan secara buruk dari Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Jika halaman ini ditujukan untuk komunitas bahasa Inggris, halaman itu harus dikontribusikan ke Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Lihat daftar bahasa Wikipedia. Artikel yang tidak diterjemahkan dapat dihapus secara cepat sesuai kriteria A2. Jika Anda ingin memeriksa artikel ini, Anda boleh menggunakan mesin penerjemah. Namun ingat, mohon tidak menyal…
Restoration comedy by John Dryden Marriage à la modeWritten byJohn DrydenDate premiered1673 (1673)Place premieredTheatre Royal, Drury Lane LondonOriginal languageEnglishGenreRestoration comedySettingSicilyMarriage à la Mode is a Restoration comedy by John Dryden, first performed in London in 1673 by the King's Company. It is written in a combination of prose, blank verse and heroic couplets. It has often been praised as Dryden's best comedic endeavour, and James Sutherland accounts for th…
Kabupaten TambrauwKabupatenSausapor, Kabupaten Tambrauw LambangMotto: Menjetu, Menjedik, Memben SuksnoPetaKabupaten TambrauwPetaTampilkan peta Maluku dan PapuaKabupaten TambrauwKabupaten Tambrauw (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 0°36′19″S 132°29′23″E / 0.60515°S 132.48962°E / -0.60515; 132.48962Negara IndonesiaProvinsiPapua Barat DayaTanggal berdiri26 November 2008[1]Dasar hukumUU RI Nomor 56 Tahun 2008[1]Keputusan MK RI …
Saccharide polymer An oligosaccharide (/ˌɑlɪgoʊˈsækəˌɹaɪd/;[1] from the Greek ὀλίγος olígos, a few, and σάκχαρ sácchar, sugar) is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten[2][3][4][5]) of monosaccharides (simple sugars). Oligosaccharides can have many functions including cell recognition and cell adhesion.[6] They are normally present as glycans: oligosaccharide chains are linked to lipids or to…
Nama ini menggunakan cara penamaan Spanyol: nama keluarga pertama atau paternalnya adalah Simón dan nama keluarga kedua atau maternalnya adalah Mendibil. Unai Simón Simón saat termasuk dalam Timnas U18 Spanyol pada 2015Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Unai Simón MendibilTanggal lahir 11 Juni 1997 (umur 26)Tempat lahir Vitoria, SpanyolTinggi 190 cm (6 ft 3 in)[1]Posisi bermain Penjaga gawangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Athletic BilbaoNomor 1Karier junior Aurrerá …
Charity assessment organization that evaluates charitable organizations in the U.S. Charity NavigatorFormation2001; 22 years ago (2001)FounderJohn Patrick DuganTypeNonprofit corporationTax ID no. 13-4148824[1]Legal statusActivePurposeCharity evaluationHeadquartersSaddle Brook, New Jersey, U.S.Official language EnglishCEOMichael Thatcher[2]Chief Program OfficerLaura Andes[2]Chief Relationship OfficerKevin Scally[2]Chief Admin OfficerNancy Sadek …
Битва на реке ШайоОсновной конфликт: Западный поход монголов Битва на реке Шайо. Миниатюра XIII века Дата 11 апреля 1241 года Место река Шайо (Слана), Венгрия Итог Поражение венгров Противники Королевство Венгрия Хорватия Монгольская империя Командующие Бела IVКоломан БатыйСуб…
2020 video game This article is about the video game. For other uses, see Suzerainty. 2020 video gameSuzerainDeveloper(s)Torpor GamesPublisher(s)Fellow TravellerComposer(s)James Spence[3]EngineUnityPlatform(s)macOSNintendo SwitchWindowsAndroidiOSReleasemacOS, Switch, Windows4 December 2020[1]Android, iOS8 December 2022[2]Genre(s)Government simulation, turn-based strategyMode(s)Single-player Suzerain is a narrative role-playing video game about politics developed by Torpor…
2015 American science fiction film directed by Brad Bird A World Beyond redirects here. For similar uses, see World Beyond (disambiguation). Project T redirects here. For the Japanese record label T Project, see Defstar Records. TomorrowlandTheatrical release posterDirected byBrad BirdScreenplay by Damon Lindelof Brad Bird Story by Damon Lindelof Brad Bird Jeff Jensen Based onWalt Disney's TomorrowlandProduced by Damon Lindelof Brad Bird Jeffrey Chernov Starring George Clooney Hugh Laurie Britt …
ナースコール監督 長崎俊一脚本 信本敬子製作 山科誠、鍋島壽夫出演者 薬師丸ひろ子、松下由樹、大鶴義丹音楽 門倉聡主題歌 コール撮影 丸池納編集 冨田功制作会社 株式会社アポロン、ライトヴィジョン株式会社配給 東宝株式会社公開 1993年1月30日上映時間 105分製作国 日本言語 日本語テンプレートを表示 ポータル 映画プロジェクト 映画 『ナースコール』は、1993年公…
Este artículo o sección tiene referencias, pero necesita más para complementar su verificabilidad.Este aviso fue puesto el 30 de agosto de 2019. «Te vi»Sencillo de Piso 21 con Micro TDHPublicación 14 de diciembre de 2018Formato Descarga digitalGrabación 2018Género(s) Pop, pop latino, reguetónDuración 3:51Discográfica Warner Music LatinaAutor(es) Daniel Echavarría Oviedo Juan David Huertas Clavijo Pablo Mejía Bermúdez David Escobar Gallego Juan David Castaño Fernando Morillo Christ…
Part of a series onShia Islam Beliefs and practices Monotheism Holy Books Prophethood Succession to Muhammad Imamate Angels Judgment Day Mourning of Muharram Intercession Clergy The Four Companions Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage Days of remembrance Ashura Arba'een Mawlid Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Adha Eid al-Ghadir Eid al-Mubahala Mourning of Muharram Omar Koshan History Verse of purification Two things Mubahala Khumm Fatimah's house First Fitna Second Fitna Battle of Karbala Origin Persecution Branches and sect…
Pulau KungsiNegaraIndonesiaGugus kepulauanKepulauan SeribuProvinsiDKI JakartaKabupatenKepulauan SeribuLuas- km²Populasi- Pulau Kungsi adalah sebuah pulau yang terletak di Kepulauan Seribu di Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Indonesia. Lihat pula Kabupaten Administratif Kepulauan Seribu Kepulauan Seribu Pranala luar Situs resmi Kabupaten Administratif Kepulauan Seribu Diarsipkan 2017-02-22 di Wayback Machine. lbsPulau di Kepulauan Seribu Pulau Air Besar Pulau Air Kecil Pulau Ayer Pulau Beland…
Part of a series onJewish culture Languages Hebrew Modern Ashkenazi Sephardi Mizrahi Yemenite Tiberian Medieval Mishnaic Biblical Samaritan Babylonian Palestinian Judeo-Aramaic Hulaulá Lishana Deni Lishán Didán Barzani Betanure Lishanid Noshan Targum Biblical Talmudic Palestinian Galilean Judeo-Arabic Yahudic Judeo-Baghdadi Judeo-Moroccan Judeo-Tripolitanian Djerbian Yemenite Other Jewish diaspora languages Yiddish Ladino Haketia Tetuani Yevanic Catalanic Italkian Piedmontese Knaanic Gruzinic…
Jumps in figure skating Sasha Cohen performs a Russian split jump A split jump is a sequence of body movements in which a split is performed after jumping, while the performer is still in the air. Split jumps are commonly found in dance, figure skating, and gymnastics, and may also be used as a form of exercise. In figure skating Split jumps are a category of figure skating jumps in which the skater achieves a split position in the air. Unlike most figure skating jumps, split jumps are positiona…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 18.188.126.29