Union of Armed Struggle

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Union of Armed Struggle" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Polish Underground State
Part of a series on the
History of Poland 1939–1945
Authorities Government Administration Parliament Courts
Political organizations Major parties Polish Socialist Party People's Party National Party Labour Party Minor parties Camp of National Unity Democratic Party Jewish Labour Bund Hashomer Hatzair Betar (Zionist youth) Opposition National Radical Camp Polish Workers' Party
Military organizations Home Army (AK) Service for Poland's Victory (SZP) Armed Resistance (ZWZ) Gray Ranks National Security Corps (PKB) Mostly integrated with Armed Resistance and Home Army Gwardia Ludowa WRN Peasant Battalions Partially integrated with Armed Resistance and Home Army National Military Organization National Armed Forces Camp of Fighting Poland Pomeranian Griffin Confederation of the Nation Non-integrated but recognizing authority of Armed Resistance and Home Army Jewish Combat Organization Jewish Military Union Opposition Armia Ludowa
Related topics Cultural activities Education History of Poland during 1939–1945
v t e

The Union of Armed Struggle^[1] (Polish: Związek Walki Zbrojnej; ZWZ), also translated as the Union for Armed Struggle, Association of Armed Struggle, and Association for Armed Struggle, was an underground army formed in Poland following its invasion in September 1939 by Germany and the Soviet Union that opened World War II. It existed from 13 November 1939 until 14 February 1942, when it was renamed into Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK).

Union of Armed Struggle was created from an earlier organization, Service for Poland's Victory (SZP). In January 1940, it was divided into two parts:

areas under German occupation — commanded by Colonel Stefan Rowecki, headquartered in Warsaw;
areas under Soviet occupation — commanded by General Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski, headquartered in Lwów.

Formally, the Union of Armed Struggle was directed from Paris, by General Kazimierz Sosnkowski (nom de guerre Józef Godziemba), who after Poland's defeat escaped to France via Hungary. Due to practical problems, however, Sosnkowski's control of the organization was very limited. The instruction of General Sosnkowski, in which he ordered his subordinates to create regional branches of the Union of Armed Struggle, was brought to Warsaw on 4 December 1939. According to Sosnkowski, the Union of Armed Struggle was supposed to be a national military organization, without regard to political differences and social ranks. Furthermore, the idea of a national uprising at the moment of entry of regular Polish units was put forward by Sosnkowski and his staff.

After the fall of France, on 18 June 1940, General Władysław Sikorski named Colonel Stefan Rowecki his deputy, with the right to take urgent decisions without consent of the Polish government-in-exile. Sikorski urged Rowecki to closely cooperate with leaders of political parties, gathered in the Political Consultative Committee. The headquarters of the Union of Armed Struggle formally was under the authority of the Polish government in London, but in reality, military powers were in hands of officers who remained in the occupied country, and had good knowledge of the reality of Nazi- and Soviet-controlled Poland.

After the arrest of General Michał Tokarzewski-Karaszewicz, who was captured by the NKVD on the way from Warsaw to Lwów, the Union of Armed Struggle in Eastern Poland was left without a leader. Following the Operation Barbarossa, the whole territory of the Second Polish Republic found itself under German occupation.

Notes

^ Thus rendered in Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland, vol. II, p. 464.

References

Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland, in Two Volumes; Volume II: 1795 to the Present, New York, Columbia University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-231-05353-3.

External links

(in Polish) ZWIĄZEK WALKI ZBROJNEJ, Encyklopedia Interia
(in Polish) ZWIĄZEK WALKI ZBROJNEJ, Encyklopedia PWN
(in Polish) ZWIĄZEK WALKI ZBROJNEJ, Encyklopedia WIEM
1939-1942; Beginning of Secret Army; the ZWZ period
(in Polish) „Polska Podziemna”: Związek Walki Zbrojnej

Home Army (Armia Krajowa)

Main articles: Polish resistance movement in World War II; Polish Underground State

v t e Operations
Uprisings and battles	Warsaw Uprising Zamość uprising Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Lwów uprising Murowana Oszmianka Osuchy Ostra Brama Tempest
Underground, field, and espionage	Arsenal Heads Kutschera Project Big Ben Bürkl Most III Operation Belt V-1 and V-2 Wieniec
Propaganda	Biuletyn Informacyjny Operation N Operation Antyk
Directorates	Civil Resistance Covert Resistance Underground Resistance
Political	Republic of Pińczów

v t e Personnel, emblems and decorations
Commanders	Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski Stefan Rowecki Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski Leopold Okulicki
Senior officers and prominent members	J. Aleksandrowicz J.Arkusz K. K. Baczyński W. Bartoszewski J. Batory R. Białous S. Bittner F. Błażej A. Bohdziewicz J. Bokszczanin S. Braun T. Gajcy H. Lederman S. Jankowski S. Karpiel K. Kierzkowski B. Kostrzewska H. Krahelska A. Krzyżanowski L. Kulej J. J. Lerski J. Mazurkiewicz W. Micuta K. Moczarski A. Nadolski T. Pełczyński A. Pilch W. Pilecki R. Reiff Z. Romanowiczowa Z. Rumel J. Rutkowski D. Smoleński A. Stelmachowski R. Syski J. Szczepański Z. Szendzielarz A. Szklarski H. Szwarc E. Umińska J. Zabłocki A. Zakrzewska W. Zalewski J. Zamoyski T. Zawadzki T. Żenczykowski M. Żuławski T. Żychiewicz
Membership lists	Armia Krajowa members Warsaw Uprising insurgents
Emblems and decorations	Armia Krajowa Cross Kotwica Krzyż Powstania Warszawskiego

v t e Units, affiliates, and predecessors
Headquarters and Directorates	Information and Propaganda Kedyw Civil Resistance Covert Resistance Underground Resistance
Combat units	2nd Legions Infantry Division 27th Volhynian Division 104th Company of Syndicalists Battalion Parasol Battalion Zośka Żaglowiec Group Żbik Group Żmija Group Żniwiarz Group Żyrafa Group
Warsaw commands	I Śródmieście Żoliborz III Wola IV Ochota V Mokotów VI Praga VII Warsaw suburbs
Other	Błyskawica radiostation Little Andrews (Jędrusie) Underground Police (PKB) Secret Military Printing Works (TWZW) Silent Unseen (Cichociemni) Wachlarz
Predecessors	Service for Poland's Victory (SZP) Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ)
Affiliates	Peasants' Battalions (BCh) Confederation of the Nation (KN) Leśni (Forest Soldiers) National Military Association (NOW) (split) National Armed Forces (NSZ-AK) (faction) Camp of Fighting Poland (OPW) Grey Ranks (Szare Szeregi - Boy Scouts) Secret Polish Army (TAP) Socialist Party People's Guard (GL-WRN) Union of Retaliation (ZO)
Successors	Independence (NIE) Freedom and Independence (WiN)

v t e Opponents and rivals
Opponents	Nazi Germany Ukrainian Insurgent Army Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Lithuanian Security Police Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force
Rivals	AL Armia Ludowa (People's Army) Soviet partisans

Related articles: The Holocaust in Poland; Warsaw Uprising; Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

Read other articles:

Hyperalonia morio

Hyperalonia morio Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Diptera Famili: Bombyliidae Genus: Hyperalonia Spesies: Hyperalonia morio Hyperalonia morio adalah spesies lalat yang berasal dari genus Hyperalonia dan famili Bombyliidae. Lalat ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia. Lalat ini biasanya memakan nektar dan polen yang ada dalam bunga. Referensi Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson...

Arts journalism

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Arts journalism – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Journalism News Writing style Ethics code of ethics Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Sensationalism Editorial independen...

Hubungan Jepang dengan Kosovo

Jepang–Kosovo Jepang Kosovo Misi diplomatik Kedubes Jepang, Pristina Kedubes Kosovo, Tokyo Utusan Dubes Akira Mizutani lowong Hubungan Jepang dengan Kosovo adalah hubungan luar negeri antara Jepang dan Kosovo[a]. Kosovo mendeklarasikan kemerdekaannya dari Serbia pada 17 Februari 2008, dan Jepang mengakuinya pada 18 Maret 2008.[1] Menurut Kementerian Urusan Luar Negeri Jepang, Jepang dan Kosovo menjalin hubungan diplomatik pada 25 Februari 2009.[2] Catatan dan referensi Cata...

Buffalo

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Buffalo (disambigua). BuffalocityCity of Buffalo Buffalo – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Stati Uniti Stato federato New York ConteaErie AmministrazioneSindacoByron W. Brown (D) TerritorioCoordinate42°53′11″N 78°52′41″W / 42.886389°N 78.878056°W42.886389; -78.878056 (Buffalo)Coordinate: 42°53′11″N 78°52′41″W / 42.886389°N 78.878056°W42.886389; -78.878056 (Buff...

I Am Michael

I Am MichaelPoster resmiSutradaraJustin KellyProduser Vince Jolivette Michael Mendelsohn James Franco Scott Reed Ron Singer Skenario Justin Kelly Stacey Miller BerdasarkanMy Ex-Gay Friendoleh Benoit Denizet-LewisPemeran James Franco Zachary Quinto Emma Roberts Charlie Carver Penata musik Jake Shears Tim K SinematograferChristopher BlauveltPenyuntingAaron I. ButlerPerusahaanproduksi Rabbit Bandini Productions Patriot Pictures, LLC. DistributorBrainstorm MediaTanggal rilis 29 Januari 2015...

Born Yesterday (1950 film)

1950 film by George Cukor Born YesterdayTheatrical release posterDirected byGeorge CukorWritten byAlbert MannheimerGarson Kanin (uncredited)Based onBorn Yesterday1946 playby Garson KaninProduced byS. Sylvan SimonStarringJudy HollidayBroderick CrawfordWilliam HoldenCinematographyJoseph WalkerEdited byCharles NelsonMusic byFrederick HollanderProductioncompanyColumbia PicturesDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date December 25, 1950 (1950-12-25) Running time102 minutesCountryU...

Lincoln Bedroom

Room on the White House's second floor This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Lincoln Bedroom – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Second floor location of the Lincoln Bedroom The Lincoln Bedroom is a bedroom which is part of a guest ...

Indian martial arts

Fighting systems of the Indian subcontinent Indian martial arts refers to the fighting systems of the Indian subcontinent. A variety of terms are used for the English phrases Indian martial arts, deriving from ancient sources. While they may seem to imply specific disciplines (e.g. archery, armed combat), by Classical times they were used generically for all fighting systems. Among the most common terms today, śastra-vidyā, is a compound of the words śastra (weapon) and vidyā (knowledge)....

Mass Effect

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang serial permainan video. Untuk permainan video pertama, lihat Mass Effect (permainan video). Untuk penggunaan lain, lihat Mass effect (disambiguasi). Mass EffectGenrePermainan peran aksi, penembak orang ketigaPengembang BioWare Edge of Reality Demiurge Studios Straight Right Penerbit Microsoft Game Studios (2007) Electronic Arts (2008–sekarang) Platform Xbox 360 Microsoft Windows iOS PlayStation 3 Android Windows Phone Wii U PlayStation 4 Xbox One Asal plat...

Medusa (Marvel Comics)

MedusaMedusa, disegni di Stjepan Šejić UniversoUniverso Marvel Lingua orig.Inglese AutoriStan Lee Jack Kirby EditoreMarvel Comics 1ª app.marzo 1965 1ª app. inThe Fantastic Four (vol. 1[1]) n. 36 Editore it.Editoriale Corno 1ª app. it.maggio 1972 1ª app. it. inI Fantastici Quattro n. 31 Interpretata daSerinda Swan Voce italianaFederica De Bortoli Caratteristiche immaginarieAlter egoMedusalith Amaquelin-Boltagon Specieinumana SessoFemmina Etniaattilana Luogo ...

中华人民共和国腐败案件列表

政治腐敗概念反腐敗賄賂裙帶關係腐败经济学（英语：Economics of corruption）选举操控精英俘获（英语：Elite capture）权力寻租竊盜統治黑手黨國家裙帶關係行贿基金買賣聖職各国腐败亚洲中国治貪史中華人民共和國朝鲜菲律宾欧洲俄羅斯（英语：Corruption in Russia）乌克兰英国法国查论编此条目的内容是1949年中華人民共和國成立以后中国大陆的国家�...

Ata Atalay

Turkish politician You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Turkish. (March 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Turkish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into...

Stay Gold (album CNBLUE)

Stay GoldSampul edisi regulerAlbum studio karya CNBLUEDirilis18 Oktober 2017 (2017-10-18)Durasi38:35BahasaJepang, InggrisLabelWarner Music JapanKronologi CNBLUE 7°CN(2017) Stay Gold(2017) Singel dalam album Stay Gold ShakeDirilis: 10 Mei 2017 Starting OverDirilis: 6 Oktober 2017 Stay Gold (ditulis STAY GOLD) adalah album studio berbahasa Jepang keenam dari label utama (kedelapan secara keseluruhan) oleh band idol pop-rock asal Korea Selatan CNBLUE. Album ini dirilis pada tanggal 18 ...

Georgia–Ukraine relations

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Georgia–Ukraine relations – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bilateral relationsGeorgia–Ukraine relations Georgia Ukraine Since their independence from the Soviet Union, Georgia and Ukraine...

爆買い

爆買い各種表記繁体字：爆買簡体字：爆买拼音： bào mǎi発音：バオマイテンプレートを表示爆買い（ばくがい）とは、一度に大量に買うことを表す俗語である[1][2][3]。主に来日した中国人観光客が大量に商品を購買する行為を指し、2014年頃までに定着した[1][4][5]。2015年2月の春節休暇に中国人観光客が日本を訪れ高額商品から日用...

Katak lembu

Katak lembu Periode 4.9–0 jtyl[1] PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Miosen Tengah - Masa kini Rana catesbeiana Jantan dewasaStatus konservasiRisiko rendah TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasAmphibiaOrdoAnuraFamiliRanidaeGenusRanaSpesiesRana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 Tata namaSinonim takson Daftar Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 Rana pipiens – Daudin, 1802 Rana taurina Cuvier, 1817 Rana mugiens Merrem, 1820 Rana scapularis Harlan, 1826 Rana conspersa LeConte, 1855 Rana ca...

القضاء في السعودية

القضاء في السعودية هو سلطة مستقلة تعتمد في أحكامها على الشريعة الإسلامية، ظهرت بذرتها الأولى في عهد الملك عبد العزيز آل سعود عندما أُنشئت رئاسة قضاة واحدة في المنطقة الغربية بمكة المكرمة في عام 1926م[1] وتوسعت تدريجيا إلى أن صدر نظام القضاء الجديد بمرسوم ملكي في عام 2007. ب�...

Paroaria coronata

Cardenilla crestada Cardenilla crestada (Paroaria coronata) en los Esteros del Iberá, Corrientes, Argentina.Estado de conservaciónPreocupación menor (UICN 3.1)[1]TaxonomíaReino: AnimaliaFilo: ChordataClase: AvesOrden: PasseriformesFamilia: ThraupidaeSubfamilia: ThraupinaeGénero: ParoariaEspecie: P. coronata(J.F. Miller, 1776)[2]Distribución Distribución geográfica de la cardenilla crestada.Sinonimia Loxia coronata (protónimo) Paroaria cucullata (Latham) Frin...

مكبح جرني

مكبح جرني بعد نزع العجلة و الجرن المكبح الجرني أو الطبلي أو الفرامل الجرنية أو الطبلية هي نوع من المكابح يعمل بالإحتكاك بين فك المكبح المغطى بالبطانة وجزء دوار اسطواني يسمى الجرن (أو الطبل).[1][2][3] تقوم الفرامل بإبطاء السيارة أو إيقافها تماما عن الحركة، وفقا لرغ�...

Cebu's 1st congressional district

Cebu's 1st congressional districtConstituencyfor the House of Representatives of the PhilippinesBoundary of Cebu's 1st congressional district in CebuLocation of Cebu within the PhilippinesProvinceCebuRegionCentral VisayasPopulation809,335 (2020)[1]Electorate470,692 (2022)[2]Major settlements 6 LGUs Cities Carcar Naga Talisay Municipalities Minglanilla San Fernando Sibonga Area527.06 km2 (203.50 sq mi)Current constituencyCreated1907RepresentativeRhea GullasPolit...

/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Arie Schans

Jalur 1 (angkutan cepat São Paulo)