In poetry, a hendecasyllable (sometimes hendecasyllabic) is a line of eleven syllables. The term may refer to several different poetic meters, the older of which are quantitative and used chiefly in classical (Ancient Greek and Latin) poetry, and the newer of which are syllabic or accentual-syllabic and used in medieval and modern poetry.
In classical poetry, "hendecasyllable" or "hendecasyllabic" may refer to any of three distinct 11-syllable Aeolic meters,[1] used first in Ancient Greece and later, with little modification, by Roman poets.[2]
Aeolic meters are characterized by an Aeolic base × × followed by a choriamb – u u –; where – = a long syllable, u = a short syllable, and × = an anceps, that is, a syllable either long or short.[2] The three Aeolic hendecasyllables (with base and choriamb in bold) are:
× ×
– u u –
–
u
×
(Latin: hendecasyllabus phalaecius):
× × – u u – u – u – –[2]
This line is named after Phalaecus, a minor poet probably of the 4th century BC, who used it in epigrams; though he did not invent it, since it had earlier been used by Sappho and Anacreon.[3]
The Phalaecian hendecasyllable was a favorite of Catullus; it was also very frequently used by Martial.[4] An example from Catullus is the first poem in his collection (with formal equivalent, substituting English stress for Latin length):
Cui dōnō lepidum novum libellum āridā modo pūmic(e) expolītum? Cornēlī, tibi: namque tū solēbās meās ess(e) aliquid putāre nūgās[5]
To whom dedicate this, my charming new book, Freshly burnished with pumice stone to fine sheen? To Cornelius! you who always used to Think my gobbledygook was, well, was something.
The aeolic base (i.e., the first two syllables of the line) with – – is by far the most common in Catullus, and in later poets such as Statius and Martial was the only one used, but occasionally Catullus uses u – or – u as in lines 2 and 4 above. There is usually a caesura in the line after the 5th or 6th syllable.[6]
– –
u –
– u
In the first part of his poetry collection, Catullus uses the Phalaecian hendecasyllable as given above in 41 poems. In addition, in two of his poems (55 and 58b) Catullus uses a variation of the metre, in which the 4th and 5th syllables can sometimes be contracted into a single long syllable. In poem 55 there are twelve decasyllables and ten normal lines:[7]
Ōrāmus, sī forte non molestum (e)st, dēmōnstrēs ubi sint tuae tenebrae...
We beg, if perhaps it is not a nuisance, that you should show us where your lair is...
Poem 58b is thought by some scholars to be a fragment which was formerly part of this one; although others think it an independent poem.[8]
(Latin: hendecasyllabus alcaicus):
× – u – × – u u – u –[2]
Here the Aeolic base is truncated to a single anceps. This meter typically appears as the first two lines of an Alcaic stanza.[2] (For an English example, see §English, below.)
(Latin: hendecasyllabus sapphicus):
– u – × – u u – u – –[2]
Again, the Aeolic base is truncated. This meter typically appears as the first three lines of a Sapphic stanza, though it was also sometimes used in stichic verse, for example by Seneca and Boethius.[2] Sappho wrote many of the stanzas subsequently named after her, for example (with formal equivalent, substituting English stress for Greek length):
φαίνεταί μοι κῆνος ἴσος θέοισιν ἔμμεν' ὤνηρ, ὄττις ἐνάντιός τοι ἰσδάνει καὶ πλάσιον ἆδυ φονεί- σας ὐπακούει[9]
He, it seems to me, is completely godlike: Ah, that man who's sitting across from you, there, Leaning in and listening to your sweet voice, Charmed by your laughter.
The hendecasyllable (Italian: endecasillabo) is the principal metre in Italian poetry. Its defining feature is a constant stress on the tenth syllable, so that the number of syllables in the verse may vary, equaling eleven in the usual case where the final word is stressed on the penultimate syllable. The verse also has a stress preceding the caesura, on either the fourth or sixth syllable. The first case is called endecasillabo a minore, or lesser hendecasyllable, and has the first hemistich equivalent to a quinario; the second is called endecasillabo a maiore, or greater hendecasyllable, and has a settenario as the first hemistich.[10]
There is a strong tendency for hendecasyllabic lines to end with feminine rhymes (causing the total number of syllables to be eleven, hence the name), but ten-syllable lines ("Ciò che 'n grembo a Benaco star non può") and twelve-syllable lines ("Ergasto mio, perché solingo e tacito") are encountered as well. Lines of ten or twelve syllables are more common in rhymed verse; versi sciolti, which rely more heavily on a pleasant rhythm for effect, tend toward a stricter eleven-syllable format. As a novelty, lines longer than twelve syllables can be created by the use of certain verb forms and affixed enclitic pronouns ("Ottima è l'acqua; ma le piante abbeverinosene.").
Additional accents beyond the two mandatory ones provide rhythmic variation and allow the poet to express thematic effects. A line in which accents fall consistently on even-numbered syllables ("Al còr gentìl rempàira sèmpre amóre") is called iambic (giambico) and may be a greater or lesser hendecasyllable. This line is the simplest, commonest and most musical but may become repetitive, especially in longer works. Lesser hendecasyllables often have an accent on the seventh syllable ("fàtta di giòco in figùra d'amóre"). Such a line is called dactylic (dattilico) and its less pronounced rhythm is considered particularly appropriate for representing dialogue. Another kind of greater hendecasyllable has an accent on the third syllable ("Se Mercé fosse amìca a' miei disìri") and is known as anapestic (anapestico). This sort of line has a crescendo effect and gives the poem a sense of speed and fluidity.
It is considered improper for the lesser hendecasyllable to use a word accented on its antepenultimate syllable (parola sdrucciola) for its mid-line stress. A line like "Più non sfavìllano quegli òcchi néri", which delays the caesura until after the sixth syllable, is not considered a valid hendecasyllable.
Most classical Italian poems are composed in hendecasyllables, including the major works of Dante, Francesco Petrarca, Ludovico Ariosto, and Torquato Tasso. The rhyme systems used include terza rima, ottava, sonnet and canzone, and some verse forms use a mixture of hendecasyllables and shorter lines. From the early 16th century onward, hendecasyllables are often used without a strict system, with few or no rhymes, both in poetry and in drama. This is known as verso sciolto. An early example is Le Api ("the bees") by Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai, written around 1517 and published in 1525 (with formal equivalent paraphrase which mirrors the original's syllabic counts, varied caesurae, and line- and hemistich-final stress profiles):
Mentr'era per cantare i vostri doni Con alte rime, o Verginette caste, Vaghe Angelette delle erbose rive, Preso dal sonno, in sul spuntar dell'Alba M'apparve un coro della vostra gente, E dalla lingua, onde s'accoglie il mele, Sciolsono in chiara voce este parole: O spirto amico, che dopo mill'anni, E cinque cento, rinovar ti piace E le nostre fatiche, e i nostri studi, Fuggi le rime, e'l rimbombar sonoro.[12]
While your delightful gifts | I aimed at singing In lofty rime | O little vestal virgins, Sweet little seraphim | of grassy margins, Sleep ravished me | in the first light of morning, And I beheld a chorus | of your people, Who, with their tongues | which lately sipped at honey, Buzzed forth in the clear air | this earnest message: "O friendly soul who | (after thousand summers And more five hundred) | beguiles us with singing Our industrious toil | our balmy study… Abandon rime | and its rebounding echo!"
Like other early Italian-language tragedies, the Sophonisba of Gian Giorgio Trissino (1515) is in blank hendecasyllables. Later examples can be found in the Canti of Giacomo Leopardi, where hendecasyllables are alternated with settenari.
The hendecasyllabic metre (Polish: jedenastozgłoskowiec) was very popular in Polish poetry, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, owing to strong Italian literary influence. It was used by Jan Kochanowski,[13] Piotr Kochanowski (who translated Jerusalem Delivered by Torquato Tasso), Sebastian Grabowiecki, Wespazjan Kochowski and Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski. The greatest Polish Romantic poet, Adam Mickiewicz, set his poem Grażyna in this measure. The Polish hendecasyllable is widely used when translating English blank verse.
The eleven-syllable line is normally a line of 5+6 syllables with medial caesura, primary stresses on the fourth and tenth syllables, and feminine endings on both half-lines.[14] Although the form can accommodate a fully iambic line, there is no such tendency in practice, word stresses falling variously on any of the initial syllables of each half-line.[14]
o o o S s | o o o o S s o=any syllable, S=stressed syllable, s=unstressed syllable
A popular form of Polish literature that employs the hendecasyllable is the Sapphic stanza: 11/11/11/5.
The Polish hendecasyllable is often combined with an 8-syllable line: 11a/8b/11a/8b. Such a stanza was used by Mickiewicz in his ballads, as in the following example (with formal equivalent paraphrase):
Ktokolwiek będziesz w Nowogródzkiej stronie, Do Płużyn ciemnego boru Wjechawszy, pomnij zatrzymać twe konie, Byś się przypatrzył jezioru.[15]
Visitor passing Novogrudok's courses In Płużyn forest's umbration, Once come, remember to rein in your horses: View the lake in admiration.
The hendecasyllable (Portuguese: hendecassílabo) is a common meter in Portuguese poetry. The best-known Portuguese poem composed in hendecasyllables is Luís de Camões' Lusiads, which begins as follows:
As armas, & os barões assinalados, Que da Occidental praya Lusitana, Por mares, nunca de antes navegados, Passaram, ainda alem da Taprobana, Em perigos, & guerras esforçados, Mais do que prometia a força humana. Entre gente remota edificaram Novo Reino, que tanto sublimaram.[16]
Armes, and the Men above the vulgar File, Who from the Western Lusitanian shore Past ev'n beyond the Trapobanian-Isle, Through Seas which never Ship has sayld before; Who (brave in action, patient in long Toyle, Beyond what strength of humane nature bore) 'Mongst Nations, under other Stars, acquir'd A modern Scepter which to Heaven aspir'd.[17]
In Portuguese, the hendecasyllable meter is often called "decasyllable" (decassílabo), even when the work in question uses overwhelmingly feminine rhymes (as is the case with the Lusiads). This is due to Portuguese prosody considering verses to end at the last stressed syllable, thus the aforementioned verses are effectively decasyllabic according to Portuguese scansion.
The hendecasyllable (Spanish: endecasílabo) is less pervasive in Spanish poetry than in Italian or Portuguese, but it is commonly used with Italianate verse forms like sonnets and ottava rima (as found, for example, in Alonso de Ercilla's epic La Araucana).
Spanish dramatists often use hendecasyllables in tandem with shorter lines like heptasyllables, as can be seen in Rosaura's opening speech from Calderón's La vida es sueño:
Hipogrifo violento, Que corriste parejas con el viento, ¿Dónde, rayo sin liama, Pájaro sin matiz, pez sin escama, Y bruto sin instinto Natural, al confuso laberinto Destas desnudas peñas Te desbocas, arrastras y despeñas?[18]
Wild hippogriff swift speeding, Thou that does run, the wingèd winds exceeding, Bolt which no flash illumes, Fish without scales, bird without shifting plumes, And brute awhile bereft Of natural instinct, why to this wild cleft, The labyrinth of naked rocks, dost sweep Unreined, uncurbed, to plunge thee down the steep?[19]
The term "hendecasyllable" most often refers to an imitation of Greek or Latin metrical lines, notably by Alfred Tennyson, Swinburne, and Robert Frost ("For Once Then Something"). Contemporary American poets Annie Finch ("Lucid Waking") and Patricia Smith ("The Reemergence of the Noose") have published recent examples. In English, which lacks phonemic length, poets typically substitute stressed syllables for long, and unstressed syllables for short. Tennyson, however, attempted to maintain the quantitative features of the meter (while supporting them with concurrent stress) in his Alcaic stanzas, the first two lines of which are Alcaic hendecasyllables:
O mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies, O skill'd to sing of Time or Eternity, God-gifted organ-voice of England, Milton, a name to resound for ages;[20] — Tennyson: "Milton", lines 1-4
O mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies, O skill'd to sing of Time or Eternity, God-gifted organ-voice of England, Milton, a name to resound for ages;[20]
Occasionally "hendecasyllable" is used to denote a line of iambic pentameter with a feminine ending, as in the first line of John Keats's Endymion: "A thing of beauty is a joy for ever".
Tenryū in 1921 Class overview Builders Yokosuka Naval Arsenal Sasebo Naval Arsenal Operators Imperial Japanese Navy Preceded byChikuma class Succeeded byKuma class Built1917–1919 In commission1919–1944 Planned8 Completed2 Cancelled6 Lost2 General characteristics TypeLight cruiser Displacement 3,948 long tons (4,011 t) standard 4,350 long tons (4,420 t) full Length142.9 m (468 ft 10 in) o/a Beam12.3 m (40 ft 4 in) Draught4 m (13&…
NHS trust and ambulance service in Wales This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Welsh Ambulance Service – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Welsh Ambulance Services NHS TrustYmddiriedolaeth GIG Gwasanaethau Ambiwlans CymruLogo …
American writer (1919–1988) Robert BernsteinBernstein (left) in 1965 with pianist Géza Anda (center) and Jerry Schoenbaum, head of MGM's classical music division.Born(1919-05-23)May 23, 1919DiedDecember 19, 1988(1988-12-19) (aged 69)Delray Beach, Florida, U.S.Area(s)WriterPseudonym(s)R. BernsNotable worksAquaman Robert Bernstein (May 23, 1919 – December 19, 1988),[1][2] sometimes credited as R. Berns, was an American comic book writer, playwright and concert impresario,…
Угорські вторгнення в Європу Угорські набіги в Х століттіУгорські набіги в Х столітті Дата: ~800/839–973 Місце: Західна Європа, Східна Європа, Балкани і Піренейський півострів Результат: Понад століття набігів і доленосних воєн Територіальні зміни: Зникнення Великоморавської…
This article is about the German co-driver. For the German rower, see Andreas Schulz. Andreas SchulzMitsubishi Pajero Evolution #200 which won Dakar Rally 2003 with Hiroshi MasuokaBorn (1955-03-03) 3 March 1955 (age 68)Munich, GermanyChampionships2001 Dakar Rally (cars)2003 Dakar Rally (cars) Andreas Schulz, (born 3 March 1955) is a German co-driver who won, as navigator, two editions of Rally Dakar (cars).[1] He is a member of the X-raid team. Rally Dakar Year Car Driver Rank 2000 …
Ruanda Kapitän letzte Teilnahme 2011 Aktuelles ITF-Ranking 126 Statistik Erste Teilnahme 2001 Davis-Cup-Teilnahmen 43 davon in Weltgruppe 0 Bestes Ergebnis 7. in Europa/Afrika Zone Gruppe III (2009) Ewige Bilanz 12:31 Erfolgreichste Spieler Meiste Siege gesamt Eric Hagenimana (19) Meiste Einzelsiege Eric Hagenimana (14) Meiste Doppelsiege Eric Hagenimana (5) Bestes Doppel Alain Hakizimana / Eric Hagenimana (3) Meiste Teilnahmen Jean-Claude Gasigwa, Eric Hagenimana (je 29) Meiste Jahre Jean-Clau…
Papillom der Gesichtshaut Klassifikation nach ICD-10 D14.0 Gutartige Neubildung Mittelohr, Nasenhöhle und Nasennebenhöhlen ICD-10 online (WHO-Version 2019) Das Papillom ist ein gutartiger Tumor, der von den obersten Haut- oder Schleimhautschichten eines Organismus ausgeht. Papillome werden zum Beispiel an der Haut der Körperoberfläche, in den ableitenden Harnwegen, in den Ausführungsgängen der weiblichen Brust und anderer Drüsen oder an den Schleimhäuten von Mund, Nase, Nebenhöhlen oder…
この記事は英語版の対応するページを翻訳することにより充実させることができます。(2021年11月)翻訳前に重要な指示を読むには右にある[表示]をクリックしてください。 英語版記事を日本語へ機械翻訳したバージョン(Google翻訳)。 万が一翻訳の手がかりとして機械翻訳を用いた場合、翻訳者は必ず翻訳元原文を参照して機械翻訳の誤りを訂正し、正確な翻訳にしな
Sungai Eurotas Eurotas (bahasa Yunani: Εὐρώτας) atau Evrotas (bahasa Yunani modern: Ευρώτας) merupakan sungai utama Lakonia dan salah satu sungai utama Peloponnesos, di Yunani. Mata air sungai tersebut terletak tepat di barat laut perbatasan antara Lakonia dan Arkadia, di Skortsinos. Sungai ini juga dialiri oleh bawah air di Pellana dan anak sungai yang mengalir turun dari Gunung Tafgetos dan Gunung Parnon, yang mengapit lembah Eurotas di barat dan timur. Sungai ini panjangnya 82 …
هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. أنبوب كروكس مع حارف مغناطيسي وُجدت الفكرة القائلة إن المادة تتكون من جسيمات أصغر منها، وإنه هناك عدد محدود من أنواع الجسيمات الأساسية الأصغر حجمًا في الطبيعة، في الفلسفة الطب…
1993 American filmHardwood DreamsTheatrical release posterDirected byMichael TollinWritten byMichael TollinProduced byBrian Robbins (producer) Michael Tollin (executive producer)StarringMorningside High School basketball players Stais Boseman, Dwight Curry, Dominic Ellison, Sean Harris and Corey SaffoldWesley Snipes (narrator)Release date1993Running time45 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Hardwood Dreams is a 1993 basketball sports documentary written, directed and produced by Michael …
Chemical elements in group 13 of the periodic table Boron group (group 13) Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Ant…
American gangster and crime boss (1929–2018) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Whitey Bulger – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Whitey BulgerBulger in 2011FBI Ten Most Wanted FugitiveCharges Racketeering (RICO): Murde…
U.S. House district for Colorado CO-7 redirects here. For the state highway, see Colorado State Highway 7. Colorado's 7th congressional districtInteractive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023Representative Brittany PettersenD–LakewoodDistribution99.44% urban[1]0.56% ruralPopulation (2022)724,362[2]Median householdincome$97,203[3]Ethnicity64.6% White28.1% Hispanic3.2% Asian1.9% Two or more races1.6% Black0.7% otherCook PVID+4[4] Colorado's 7th …
Nepalese activist This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Nirgun Sthapit Nirgun Sthapit (Nepali: निर्गुण स्थापित) (8 July 1968 - 6 April 1990) was a fighter for democracy who was martyred during the 1990 People's Movement in Nepal. The movement put an end to a…
Hungarian footballer The native form of this personal name is Egressy Gábor. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. Gábor Egressy Personal informationDate of birth (1974-02-11) 11 February 1974 (age 49)Place of birth Budapest, HungaryHeight 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s) Left MidfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1993–1996 Újpest FC 76 (21)1996–1997 BVSC Budapest 24 (5)1997–1998 MTK Hungária FC 33 (1)1998–1999 Diósgyőri VTK 3…
Andrew KehoeẢnh chụp c. 1920SinhAndrew Phillip Kehoe(1872-02-01)1 tháng 2, 1872Tecumseh, Michigan, Hoa KỳMất18 tháng 5, 1927(1927-05-18) (55 tuổi)Xã Bath, Quận Clinton, Michigan, Hoa KỳNguyên nhân mấtTự sát (chất nổ)Nghề nghiệpNông dân, thành viên hội đồng trường, Viên thủ quỷPhối ngẫuEllen Agnes Nellie Price(cưới 1912–1927)Chi tiếtNgày18 tháng 5 năm 1927Địa điểmXã Bath, Quận Clinto…
2021 film directed by Praveen Kandregula Cinema BandiRelease posterDirected byPraveen KandregulaWritten byVasanth MaringantiScreenplay byKrishna PrathyushaVasanth MaringantiPraveen KandregulaProduced byRaj & DKStarringVikas VasishtaSandeep VaranasiRag MayurCinematographyApoorva Anil Shaligram Sagar Y. V. V.Edited byDharmendra KakaralaRavi Teja GirijalaMusic bySatyavolu SirishVarun ReddyProductioncompanyD2R IndieDistributed byNetflixRelease date 14 May 2021 (2021-05-14) Running…
نفيسة مصطفى الشرقاوي معلومات شخصية الحياة العملية المهنة كاتِبة بوابة الأدب تعديل مصدري - تعديل هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر مغاير للذي أنشأها؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بقوالب الصيانة المناسبة. يمكن أيضاً تقديم طلب لمرا…
1917 film The Scarlet CarThe novel The Scarlet Car (1907) upon which the film was basedDirected byJoe De GrasseWritten byWilliam ParkerBased onThe Scarlet Carby Richard Harding DavisProduced byBluebird PhotoplaysStarringLon ChaneyFranklyn FarnumCinematographyKing D. GrayDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date December 24, 1917 (1917-12-24) Running time50 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles) The Scarlet Car is a 1917 American silent drama film direct…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.14.128.223