Heinz Vinke

Heinz Vinke
Born22 May 1920
Barby, Free State of Prussia, Weimar Republic
Died26 February 1944(1944-02-26) (aged 23)
English Channel, off Dunkirk, German-occupied France
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branchLuftwaffe
Years of service1938–44
RankOberfeldwebel
UnitNJG 1, NJG 2
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Heinz Vinke (22 May 1920 – 26 February 1944) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a night fighter ace credited with 54 aerial victories claimed in approximately 150 combat missions making him the eighteenth most successful night fighter pilot in the history of aerial warfare.[1][2] All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front in Defense of the Reich missions against the Royal Air Force's (RAF) Bomber Command.

Born in Barby, Vinke grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. Following graduation from school and the compulsory Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service), he joined the military service in 1938. Vinke then served with Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing), flying a Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter. Following an injury sustained in July 1941, he was posted to Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 (NJG 2—2nd Night Fighter Wing) where he claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 27/28 February 1942. Following his 25th aerial victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 19 September 1943. Vinke and his crew were shot down and killed in action on 26 February 1944, while on a search and rescue mission over the English Channel. He was posthumously bestowed with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.

Early life and career

Vinke was born on 22 May 1920 in Barby, in the Province of Saxony, a Free State of Prussia. He was the son of merchant Heinrich Vinke and his wife Martha, née Rehse. Until 1935, he attended school in Barby. While at school, he joined the Flying Hitler Youth (Flieger-HJ) and became a glider pilot, receiving his A, B and C license to fly glider aircraft. Following six months of compulsory National Labour Service, he joined the Luftwaffe on 1 April 1938.[3]

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. At the time, Vinke was based at Stargard on the Fliegerhorst Klützow, present-day Kluczewo Airfield, where he received his flight training which he completed in 1940.[Note 1] At Stargard, he met his future wife Erika Schröder and they were married on 20 April 1942 in Berlin-Kreuzberg.[4]

At first, he was trained as a Zerstörer (destroyer) pilot.[5] Holding the rank of Unteroffizier, he was posted to the 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing) in early 1941.[Note 2] On 25 July 1941, Vinke and his radio operator Gerhard Schlein flew Messerschmitt Bf 110 C (Werknummer 2075—factory number) over the North Sea in the vicinity of Texel when they suffered engine problems. Vinke instructed his radio operator to bail out, the parachute failed to open and Schlein fell to his death. Vinke made a forced landing in a corn field near De Cocksdorp, Texel, injuring his back. Vinke was first treated at a hospital in Den Burg and later at Heiloo.[6] Following seven months of convalescence, he was assigned to 5. Staffel (5th squadron) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 (NJG 2—2nd Night Fighter Wing), this unit was later redesignated to 11./NJG 1.[7]

Night fighter career

A map of part of the Kammhuber Line. The 'belt' and night fighter 'boxes' are shown.

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign.[8] By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.[9]

While serving with NJG 2 over Northern Europe, Vinke claimed his first air victory on 27 February 1942, an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-east of Leeuwarden.[10] The aircraft was the RAF Whitley Z9280 from No. 77 Squadron which crashed at 22:58 at Driesum. Four members of the crew, including Squadron Leader Leslie Hugh William Parkin (DFC), were killed in action and one man was taken prisoner of war.[11][12][13][14] For this victory, he received the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) that day.[15]

His next claim was filed on the night of 3/4 June 1942 when he shot down a Short Stirling at 02:16 over the Zuiderzee.[16] The same month, on 25/26 June at 00:42 again over the Zuiderzee, he claimed a Handley Page Halifax shot down. Flying Officer John Whittingham and another crew member died, and three others were taken prisoner.[17][18] His fourth victory was over a Vickers Wellington shot down into the IJsselmeer on 28 June 1942 at 00:54 east of Enkhuizen. Flying Officer Derek Osborne and his crew of four were lost.[19][20][21] Credited with four victories, Vinke was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse) on 1 July 1942.[22] He became an ace when he shot down his fifth opponent, a Vickers Wellington bomber, on the night of 27/28 August 1942 at 02:32.[23] On 9 October, while under the influence of alcohol, Vinke was involved in a small arms accident which resulted in the injury of another soldier. He, and two other involved soldiers, were taken to the Luftwaffe headquarters in Amsterdam. A court-martial sentenced him to five days of confinement.[6] On 9 January 1943, Vinke was again put under arrest and grounded following an unauthorized nosedive over the Leeuwarden Air Base resulting in significant damage to a parked Bf 110 F-4.[24] On 29 March 1943, Vinke was awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) and the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Night Fighters (Frontflugspange für Nachtjäger).[22][25]

Vinke flew regularly during the Battle of the Ruhr. One of two claims on the 9 April 1943 was Lancaster ED554 "EM-Q", from No. 207 Squadron RAF. The action caused the death of Sergeant Harold Healy RCAF and his crew. The seven men are buried in Amsterdam's New Eastern Cemetery.[26][27] On the night of the 13/14 May 1943 he claimed a 23rd victory over the Netherlands. It may have been Wellington MS473; or misidentified and actually Lancaster ED589 "WS-P" from No. 9 Squadron RAF. Sergeant George Saxton and his crew were killed.[28] His 27th victory was claimed at 02:26 on the night of 22/23 June 1943, Stirling EH889, which crashed into the Ijsselmeer approximately 8 kilometres (5 miles) east of Oosterland, killing Flight Lieutenant T.F. McCrorie and crew.[29][30] Three nights later, on 25/26 June at 02:47, he claimed his 28th victory over an Avro Lancaster bomber approximately 50 kilometres (31 miles) west of Den Helder, killing Squadron Leader Alfred Young and another six on board.[31][32]

This gun sequence, taken from F/O. George Hardy's aircraft, shows Vinke's Messerschmitt's starboard engine exploding, shortly before it dived to its destruction in the English Channel.

On 17/18 August 1943, RAF Bomber Command targeted Peenemünde and the V-weapons test centre. Five Bristol Beaufighter night fighters of No. 141 Squadron, under the command of Wing Commander Bob Braham, intercepted five Messerschmitt Bf 110s from IV. Gruppe (4th group) of NJG 1, and Feldwebel (Sergeant) Georg Kraft (14 victories) and Feldwebel Vinke (at the time with 20 claims) were both shot down by Braham near Schiermonnikoog. Vinke was the only one of his crew to survive.[33] Vinke observed the demise of Kraft and attempted to attack the Beaufighter in the same way, from below and to starboard. The British airmen managed to obtain a visual contact on Vinke in time, and out-turned him. The control column was shot out from his hand and the British caused fatal damage to the Bf 110 from short range, just missing a collision.[34] Following the death of his former crew Feldwebel Karl Schödel and Unteroffizier Johann Gaa, Vinke teamed up with Unteroffizier Rudolf Dunger.[35]

Vinke was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 19 September 1943, the nomination had been submitted for 25 aerial victories claimed earlier.[36] The presentation was made by Generalmajor Joachim-Friedrich Huth.[5] Just four days later, Vinke shot down Lancaster DV201 for his 29th victory.[37]

Vinke continued to claim through October. On 7 October 1943, Vinke accounted for a Short Stirling 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Vlieland, one source suggests Stirling EH990 "LS-K" from No. 15 Squadron RAF. The bomber was on a mine-laying operation; the pilot Flight Sergeant Thomas Robertson Ewen of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve and his crew died on their only war mission. Vinke made the Stirling claim in the same area and time.[38] On 8/9 October, one source identifies his 33rd aerial victory as possibly Lancaster JB181 from No. 7 Squadron RAF. Flying Officer Bruce Macpherson and his crew were all killed; the eldest was 22, the youngest, air gunner Sergeant Eric Brinton, 17 years old.[38][39] On 20 October, Vinke downed a Lancaster JB154 of the Pathfinders No. 83 Squadron returning from a Leipzig mission at 21:35 near Anreep, Netherlands. Squadron Leader R.J. Manton (pilot) and all his crew were killed.[40]

On 19/20 February 1944, Vinke claimed three aerial victories, two Lancasters and one Halifax bomber. His first claim of the night, a Lancaster, occurred at 01:46 in sector "BM-77", the second Lancaster was claimed at 01:57 in sector "BM-78", while the Halifax was claimed to be shot down at 02:13 in sector "CX-62".[41][Note 3] Vinke also claimed two other victories that day, earning him the title of "ace-in-a-day". He shot down Lancaster JA921 at 05:08 over the southeast Netherlands, killing Warrant Officer Ramsey Stanners of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve and 5 others on board, whilst also destroying Lancaster JB609 at 05:34 15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Apeldoorn, killing its crew.[43][44][45][46]

Oberfeldwebel (Master Sergeant) Vinke was shot down and killed while flying Messerschmitt Bf 110 G-4 (Werknummer 740136) of 11./NJG 1 on 26 February 1944, while on a search and rescue mission over the English Channel. The victors were two Hawker Typhoons of No. 198 Squadron RAF, flown by F/L. (later Colonel) Raymond "Cheval" Lallamont DFC and F/O. George Hardy. His crew of Unteroffizier Rudolf Dunger and Unteroffizier Rudolf Walter were also killed. Their bodies were never recovered. [11] On 25 April 1944, he was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub), the 465th officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht so honored.[25] Vinke was credited with 54 aerial victories, all of them at night, claimed in approximately 150 combat missions operations.[7]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 53 nocturnal victory claims[47] Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Vinke with 51 claims.[48]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Vinke an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates aerial victories listed in Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945 but not in Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims.
Claim Date Time Type Location Serial No./Squadron No.
– 5. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 –[49]
1 27 February 1942 22:58 Whitley 22 km (14 mi) northeast of Leeuwarden[10] Z9280[50]
2 4 June 1942 02:16 Stirling Zuiderzee[16] W7537[50]
3 26 June 1942 00:42 Halifax Zuiderzee[17] W1067[50]
4! 28 June 1942 00:42 Wellington east of Enkhuizen[19] X3309[50]
5 28 August 1942 02:32 Wellington[23] east of Enkhuizen[49] Z8403[50]
6 5 September 1942 02:51 Halifax 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Enkhuizen[51]
7 14 September 1942 23:48 Wellington north of Texel[52] Z8505[50]
8 16 September 1942 22:45 Stirling 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Bergen aan Zee[52] R9318[50]
– 11. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –[48]
9 17 January 1943 20:25 Lancaster 35 km (22 mi) north of Terschelling[53] W4321[50]
10! 28 January 1943 00:28 Wellington[54]
11 26 February 1943 22:28 Stirling 50 km (31 mi) west of Katwijk aan Zee[55] R9279[50]
12 5 March 1943 22:35 Wellington 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Amsterdam[56] BK401[50]
13 12 March 1943 22:55 Wellington 50 km (31 mi) west of IJmuiden[57] HZ263[50]
14 30 March 1943 00:20 Wellington 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Zandvoort[58] X3965[50]
15 9 April 1943 22:42 Lancaster 16 km (9.9 mi) northwest of Amsterdam[59] ED554/No. 207 Squadron[60]
16 9 April 1943 23:49 Lancaster 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Utrecht[59] ED521[50]
17 10 April 1943 00:14 Stirling[59] ED724/No. 103 Squadron[60]
18 27 April 1943 02:08 Stirling Zuiderzee[61] BK657[50]
19 27 April 1943 02:34 Halifax north of Texel[61] DG423[50]
20 1 May 1943 02:26 Halifax Muiderberg[62] JB803[50]
21 13 May 1943 02:02 Lancaster Eesterga[63] ED418[50]
22 13 May 1943 02:17 Lancaster 18 km (11 mi) north-northeast of Utrecht[63] W4955[50]
23 14 May 1943 03:07 Wellington 35 km (22 mi) west of IJmuiden[64] MS473[50]
24 24 May 1943 02:01 Lancaster 40 km (25 mi) west of Egmond aan Zee[65] ED970[50]
25 24 May 1943 02:24 Halifax 2 km (1.2 mi) west of Leiden[65] HR836[37]
26 26 May 1943 02:33 Stirling 5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of IJmuiden[65] EH876[37]
27 23 June 1943 02:26 Stirling 8 km (5.0 mi) east of Oosterland[29] EH889[37]
28 26 June 1943 02:47 Lancaster 50 km (31 mi) west of Den Helder[31] EE125[37]
29 23 September 1943 23:25 Lancaster[66] DV201[37]
30 3 October 1943 21:12 Lancaster[67] JA972[37]
31 3 October 1943 23:22 Halifax west of Terschelling[68] DK201[37]
32 7 October 1943 20:26 Stirling 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Vlieland[69] EH990[37]
33 9 October 1943 00:28 Halifax 30 km (19 mi) south of Groningen[69]
34 20 October 1943 21:35 Lancaster Anreep, southeast of Assen[70] JB154[37]
35 20 October 1943 22:32 Lancaster 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Nijmegen[71] SD555[37]
36 11 November 1943 20:24 Lancaster 80 km (50 mi) northwest of Terschelling[72] HX158[37]
37 23 November 1943 18:26 Lancaster[73] PQ DK-93[74] JA932[37]
38 3 January 1944 01:27 Lancaster[75] DV401[37]
39 14 January 1944 20:33 Halifax[76] ND421[37]
40 19/20 January 1944
—
 Lancaster[76]
41 22 January 1944 21:07 Lancaster[77]
42 22 January 1944 01:12 Lancaster[78] DS824[37]
43 29 January 1944 05:10 Lancaster[79]
44 29 January 1944 05:55 Lancaster[79]
45 29 January 1944 06:14 Lancaster[79]
46 30 January 1944 22:10 Lancaster Kolhorn[80]
47 30 January 1944 22:25 Lancaster[81] DS706[37]
48 15 February 1944 22:38 Lancaster IJsselmeer[41] DS426[37]
49♠ 20 February 1944 01:44 Lancaster PQ BM-77[41]
50♠ 20 February 1944 01:57 Lancaster PQ BM-78[41] DS794[37]
51♠ 20 February 1944 02:13 Halifax PQ CK 62[41] LL184[37]
52♠ 20 February 1944 05:08 Lancaster PQ HK 3-1[43] JA921[37]
53♠ 20 February 1944 05:34 Lancaster 15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Apeldoorn[43] JB609[37]

Awards

Promotions

1938: Flieger (lowest rank of enlisted men)[88]
1939: Gefreiter (lance corporal)[88]
1939: Obergefreiter (senior lance corporal)[88]
1940: Unteroffizier (subordinate officer, corporal)[88]
1942: Feldwebel (sergeant)[88]
1943: Oberfeldwebel (master sergeant)[88]

Notes

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. For pilots destined to fly multi-engine aircraft, the training was completed with the Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot's Certificate (Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein), also known as the C-Certificate.
  2. ^ For an explanation of the meaning of Luftwaffe unit designation see Organisation of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. ^ Victory claims were also logged in a Planquadrat (grid reference), for example "BM-77". The grid map was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2).[42]
  4. ^ According to Ulrich on 4 July 1943.[15]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Scutts 1998, p. 88.
  2. ^ Heaton et al. 2011, p. 240.
  3. ^ Ulrich 2018, p. 9.
  4. ^ Ulrich 2018, pp. 9, 15.
  5. ^ a b Stockert 2007, p. 138.
  6. ^ a b Ulrich 2018, p. 15.
  7. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 66.
  8. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 9.
  9. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 27.
  10. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 35.
  11. ^ a b Bowman 2016.
  12. ^ "Archive Report: Whitley V Z9280". Aircrew Remembered. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  13. ^ "Whitley Z9280 KN-K" (PDF). driezum info. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  14. ^ Accident description for Whitley Z9280 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  15. ^ a b c d Ulrich 2018, p. 44.
  16. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 43.
  17. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 47.
  18. ^ Accident description for Halifax W1067 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  19. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 48.
  20. ^ Accident description for Wellington X3309 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  21. ^ "Archive Report: Wellington III X3309". Aircrew Remembered. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  22. ^ a b c Ulrich 2018, p. 19.
  23. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 56.
  24. ^ Ulrich 2018, p. 16.
  25. ^ a b Stockert 2007, p. 139.
  26. ^ Chorley 1996, p. 100.
  27. ^ Accident description for Lancaster ED554 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  28. ^ Chorley 1996, p. 145.
  29. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 88.
  30. ^ Accident description for Stirling EH889 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  31. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 90.
  32. ^ "Young A." International Bomber Command Centre. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  33. ^ Thomas 2013.
  34. ^ Spick 2011, p. 172.
  35. ^ Middlebrook 2014, p. 98.
  36. ^ Ulrich 2018, p. 33.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Ulrich 2018, p. 43.
  38. ^ a b Chorley 1996, p. 352.
  39. ^ "Archive Report: Lancaster III JB181". Aircrew Remembered. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  40. ^ Accident description for Lancaster JB154 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 21 February 2022.
  41. ^ a b c d e Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 148.
  42. ^ Hinchliffe 1999, p. 208.
  43. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 150.
  44. ^ Accident description for Lancaster JA921 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  45. ^ "Archive Report: Lancaster III JA921". Aircrew Remembered. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  46. ^ Accident description for Lancaster JB609 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  47. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 35–150.
  48. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1353–1354.
  49. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1353.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Ulrich 2018, p. 42.
  51. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 57.
  52. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 59.
  53. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 65.
  54. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 66.
  55. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 68.
  56. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 70.
  57. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 71.
  58. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 72.
  59. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 73.
  60. ^ a b Bowman 2016, p. 139.
  61. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 76.
  62. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 77.
  63. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 79.
  64. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 80.
  65. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 82.
  66. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 116.
  67. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 118.
  68. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 119.
  69. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 120.
  70. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 123.
  71. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 124.
  72. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 126.
  73. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 129.
  74. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1354.
  75. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 138.
  76. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 141.
  77. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 142.
  78. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 143.
  79. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 145.
  80. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 146.
  81. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 147.
  82. ^ Ulrich 2018, p. 45.
  83. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 208.
  84. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 487.
  85. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 759.
  86. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 431.
  87. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 82.
  88. ^ a b c d e f Ulrich 2018, p. 11.

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