Grzywna (unit)

For a currency of Kievan Rus', see Grivna.
Ax-like grzywnas from Kostkowice, Poland, 9th to mid-10th century AD

The grzywna (Polish: [ˈɡʐɨvna]) was a measure of weight, mainly for silver, commonly used throughout medieval central and eastern Europe, particularly in the Kingdom of Poland and Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech: hřivna).

Grzywna was also a unit of measure of a unit of exchange, and as such used as money in the 10th–15th centuries. Silver ingots acted as commodity money before the widespread use of minted coins. Several different grzywnas developed with their own system of weight and exchange, such as the Kulm grzywna and the Kraków grzywna.

Etymology

The name is derived from Proto-Slavic *grivĭna 'necklace' from Proto-Slavic *griva 'neck, nape, mane'.[1] In modern Polish, grzywna literally translates as fine (legal penalty).

Kraków grzywna

The Kraków grzywna, used in Poland, weighed anywhere from 196.26 g to 201.86 g, depending on the timeframe. In the 14th century, it was equal to 196.26 g, while in the beginning of the 16th century in weighed 197.684 g, but after 1558 it was equivalent to 201.802 g and after 1650 it was 201.86 g.

The Kraków grzywna was subdivided thus: 4 wiarduneks or quarters = 8 ounces = 16 drams = 24 skojecs = 96 grains = 240 denarii = 480 obols

As a measure of unit of exchange, the Kraków grzywna was equal to 48 Prague groschen. During the rule of Władysław I the Elbow-high 576 denarii were struck from one Kraków grzywna of silver. During the rule of his son Casimir the Great, 768 denarii were struck from it and during the reign of Władysław II Jagiełło, it was 864 denarii.

See also

References

  1. ^ Brückner, Aleksander (1985) [1927]. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish). Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna. p. 163.


Stub icon

This standards- or measurement-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Stub icon

This money or currency-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Read other articles:

قوائم فرق بطولة أمم أوروبا 1972

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (مارس 2016) القوائم التالية هي قوائم الدول المشاركة في بطولة أمم أوروبا 1972 في بلجيكا التي أقيمت من 14 يونيو إلى 18 يونيو 19...

 

2011 Royal Moroccan Air Force C-130 crash

2011 aviation disaster near Guelmim, Morocco This article needs to be updated. Please help update this to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2019) 2011 Royal Moroccan Air Force C-130 crashA Moroccan Air Force C-130H Hercules similar to the one involvedAccidentDate26 July 2011SummaryUnder investigationSiteNear Guelmim Airport, Guelmim, Morocco 29°03′N 9°56′W / 29.050°N 9.933°W / 29.050; -9.933AircraftAircraft typeLockheed C-130...

 

Синелобый амазон

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

Sergey Bubka

Untuk putranya, pemain tenis, lihat Sergei Bubka (tenis). Serhii BubkaSerhii Bubka pada tahun 2013Informasi pribadiNama asliСергі́й Наза́рович Бу́бкаNama lengkapSerhii Nazarovych BubkaKewarganegaraanUkrainaLahir04 Desember 1963 (umur 60)Voroshilovgrad, RSS Ukraina, Uni SovietPendidikanPhD di Pedagogy, budaya fisikaAlma materAkademi Sains Ukraina, Institut Negara Bagian KievTahun aktif1981–2001Tinggi183 m (600 ft 5 in)Berat80 kg (176 ...

 

Florida

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Florida (disambigua). Floridastato federato(EN) State of Florida (dettagli) (dettagli) LocalizzazioneStato Stati Uniti AmministrazioneCapoluogoTallahassee GovernatoreRon DeSantis (R) dal 2019 Lingue ufficialiinglese, spagnolo Data di istituzione3 marzo 1845 TerritorioCoordinatedel capoluogo30°27′06″N 84°16′06″W / 30.451667°N 84.268334°W30.451667; -84.268334 (Florida)Coordinate: 30°27...

 

Kontes Kecantikan di Indonesia

Agni Pratistha, Puteri Indonesia 2006 saat berkompetisi di Miss Universe 2007, Meksiko Indonesia memiliki 3 kontes kecantikan utama berdasarkan warlaba kontes yang dibeli dari anggota Empat Besar kontes kecantikan internasional yang masih dilaksanakan setiap tahunnya, yakni; Puteri Indonesia (Miss International),[1] Miss Indonesia (Miss World), dan Putri Nusantara (Miss Earth). Dalam budaya populer, Puteri Indonesia telah dianggap sebagai pelopor kontes kecantikan tertua di Indonesia ...

Tobermore

Village in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland For the townland of Tobermore, see Tobermore (townland). Human settlement in Northern IrelandTobermoreIrish: An Tobar MórThe village centreTobermoreLocation within Northern IrelandPopulation578 (2001 Census)Irish grid referenceH8396• Belfast34 mi (55 km)DistrictMid-UlsterCountyCounty LondonderryCountryNorthern IrelandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townMAGHERAFELTPostcode districtBT45Dialling cod...

 

Bessye J. Bearden

Bessye J. BeardenBornBessye BanksNovember 1893Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.DiedSeptember 16, 1943(1943-09-16) (aged 49)Harlem, New York, U.S.NationalityAmericanEducationVirginia Normal and Industrial InstituteOccupationJournalistSpouseRichard Howard Bearden Bessye Johnson Bearden (November 1893 – September 16, 1943)[1][2] was an American journalist and civic activist, who was the mother of artist Romare Bearden. Biography Born in Atlantic City, New Jers...

 

استيبان غوتييريس

استيبان غوتييريس معلومات شخصية الميلاد 5 أغسطس 1991مونتيري، المكسيك الجنسية مكسيكي الحياة العملية المهنة سائق فورمولا 1  نوع السباق سباق سيارات  معلومات رياضية سنوات السباق 2013–2014 الفرق فريق هاس اف ونمرسيدس أيه أم جي  أول سباق جائزة أستراليا الكبرى 2013 آخر ترتيب 20th (0 p...

NSVS 14256825

Eclipsing binary star in the constellation Aquila NSVS 14256825 A visual band light curve for NSVS 14256825, adapted from Almeida et al. (2012)[1] Observation dataEpoch J2000      Equinox J2000 Constellation Aquila Right ascension 20h 20m 00.45867s[2] Declination +04° 37′ 56.5198″[2] Apparent magnitude (V) 13.2[3] Characteristics Spectral type sdOB / M V[3] AstrometryRadial velocity...

 

Witch Watch

Witch Watchウィッチウォッチ(Witchi Wotchi)Copertina del primo volume dell'edizione italiana, raffigurante Nico Wakatsuki Generefantasy[1], commedia romantica[2] MangaAutoreKenta Shinohara EditoreShūeisha RivistaWeekly Shōnen Jump Targetshōnen 1ª edizione8 febbraio 2021 – in corso Periodicitàsettimanale Tankōbon16 (in corso) Editore it.Star Comics Collana 1ª ed. it.Stardust 1ª edizione it.31 maggio 2023...

 

Higher Institute of Mining, Industry and Geology

Higher Institute of Mining, Industry and GeologyÉcole des Mines, de l'Industrie et de la Géologie (EMIG)TypePublic – Government of NigerMinistry of Education)Established1990 (First Academic Year)AffiliationAgence universitaire de la francophonie (AUF)[1]Students356 (2010)LocationNiamey, Niamey Capitol District, NigerCampusMain: 1349 rue du CHU LamordéBP 732/Niamey, NigerWebsitehttp://www.emig-niger.org/ Higher Institute of Mining, Industry and Geology (fr. École des Mines, de l...

Christopher Jacob Boström

Swedish philosopher (1797–1866) Boström: oil painting by C.J. Hällström, 1892 Christopher Jacob Boström (1 January 1797 in Piteå, Norrbotten – 22 March 1866 in Uppsala) was a Swedish philosopher. His ideas dominated Swedish philosophy until the beginning of the twentieth century.[1] He also had a great influence on Swedish cultural life.[citation needed] Biography As a student he briefly studied theology, and religion remained his primary interest throughout his life....

 

Spanish conquest of Yucatán

Campaign against Late Postclassic Maya See also: Spanish conquest of Guatemala and Spanish conquest of Petén vteSpanish conquestof the Maya Chiapas Guatemala Petén Yucatán vteSpanish colonial campaigns 15th century Canary Islands (1402–96) Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478) Guinea (1478) Algeria (1497) Melilla (1497) 16th century Algeria (1505) Algeria (1507) Morocco (1508) Algeria (1509) Algeria (1510) Tripoli (1510) Tunisia (1510) Puerto Rico (1511–29) Algeria (1516) Algeria (1517�...

 

Sistema universitario estatal de Florida

Mapa del sistema El Sistema universitario estatal de Florida (State University System of Florida en idioma inglés) es un sistema universitario público de Florida (Estados Unidos). Se trata de una red de universidades públicas estatales compuesto por doce instituciones y fue fundado en 1905. Tiene su sede administrativa en Tallahassee. El sistema está formado por las siguientes universidades: New College de Florida Universidad Agrónoma y Mecánica de Florida Universidad Atlántica de Flor...

David C. Banks

New York City Schools Chancellor For other uses, see David Banks. David BanksChancellor of the New York City Department of EducationIncumbentAssumed office January 1, 2022MayorEric AdamsPreceded byMeisha Ross Porter Personal detailsBorn (1962-01-14) January 14, 1962 (age 62)Domestic partnerSheena WrightChildren4RelativesPhilip Banks III (brother)EducationRutgers University, New Brunswick (BA)St. John’s University (JD) David C. Banks (born January 14, 1962) is an American attorney a...

 

Thomas F. Conway

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Thomas F. Conway – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024)American politician Thomas F. Conway Thomas Franklin Conway (May 4, 1862 – November 9, 1945) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was the lieutenant gov...

 

Mossel Bay Local Municipality elections

This article is part of a series on thePolitics of theWestern Cape ConstitutionList of acts of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament ExecutivePremier The Hon Alan Winde MMP Provincial Cabinet Provincial ParliamentWestern Cape Parliament The Sixth Provincial Parliament Speaker Masizole Mnqasela MMP Deputy Speaker Beverley Schäfer MMP Chief Whip of the Majority Party Mireille Wenger MMP Leader of the Opposition Cameron Dugmore MMP Chief Whip of the Official Opposition Pat Lekker MMP Politica...

Hemileia vastatrix

Hemileia vastatrix Gejala karat daun kopi Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Fungi Divisi: Basidiomycota Kelas: Pucciniomycetes Ordo: Pucciniales Genus: Hemileia Spesies: H. vastatrix Nama binomial Hemileia vastatrixBerk. & Broome Hemileia vastatrix adalah cendawan anggota ordo Pucciniales (dulu juga dikenal sebagai Uredinales) yang menyebabkan penyakit karat daun kopi. Penyakit ini sejak pertengahan abad ke-19 sampai sekarang masih menjadi salah satu penyakit tumbuhan yang paling merugik...

 

M163対空自走砲

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。 出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（このテンプレートの使い方）出典検索?: M163対空自走砲 – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL (2018年8月) M163対空自走砲 基礎データ全長 4,86m全幅 2,86m�...