Grodno region, also known as Grodno oblast[b] or Hrodna voblasts,[c] is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center, Grodno, is the largest city in the region. As of 2024, it has a population of 992,556.[3]
This region comprised the westernmost "borderlands" of the early East Slavs (possibly the tribal union Dregoviches) on the lands of the Balts in the 6th–9th centuries CE. The city of Grodno is first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle under the year 1127 as Goroden; it was located at the crossing of numerous trading routes, possibly originating as far as the late 10th century, and it became the capital of a poorly attested but separate principality.[6] In the 12th–14th centuries, it formed part of the area sometimes known as Black Ruthenia, which was fully incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 13th century.[7] The Baltic Yotvingians who inhabited the Grodno region became increasingly Lithuanized, especially during the formation of the State of Lithuania in the 13th century. As a result, Grodno and its surroundings were included in Ethnographic Lithuania for long thereafter. (e.g. in the 19th century the Lithuanian-inhabited areas were still nearby the present-day suburbs of Grodno city).[8]
In 1413, the area became administratively divided between the newly established Trakai Voivodeship and the Vilnius Voivodeship. In 1507, the southern part of the current oblast became part of the newly formed Nowogródek Voivodeship. Historical cities of notable importance were Grodno (seat of Grodno County and one of the main royal residences of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) Nowogródek (provincial capital since 1507) county seats of Vawkavysk, Slonim and Lida, and Mir, private town of the powerful Radziwiłł family, which were granted Magdeburg Law charters in 1441, 1511, 1503, 1532, 1590 and 1579 respectively.[9]
The strong economic development of the area continued during the reign of Casimir's son—Duke Alexander Jagiellon of Lithuania (r. 1492–1506)—who founded the first solid bridge over the Neman River, as well as the Monasteries of the Order of Saint Augustine and of the Polish Ordo Fratrum Minorum. Later, Bona Sforza, Queen consort of Poland and Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania (r. 1518-1548), established her royal residence in Grodno. According to medieval surveys, Grodno had 35 streets and 700 houses in 1558.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Grodno, one of the most developed and important cities in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, was traditionally recognized as the third capital of the commonwealth. Deterioration of the province's status began with the Livonian War between 1558 and 1583, which pitted the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire in a lengthy and exhausting military conflict against the Tsardom of Russia. Between 1765 and 1780, the province regained some of its previous status when Antoni Tyzenhaus, the Treasurer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Administrator of Polish Royal Estates, governed the capital and the province. Tyzenhaus fostered around 50 new commercial endeavors in the region with the building of manufactures, mills and workshops.
As part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and due to subsequent Partitions of Poland, the whole of the Grodno region was annexed by the Russian Empire by the end of 1795. The city of Grodno then became a seat for the Grodno Governorate.
During World War I the governorate was occupied by Germany. German troops entered Grodno city on 3rd September 1915, plundering the Library of Dominicans Order. During the German occupation, Polish citizens of Grodno region were persecuted and had restricted civil rights. Towards the end of the war, the Belarusian People's Republic (BNR) declared its' independence from Soviet Russia in March 1918 in Minsk. Grodno was the site of the last stand of the BNR's Council (Rada). Soon, the council was forced to flee as Soviet troops invaded the region and the city in 1919. The same year the Polish–Soviet War broke out and continued until 1921.
Under the terms of the Peace Treaty of Riga the region and the city returned to the Second Polish Republic which claimed rights to this territory as a successor to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and as a victorious side of the Polish–Soviet War. By 1939, Grodno city had 60,000 inhabitants, with Poles and Jews accounting for 60% and 37% of the population, respectively. During Polish rule, Grodno was the center of Grodno County in Białystok Voivodeship, but some parts of present Grodno region were in the voivodeships of Nowogródek and Wilno.
After World War II started, on 17 September 1939 (Soviet Invasion of Poland), the Grodno area was invaded by Soviet Union and incorporated, by force, to the Soviet Union as part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Over 300 captured Polish defenders of Grodno, including Polish Army officers and youth, were massacred by the Soviets.[10] Grodno was located in the newly established Belastok region. Thousands were imprisoned or deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan.[11] In the early summer of 1941 the region fell under Nazi German occupation. In November 1941, German occupants established the Grodno Ghetto for Jewish citizens of Grodno and the rest of the region. In 1942, after a year of severe persecution and planned starvation of ghetto inhabitants, 10,000 Jews from Grodno were deported to the German concentration camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau and murdered there. The following year, in 1943, 17,000 of the surviving ghetto inhabitants were again deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau as well as to the Treblinka extermination camp and the Białystok Ghetto. Although on 13 March 1943, German troops reported the end of the extermination and described Grodno city as judenrein (free of Jews), around 50 Jews survived, some hidden by non-Jewish families. Polish and Soviet underground forces acted in the region. Villages like Dziarečyn, which originally had large Jewish populations, were greatly reduced.
As a result of Joseph Stalin's policy of expansion to the west, it was decided (during the Yalta Conference) that the Polish eastern border shall be set along the so-called "original" Curzon Line. Based on this decision, the left-bank part of Grodno town would be kept within the borders of Poland. It is actually not clear till today, how the original Curzon Line near Grodno has been moved by around 20km to the west. When the so-called "mistake" (today regarded rather as sabotage within British ministry structures) became obvious to negotiators, Stalin refused to correct the mistaken line. Despite multiple and desperate appeals from Polish citizens of Grodno, the whole Grodno region, including the Sapotskin Triangle (ethnically Polish till today), was incorporated to the Soviet Belarus and many Poles emigrated or were expelled.[12]
In 1944, the Belastok region was dissolved and Grodno region established.
There are about 45 travel agencies in Grodno region, half of them provide agent activity, the other half are tour operators.[13][14]
Demographics
The province covers an area of 25,100 km2 and has a population of 1,065,100, giving a population density of 42/km2.[15] About 63.5% live in cities and towns, while 36.5% live in rural areas. Females account for 53% of the region's population and men 47%. There are about 310,000 children under 19, and about 240,000 people aged over 60.
Nowadays, Belarusians account for 62.3% of the population. The region is a home to significant minority populations.
Population (1930)
Poles (60.5%)
Jews (37.5%)
Belarusians (0.5%)
Russians (0.5%)
Ukrainians (0.2%)
Lithuanians (0.2%)
Tatars (0.2%)
Lithuanians (0.2%)
other nationalities (0.2%)
Population (2002)
Belarusians (62.3%)
Poles (24.8%)
Russians (10%)
Ukrainians (1.8%)
Jews (0.4%)
Tatars (0.2%)
Lithuanians (0.2%)
other nationalities (0.4%)
Whereas Belarus as a whole is primarily Russian Orthodox, Grodno region has two major religions, Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox. There are 449 religious communities and 18 denominations, 2 Russian Orthodox eparchial districts, 1 Orthodox nun sorority, 2 Catholic monk brotherhoods, 1 Catholic nun sorority, 2 Orthodox and 4 Catholic monasteries, 165 Orthodox and 169 Catholic churches. The Catholic minority[citation needed] is made up mostly[citation needed] of Poles, although the identifier "Pole" has also been historically applied to Catholic Belarusians.
In 2016, Grodno region produced 10.9% of the industrial output of Belarus.[17] The biggest company was a nitrogen fertilizer producer, Grodno Azot (16% of regional industrial output).[18] In 2017, the biggest taxpayer of the region was Grodno tobacco factory.[19]
The average salary (before income tax) in the region in 2017 was 700 BYN, lower than the average salary in Belarus (820 BYN). The highest salary in the region was recorded in Grodno (810 BYN).[20]
Unemployment rate in 2017 was estimated at 4.4%, but only 0.8% of the population of employable age was registered as unemployed.[21]
^Rewieńska, Wanda (1938). Miasta i miasteczka magdeburskie w woj. wileńskim i nowogródzkim (in Polish). Lida. pp. 11–12.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Agresja sowiecka na Polskę i okupacja wschodnich terenów Rzeczypospolitej 1939–1941 (in Polish). Białystok-Warszawa: IPN. 2019. p. 9. ISBN978-83-8098-706-7.
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