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Granola
	A bowl of granola served with yogurt and fruit
Type	Cereals
Place of origin	United States
Main ingredients	Rolled oats, nuts, seeds, honey or other sweeteners
	Cookbook: Granola; Media: Granola;

Granola is a food consisting of rolled oats, nuts, seeds, honey or other sweeteners such as brown sugar, and sometimes puffed rice, that is usually baked until crisp, toasted and golden brown. The mixture is stirred while baking to avoid burning and to maintain a loose breakfast cereal consistency. Dried fruit, such as raisins and dates, and confections such as chocolate are sometimes added. Granola is often eaten in combination with yogurt, honey, fresh fruit (such as bananas, strawberries or blueberries), milk or other forms of cereal. It also serves as a topping for various pastries, desserts or ice cream. Muesli is similar to granola, except that it is traditionally neither sweetened nor baked.

Granola is sometimes taken when hiking, camping, or backpacking because it is nutritious, lightweight, high in calories, and easy to store (properties that make it similar to trail mix and muesli). Manufacturers also add honey, corn syrup, or maple syrup to it and compress it into granola bars, which make it easy to carry for packed lunches, hiking, or other outdoor activities.

History

Granula was invented in Dansville, New York, by Dr. James Caleb Jackson at the Jackson Sanitarium in 1863.^[1] The Jackson Sanitarium was a prominent health spa that operated into the early 20th century on the hillside overlooking Dansville. It was also known as Our Home on the Hillside; thus the company formed to sell Jackson's cereal was known as the Our Home Granula Company. Granula was composed of Graham flour and was similar to an oversized form of Grape-Nuts. A similar cereal was developed by John Harvey Kellogg. It too was initially known as Granula, but the name was changed to Granola to avoid legal problems with Jackson.^[2]

The food and name were revived in the 1960s, and fruits and nuts were added to it to make it a health food that was popular with the health and nature-oriented hippie movement. Due to this connection, the descriptors "granola" and "crunchy-granola" have entered colloquial use as a way to label people and things associated with the movement.^[3]

Another major promoter was Layton Gentry, profiled in Time as "Johnny Granola-Seed".^[4] In 1964, Gentry sold the rights to a granola recipe using oats, which he claimed to have invented himself, to Sovex Natural Foods for $3,000. The company was founded in 1953 in Holly, Michigan by the Hurlinger family with the main purpose of producing a concentrated paste of brewers yeast and soy sauce known as "Sovex". Earlier in 1964, it had been bought by John Goodbrad and moved to Collegedale, Tennessee. In 1967, Gentry bought back the rights for west of the Rockies for $1,500 and then sold the west coast rights to Wayne Schlotthauer of Lassen Foods in Chico, California, for $18,000.^[4] Lassen was founded from a health food bakery run by Schlotthauer's father-in-law.^[5]

In 1969, during Woodstock, Lisa Law asked the festival organizers for $3,000 to buy, in New York City, rolled oats, bulgar wheat, wheat germ, dried apricots, currants, almonds, soy sauce, and honey to make muesli. Volunteers fed circa 130,000 people with Dixie cups.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

In 1972, an executive at Pet Milk, St. Louis, Missouri, introduced Heartland Natural Cereal, the first major commercial granola.^[5] At almost the same time, the Quaker Oats Company introduced Quaker 100% Natural Granola. Quaker was threatened with legal action by Gentry, and they subsequently changed the name of their product to Harvest Crunch. Within a year, Kellogg's had introduced its "Country Morning" granola cereal and General Mills had introduced its "Nature Valley".^[12] In 1974, McKee Baking (later McKee Foods), makers of Little Debbie snack cakes, purchased Sovex. In 1998, the company also acquired the Heartland brand and moved its manufacturing to Collegedale. In 2004, Sovex's name was changed to "Blue Planet Foods".^[13]^[14]^[15]

Granola bar

Closeup of a granola bar showing the detail of its pressed shape

Granola bars (or muesli bars) have become popular as a snack, similar to the traditional flapjack familiar in the British Isles and Newfoundland. Granola bars consist of granola mixed with honey or other sweetened syrup, pressed and baked into a bar shape, resulting in the production of a more convenient snack. The product is most popular in the United States,^[16] Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, parts of southern Europe, Brazil, Israel, South Africa, and Japan.

Matzo granola

Matzo granola is a breakfast food eaten by some Jewish people during the holiday of Passover. It consists of broken up matzo pieces in place of oats. Many variations are possible by adding other ingredients.^[17]^[18]^[19]

Trademark

The names Granula and Granola were registered trademarks in the late 19th century United States for foods consisting of sweetened whole grain products crumbled and then baked until crisp. The name is now a trademark only in Australia and New Zealand. However, the use of the term granola in Australia was clarified in 2012 when Sanitarium Health foods alleged trademark infringement by the word's usage on the product labels of Irrewarra sourdough. The Federal Court of Australia concluded that use of the word granola had become commonplace and could not infringe Sanitarium's right to the term when used to describe the product itself, rather than as a trademark.^[20]

Notes

^ "The Nibble: Granola Girl. Part 1, the History of Granola". Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ Perman, Cindy (2013-01-15). New York Curiosities, 2nd: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7627-7496-8.
^ "Crunchy-granola Definition & Meaning". dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
^ ^a ^b Time 1972
^ ^a ^b Klein 1978
^ "Lisa Law: Organizing Woodstock". americanhistory.si.edu. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
^ "Flashing back to Woodstock". edition.cnn.com. 2004-08-17. Archived from the original on 2022-03-28. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
^ Bramen, Lisa. "Woodstock—How to Feed 400,000 Hungry Hippies". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
^ Amlen, Deb (14 August 2019). "'What We Have in Mind Is Breakfast in Bed for 400,000'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
^ "The Foodline - Woodstock and Granola". woodstockpreservation.org. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
^ "Woodstock at 50: Good-for-You Groovy In a Dixie Cup". Newberry Magazine. 16 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
^ Bruce 1995 p. 244
^ "Blue Planet Foods, Inc. history". Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2006-12-16.
^ Mixson, Jm (Mar 2002). "Heartland History". Journal of the History of Dentistry. 50 (1): 35–9. ISSN 1089-6287. PMID 11944502. Archived from the original on October 31, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-16.
^ "McKee Foods Company History". Archived from the original on 2008-03-15. Retrieved 2006-12-16.
^ Wunsch, Nils-Gerrit (Dec 1, 2021). "U.S. dollar sales of private label cereal and granola by segment 2018". Statista. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved Apr 11, 2022.
^ Heilbrun, Michele Streit; Kirschner, David (7 March 2017). Matzo: 35 Recipes for Passover and All Year Long. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. p. 22. ISBN 9780804189002. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
^ Modern Jewish Cooking: Recipes & Customs for Today's Kitchen, Leah Koenig, page 24
^ Recipe for Passover matzo granola Archived 2018-03-22 at the Wayback Machine, Boston Globe, 18 April 2016
^ Australian Health & Nutrition Association Limited trading as Sanitarium Health Food Company v Irrewarra Estate Pty Ltd trading as Irrewarra Sourdough [2012] FCA 592; 292 ALR 101

References

Klein, Joe (February 23, 1978). "A Social History of Granola". Rolling Stone. No. 259. pp. 40–44.
Bruce, Scott; Crawford, Bill (1995). Cerealizing America: The Unsweetened Story of American Breakfast Cereal. pp. 8, 21, 243–246.