Oat milk

Oat milk
Oat milk
Place of originSweden
Inventedc. 1990
Food energy
(per 240ml serving)
120 kcal (502 kJ)
Nutritional value
(per 240ml serving)
Protein3 g
Fat5 g
Carbohydrate16 g
Glycemic index 60 (medium)

Oat milk is a plant milk derived from whole oat (Avena spp.) grains[1] by extracting the plant material with water.[2] Oat milk has a creamy texture and mild oatmeal-like flavor,[3] and is manufactured in various flavors, such as sweetened, unsweetened, vanilla, and chocolate.

Unlike other plant milks having origins as early as the 13th century,[4] oat milk was developed in the 1990s by the Swedish scientist Rickard Öste.[5][6] Over 2017–2019, oat milk sales in the United States increased tenfold,[3] and one major manufacturer, Oatly, reported a threefold increase in worldwide sales.[7] As of late 2020, the oat milk market became second-largest among plant milks in the United States, following the leader, almond milk, but exceeding the sales of soy milk.[8][9]

By 2020, oat milk products included coffee creamer, yogurt alternatives, ice cream, and chocolate.[7][9][10] Oat milk may be consumed to replace dairy in vegan diets, or in cases of medical conditions where dairy is incompatible, such as lactose intolerance or an allergy to cow milk.[5][11] Compared to milk and other plant-based beverages, oat milk has relatively low environmental impact due to its comparatively low land and water needs for production.[12][11][13]

History

Invention

Soy milk and almond milk predate all other alternative milks, including oat milk, both as cultural and commercial products.[4] Since the early 20th century, soy milk made its way from Asia to European and American grocery stores, initially as a dairy substitute due to lactose intolerance.[2] The increase in consumption of soy milk since its global distribution created a large market for plant-based beverages like oat milk.[1] There are records of oat based beverages that go back to the 18th century, however, one of the first recorded instances of a commercial oat-based plant beverage was in the early 1990s, when Rickard Öste developed oat milk.[14][5][6] Öste was working as a food scientist at Lund University in Lund, Sweden, researching lactose intolerance and sustainable food systems, when he invented the drink.[5][6] Soon after, Öste founded Oatly, the first commercial manufacturer of oat milk.[5]

History of market expansion

The pioneer in commercial oat milk, Oatly, had its products in 7,000 coffee shops and grocery stores, as of 2019,[7] but was not the only prominent oat milk producer.[5][15] Oat milk is available in many countries under various brands.[16]

In 2018, there were numerous oat milk shortages from unprecedented demand in Europe and North America, highlighting the strong consumer demand for this product.[3][17] To meet the American demand, Oatly opened a new factory in New Jersey in April 2019, producing 750,000 US gallons (2,800,000 L; 620,000 imp gal) per month of oat milk base, and announced plans for a Utah-based factory three times larger to open in early 2020.[7] In 2019, retail sales of oat milk in the United States were $29 million, up from $4.4 million in 2017.[7] During 2020, oat milk sales in the United States increased to $213 million, becoming the second most consumed plant milk after almond milk ($1.5 billion in 2020 sales).[8]

Oat milk ice cream, yogurt-like products, and coffee creamers, were common in 2019,[7] with expanded uses in coffee shops, such as Starbucks,[3][10] and growth into new markets, such as China.[18] Growth in the oat milk market is partly attributed to its relatively low environmental impact, low land and water needs, and rising vegan dietary practices in developed countries.[3][7][11]

From 2019 to 2020 in the United States, oat milk sales increased 303% to US$213 million, with refrigerated oat milk having nearly ten times the sales of shelf-stable oat milk.[8] Consumer analysis of the growth in oat milk consumption indicates its market growth derives from the dairy-like taste, health perception, and environmental sustainability, which contrasts with the high water demand of growing almonds.[9][11][13] Oat milk foams and mixes in other beverages, like coffee, in ways similar to milk.[9] Over 2020-21, oat milk sales increased 151%, with it becoming the second-most consumed plant milk after almond milk.[19] On 20 May 2021, Oatly – the world's largest oat milk manufacturer – became a publicly traded company on the NASDAQ exchange, having a market value of US$13 billion on that day.[20]

Production

Processing

The production of oat milk is similar to that of most other plant milks.[2] Unprocessed cereal grains, like oats, are indigestible due to their hard, outer hull; processing is also necessary to change the dry grains into a liquid.[7][21][a]

The procedure starts by measuring and milling the oat grains to break apart their outer hull. Then the grains are stirred in warm water and ground into a slurry.[5][7] The slurry is treated with enzymes and heat to create a thick liquid oat base.[7]

Soaking and subsequently extracting nutrients from the oats have the most direct implications on the final milk product. Increasing the yield in this step may be assisted by chemical catalysts, enzymes, or an increase in temperature, all in order to remove nutrient molecules from the solid byproduct and incorporate them into the liquid.[2] Chemical catalysts increase the pH of the mixture, enzymatic catalysts induce partial hydrolysis of proteins and polysaccharides, and higher temperatures increase reaction rates.[2] Separating the liquid from the solid byproduct is a simple step achieved through decanting, filtration, and spinning in a centrifuge.[2]

Once the liquid product is separated, adding other ingredients, such as fortifying vitamins and minerals, or sweeteners, flavorings, salts, oils, and similar ingredients, forms the final product.[2][b] Since unfortified oat milk is lower in calcium, iron, and vitamin A than cow's milk, these nutrients must be added in order for the end product to be a nutritional substitute of cow's milk.[2] Homogenization and heat-treatments such as pasteurization or ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatments are used to extend the product's shelf life.[2]

Mean water footprint for one glass (200 g) of different milks[11]
Milk types Water use (L per 200 g)
Cow's milk
131
Almond milk
74
Rice milk
56
Oat milk
9
Soy milk
2
Mean greenhouse gas emissions for one glass (200 g) of different milks[11]
Milk types Greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2-Ceqv per 200 g)
Cow's milk
0.62
Rice milk
0.23
Soy milk
0.21
Oat milk
0.19
Almond milk
0.16

Challenges to processing

Oat milk, like most plant-based milks, is made of disintegrated and hydrolyzed plant materials, resulting in non-uniform particle sizes in comparison to bovine milk.[22] Decreasing particle size and narrowing the distribution through physical processing like homogenization, and using stabilizers, such as hydrocolloids in combination with other emulsifiers, are common ways to improve product quality.[2][22][23]

Another problem posed by the natural composition of oats is their high starch content. The starch content (50–60%) is challenging during ultra-high temperature treatments because of the relatively low gelatinization temperature of starch.[1][16] To overcome this, producers use an enzymatic hydrolysis of starch by alpha- and beta-amylase, which break down the starch into smaller polysaccharides without the previous gelatinization behavior.[1][16]

Fortifying oat milk with essential micronutrients may include vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin B12, riboflavin, and calcium.[24]

Veganism and environmental impact

Since around 2015, interest for plant-based foods, in combination with concerns for animal welfare and low environmental impact, propelled consumption of oat milk.[3][7][10][11] Compared to milk and other plant-based milks, the oat milk manufacturing process produces small amounts of carbon dioxide and no methane (low greenhouse gas emissions), and requires relatively low use of water and land.[11] Oat milk production requires 1/15th the amount of water of milk production and 1/8th the water of almond milk.[11]

Nutritional composition

Nutritional content of human, cow, soy, almond, and oat milks

Non-human milks are fortified

Nutrient value
per 250 mL cup 		Human
milk[25] 		Cow milk
(whole)[26] 		Soy milk
(unsweetened)[27] 		Almond milk
(unsweetened)[28] 		Oat milk
(unsweetened)[29]
Energy, kJ (kcal) 720 (172) 620 (149) 330 (80) 160 (39) 500 (120)
Protein (g) 2.5 7.69 6.95 1.55 3
Fat (g) 10.8 7.93 3.91 2.88 5
Saturated fat (g) 4.9 4.55 0.5 0.21 0.5
Carbohydrate (g) 17.0 11.71 4.23 1.52 16
Fiber (g) 0 0 1.2 0 2
Sugars (g) 17.0 12.32 1 0 7
Calcium (mg) 79 276 301[c] 516[c] 350[c]
Potassium (mg) 125 322 292 176 389
Sodium (mg) 42 105 90 186 101
Vitamin B12 (mcg) 0.1 1.10 2.70 0 1.2
Vitamin A (IU) 522 395[d] 503[c] 372[c] -
Vitamin D (IU) 9.8 124[e] 119[c] 110[c] -
Cholesterol (mg) 34.4 24 0 0 0
  1. ^ As of 2019, Oatly obtained oats exclusively from Canada to supply its factory in New Jersey.[7]
  2. ^ In the United States, Oatly ships the treated oat base liquid to a subcontractor for processing into the final oat milk product.[7]
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Commonly added to plant milks, which do not naturally contain significant levels of the nutrient.
  4. ^ Vitamin A fortification is only required for skimmed milk in the US.
  5. ^ Vitamin D fortification for milk is mandatory in the US.

In comparison to cow's milk, oat milk is similar in total calories per liquid volume (per cup serving, 120 vs 149 calories for cow's milk), has 40% the protein content, 63% of the fat, but only about 10% of the saturated fat content, and about 1.5 times the total carbohydrate (although simple sugars are half that of cow's milk). Cow's milk has no fiber, but oat milk has 2 g dietary fiber per serving. Calcium and potassium contents are comparable, although oat milk – as for all plant-based milks – may be fortified with specific nutrients during manufacturing.[24] It has a glycemic index of 60; cow's milk is 47.[30]

Uses

Oat milk is used as a substitute for milk in custom coffee preparation,[3][7][10] and in fermented products similar to yogurt and kefir.[10][31][32] Baristas claim that oat milk needs less steam than cow milk, froths favorably, is tasteful, rich, and creamy like cow milk, and effectively balances the acidity of espresso coffee.[3][5][10][24][33] It has growing applications in coffee preparation at major coffee shops.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Deswal, Aastha; Deora, Navneet Singh; Mishra, Hari Niwas (2014). "Optimization of enzymatic production process of oat milk using response surface methodology". Food and Bioprocess Technology. 7 (2): 610–618. doi:10.1007/s11947-013-1144-2. S2CID 98000053.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mäkinen, Outi Elina; Wanhalinna, Viivi; Zannini, Emanuele; Arendt, Elke Karin (2016). "Foods for Special Dietary Needs: Non-dairy Plant-based Milk Substitutes and Fermented Dairy-type Products". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 56 (3): 339–349. doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.761950. PMID 25575046. S2CID 205691505.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Zara Stone (3 June 2019). "How oat milk conquered America". Elemental. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  4. ^ a b Shurtleff W, Aoyagi A (2013). "History of soymilk and other non-dairy milks (1226 to 2013): Extensively annotated bibliography and sourcebook" (PDF). Soy InfoCenter.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "How oat milk could change the way you drink coffee". Time. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Hitchens, A (6 August 2018). "Hey, Where's my oat milk?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Shanker, Deena; Rolander, Niclas (31 July 2019). "Oatly's path to alt‑milk world domination starts in New Jersey". Bloomberg. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Elaine Watson (25 September 2020). "Oatmilk edges past soymilk for #2 slot in US plant-based milk retail market". FoodNavigator-USA.com, William Reed Business Media, Ltd. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d Megan Poinski (30 September 2020). "Oat milk surges to second most popular in plant-based dairy". FoodDive. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Maynard, Micheline (1 December 2019). "Food trends for 2020: It's going to be oat milk's biggest year yet". Forbes. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Guibourg, Clara; Briggs, Helen (22 February 2019). "Which vegan milks are best for the planet?". Science and Environment. BBC News. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  12. ^ Holmes, Bob (20 July 2022). "How sustainable are fake meats?". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-071922-1. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  13. ^ a b McGivney, Annette (2020-01-29). "Almonds are out. Dairy is a disaster. So what milk should we drink?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
  14. ^ "A cheap drink for families". Primitive Cookery; or the Kitchen Garden display'd page 68. 1767. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
  15. ^ Mallenbaum, Carly (10 August 2018). "Why oat milk is the new 'it' milk alternative (sorry, soy and almond)". USA Today. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  16. ^ a b c Sethi, Swati; Tyagi, S.K.; Anurag, Rahul K. (2016). "Plant-based milk alternatives an emerging segment of functional beverages: A review". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 53 (9): 3408–3423. doi:10.1007/s13197-016-2328-3. PMC 5069255. PMID 27777447.
  17. ^ Staton, Bethan (21 November 2018). "Non-dairy surge leads to oat milk shortage in UK". Sky News. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  18. ^ Pham, Sherisse (12 April 2019). "This Swedish company made oat milk cool in the US. Now it's eyeing China". Business. CNN. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  19. ^ Rebecca Cattlan (14 May 2021). "Everything you need to know about the Oatly IPO". Forex.com. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  20. ^ Amelia Lucas (20 May 2021). "Oatly shares soar 18% in company's public market debut on Nasdaq". CNBC. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  21. ^ Decker, Eric A.; Rose, Devin J.; Stewart, Derek (2014). "Processing of oats and the impact of processing operations on nutrition and health benefits". British Journal of Nutrition. 112: S58 – S64. doi:10.1017/s000711451400227x. PMID 25267246.
  22. ^ a b Mäkinen, Outi E.; Uniacke-Lowe, Thérèse; O'Mahony, James A.; Arendt, Elke K. (2015). "Physicochemical and acid gelation properties of commercial UHT-treated plant-based milk substitutes and lactose free bovine milk". Food Chemistry. 168: 630–638. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.036. PMID 25172757.
  23. ^ Patra, Tiffany; Rinnan, Asmund; Olsen, Karsten (2021). "The physical stability of plant-based drinks and the analysis methods thereof". Food Hydrocolloids. 118: 106770. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106770.
  24. ^ a b c London, Jaclyn (11 April 2019). "Is oat milk healthy? Here's what you need to know, according to a nutritionist". Good Housekeeping Institute. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  25. ^ "Milk, human, mature, fluid". Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central. United States Department of Agriculture. 2019. FDC #171279.
  26. ^ "Milk, whole, 3.25% milkfat, with added vitamin D". Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central. United States Department of Agriculture. 2019. FDC #171265.
  27. ^ "Soymilk (all flavors), unsweetened, with added calcium, vitamins A and D". Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central. United States Department of Agriculture. 2019. FDC #175215.
  28. ^ "Beverages, almond milk, unsweetened, shelf stable". Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central. United States Department of Agriculture. 2019. FDC #174832.
  29. ^ "The Original Oat-Milk". Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central. United States Department of Agriculture. 2023. FDC #719016.
  30. ^ Jeske, Stephanie (2017). "Evaluation of Physicochemical and Glycaemic Properties of Commercial Plant-Based Milk Substitutes". Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 72 (1): 26–33. doi:10.1007/s11130-016-0583-0. PMC 5325842. PMID 27817089. S2CID 5874962.
  31. ^ Mårtensson, O.; Andersson, C.; Andersson, K.; Öste, R.; Holst, O. (2001). "Formulation of an oat-based fermented product and its comparison with yoghurt". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 81 (14): 1314–1321. Bibcode:2001JSFA...81.1314M. doi:10.1002/jsfa.947.
  32. ^ Mårtensson, Olof; Öste, Rickard; Holst, Olle (2000). "Lactic Acid Bacteria in an Oat-based Non-dairy Milk Substitute: Fermentation Characteristics and Exopolysaccharide Formation". LWT - Food Science and Technology. 33 (8): 525–530. doi:10.1006/fstl.2000.0718.
  33. ^ "Plant-based milk alternatives disrupt dairy". The Economist. 2 August 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2019.

Read other articles:

Ekstensifikasi pajak

Konten dan perspektif penulisan artikel ini tidak menggambarkan wawasan global pada subjeknya. Silakan bantu mengembangkan atau bicarakan artikel ini di halaman pembicaraannya, atau buat artikel baru, bila perlu. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Dalam istilah perpajakan di Indonesia, Ekstensifikasi adalah kegiatan pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) terhadap Wajib Pajak yang telah memenuhi syarat subjektif dan objektif namun belum ...

 

Bas Leinders

Biografi ini tidak memiliki sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak dapat dipastikan. Bantu memperbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan sumber tepercaya. Materi kontroversial atau trivial yang sumbernya tidak memadai atau tidak bisa dipercaya harus segera dihapus.Cari sumber: Bas Leinders – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Bas LeindersKebangsaan BelgianLahir16 Juli ...

 

Pavel Pogrebnyak

Pavel Pogrebnyak Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Pavel Viktorovich PogrebnyakTanggal lahir 8 November 1983 (umur 40)Tempat lahir Moscow, RusiaPosisi bermain PenyerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini ReadingKarier junior1989–2002 Spartak MoscowKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2002–2005 Spartak Moscow 18 (2)2003 → Baltika Kaliningrad (pinjaman) 40 (15)2004 → Khimki (pinjaman) 12 (6)2005 → Shinnik Yaroslavl (pinjaman) 23 (4)2006 Tom Tomsk 26 (13)2007–2009 Zenit St. Petersburg 58 (2...

List of Brazilian films of 2022

Cinema ofBrazil List of Brazilian films Brazilian Animation Pre 1920 1920s 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 19341935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2...

 

Hukum di Gibraltar

Gibraltar Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri: Politik dan KetatanegaraanGibraltar Pemerintah Kedaulatan Ratu Elizabeth II Mahkota Gubernur Sir Adrian Johns Ketua Menteri Fabian Picardo Parlemen Juru Bicara Haresh K. Budhrani Hukum Hukum Gibraltar Sistem pengadilan Konstitusi Gibraltar Konstitusi 1969 Konstitusi 2006 Pemilihan umum Pemilihan umum Partai politik Politikus Pemilihan umum terkini Lainnya Status sengketa Gibraltar Referendum kedaulatan 1967 Referendum kedaulatan 2002 Status seng...

 

خراسان الكبرى

خراسان الكبرىمعلومات عامةالمنطقة الدولة العباسية وصفها المصدر الموسوعة البريطانية نسخة سنة 1911 التأثيراتفرع من بارس تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات خريطة لِبلاد ما وراء النهر وأبرز مُدُنها وقصباتها خِلال القرن الثامن الميلادي طاحونة هوائية فارسية في نشتيفان خراس�...

2nd Cavalry

2nd Cavalry, 2nd Cavalry Division, 2nd Cavalry Brigade or 2nd Cavalry Regiment may refer to: Armies 2nd Cavalry Army, of the Bolshevik Red Army in the Russian Civil War Corps II Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée) II Cavalry Corps (German Empire) Divisions 2nd Cavalry Division (Australia) 2nd Cavalry Division (Belgium) 2nd Light Cavalry Division (France) 2nd Cavalry Division (German Empire) 2nd Cavalry Division (Reichswehr) 2nd Indian Cavalry Division 2nd Cavalry Division Emanuele Filiberto Testa d...

 

بطولة العالم للراليات موسم 2019

بطولة العالم للراليات موسم 2019   ضمن بطولة بطولة العالم للراليات  التاريخ 24 يناير 2019  17 نوفمبر 2019  بطولة العالم للراليات 2018  بطولة العالم للراليات 2020  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   بطولة العالم للراليات موسم 2019 كانت النسخة السابعة والأربعون من بطولة العالم للراليات...

 

Catherine Bréchignac

French physicist Catherine BréchignacCatherine Bréchignac in 2006Born (1946-06-12) 12 June 1946 (age 77)Paris, FranceNationalityFrenchAlma materÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonFaculté des sciences d'OrsayAwardsGrand Officier of the Légion d'honneurMany others, see articleScientific careerFieldsPhysicsInstitutionsCNRS Catherine Bréchignac (French pronunciation: [katʁin bʁeʃiɲak] ⓘ; born 12 June 1946) is a French physicist. She is a commander of the Légion d'honn...

هنود

هنودمعلومات عامةنسبة التسمية الهند التعداد الكليالتعداد قرابة 1.21 مليار[1][2]تعداد الهند عام 2011ق. 1.32 مليار[3]تقديرات عام 2017ق. 30.8 مليون[4]مناطق الوجود المميزةبلد الأصل الهند البلد الهند  الهند نيبال 4,000,000[5] الولايات المتحدة 3,982,398[6] الإمار...

 

Eva Marie

Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti wrestler statunitensi e attori statunitensi non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Eva MarieEva Marie nel 2016NomeNatalie Eva MarieNelson[1] Nazionalità Stati Uniti Luogo nascitaWalnut Creek[1][2]19 settembre 1984 Ring nameEva Ma...

 

Karaj

Karaj کرجKotaImages from Karaj Lambang resmi KarajLambangKarajKoordinat: 35°50′08″N 51°00′37″E / 35.83556°N 51.01028°E / 35.83556; 51.01028Koordinat: 35°50′08″N 51°00′37″E / 35.83556°N 51.01028°E / 35.83556; 51.01028Negara IranProvinsiAlborzKabupatenKarajBakhshTengahPemerintahan • WalikotaMostafa Saeedi Siraee • Ketua Dewan KotaJavad ChapardarLuas • Kota162 km2 (63 sq&...

The Hole (song)

This article is about the 1998 single. For other uses, see The Hole. 1998 single by Randy TravisThe HoleSingle by Randy Travisfrom the album You and You Alone B-sideSatisfied MindReleasedJune 4, 1998Recorded1998GenreCountryLength3:08LabelDreamWorks 59010Songwriter(s)Skip Ewing, James Dean HicksProducer(s)James Stroud, Byron Gallimore, Randy TravisRandy Travis singles chronology Out of My Bones (1998) The Hole (1998) Spirit of a Boy, Wisdom of a Man (1998) The Hole is a song written by Skip Ew...

 

N.SSign

n.SSignInformasi latar belakangAsalSeoul, Korea SelatanGenreK-popTahun aktif2023 (2023)–sekarangLabeln.CH EntertaintmentAnggota Kazuta Hyun Eddie Doha Junhyeok Sungyun Robin Hanjun Laurence Huiwon n.SSign adalah sebuah grup vokal laki-laki Korea Selatan yang berada di bawah naungan n.CH Entertainment. Grup tersebut debut pada tahun 2023 dan dibentuk melalui acara survival Stars Awakening. Pada awalnya, n.SSign dibentuk sebagai grup proyek dan kemudian diputuskan menjadi ...

 

Missal

Liturgical book For other uses, see Missal (disambiguation). The Missal, a 1902 portrait by John William Waterhouse A missal is a liturgical book containing instructions and texts necessary for the celebration of Mass throughout the liturgical year. Versions differ across liturgical tradition, period, and purpose, with some missals intended to enable a priest to celebrate Mass publicly and others for private and lay use. The texts of the most common Eucharistic liturgy in the world, the Catho...

The News Reporter

The News Reporter11-17-2008 front pageTypeBiweekly newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)James C. HighEditorJustin SmithFounded1896LanguageEnglishHeadquarters127 W. Columbus St., Whiteville, North Carolina  United StatesCirculation8,100Websitewhiteville.com The News Reporter is a broadsheet semi-weekly (Tuesday and Friday) newspaper based in Whiteville, North Carolina. The paper was founded in 1896 and serves Columbus County, North Carolina, United States. The News Reporter won the Pulitzer P...

 

Cryptochetidae

Come leggere il tassoboxCryptochetidaeClassificazione filogeneticaDominioEukaryota OrdineDiptera SottordineBrachycera InfraordineMuscomorpha CoorteCyclorrhapha SezioneSchizophora SottosezioneAcalyptratae SuperfamigliaCarnoidea FamigliaCryptochetidaeBrues & Melander, 1932 Classificazione classicaDominioEukaryota RegnoAnimalia SottoregnoEumetazoa RamoBilateria PhylumArthropoda SubphylumTracheata SuperclasseHexapoda ClasseInsecta SottoclassePterygota CoorteEndopterygota SuperordineOligoneopt...

 

Psych season 4

Season of television series PsychSeason 4The DVD cover of the fourth season of Psych.Starring James Roday Dulé Hill Timothy Omundson Maggie Lawson Kirsten Nelson Corbin Bernsen No. of episodes16ReleaseOriginal networkUSA NetworkOriginal releaseAugust 7, 2009 (2009-08-07) –March 10, 2010 (2010-03-10)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 3 Next →Season 5 List of episodes The fourth season of Psych originally aired in the United States on USA Network from August 7, 2...

Illyricum

IlliricoInformazioni generaliNome ufficiale(LA) Illyricum CapoluogoAquileia (?[1]) e poi Salona Dipendente daRepubblica romana, Impero romano Suddiviso inDalmatia e Pannonia dal 14/20 AmministrazioneForma amministrativaProvincia romana Evoluzione storicaInizio167-155 a.C. (?)(sottoposta al comando della Gallia cisalpina, nella parte nord;a quello della Macedonia, a sud) Causaprime campagne militari contro gli Illiri Finetra l'8 e il 20 d.C.[2] Causarivolta dalmato-pannonica de...

 

Ontario International Airport

Airport in Ontario, California, United States This article is about the airport in the U.S. state of California. For airports in Ontario, Canada, see List of airports in Ontario. For the airport in the U.S. state of Oregon, see Ontario Municipal Airport. KONT redirects here. For other topics, see Kont (disambiguation). Ontario International AirportTerminal entranceIATA: ONTICAO: KONTFAA LID: ONTSummaryAirport typePublicOwner/OperatorOntario International Airport Authority[1]ServesInla...