Gabor Maté

For other uses, see Gábor Máté.

Gabor Maté
CM
close-up of Gabor Maté wearing a black jacket, looking directly at the camera
Maté in 2013
Born (1944-01-06) January 6, 1944 (age 80)
Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary
CitizenshipCanada
EducationUniversity of British Columbia (BA, MD)
Spouse
Rae Maté
​
(m. 1969)​
Children3, including Aaron
Scientific career
Fields
Websitedrgabormate.com

Gabor Maté CM (born January 6, 1944) is a Canadian physician. He has a background in family practice and a special interest in childhood development, trauma[1] and potential lifelong impacts on physical and mental health, including autoimmune disease, cancer, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),[2] and addictions.

Maté's approach to addiction focuses on the trauma his patients have suffered and looks to address this in their recovery.[3] In his book In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction, Maté discusses the types of trauma suffered by persons with substance use disorders and how these disorders affect their decision making in later life.

He has written five books exploring topics including ADHD, stress, developmental psychology, and addiction. He is a regular columnist for the Vancouver Sun and The Globe and Mail.

Life and career

Maté was born in Budapest, Hungary, in 1944 to a Jewish family.[4][5] His maternal grandparents, Josef Lövi and Hannah Lövi, who came from the town of Košice in eastern Slovakia, were killed in Auschwitz when he was five months old.[5] His aunt disappeared during the war, and his father endured forced labour at the hands of the Nazi Party.[6] When he was one, Maté's mother put him in the care of a stranger for over five weeks to save his life. Upon their reunion, the infant Maté was so hurt that he avoided looking at his mother for several days. He claims this trauma of "abandonment, rage, and despair" continues to manifest itself in his adult life, leading to similar altercations when he perceives a threat of abandonment, especially from his wife.[7]

In 1956, the Maté family immigrated to Canada.[5] He was a student during the Vietnam War era in the late 1960s[8] and graduated with a B.A. from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.

In 1969, Maté married artist and fellow UBC graduate Rae Maté; together they have three children including writer and journalist for The Grayzone, Aaron Maté.[9]

After working as a high school English and literature teacher for several years, he returned to the University of British Columbia to obtain his M.D. in general family practice in 1977.

Maté ran a private family practice in East Vancouver for over 20 years. He was the medical coordinator of the Palliative Care Unit at Vancouver Hospital for seven years. For 12 years, he was the staff physician at Portland Hotel, a residence and resource centre in downtown Vancouver. Many of his patients had co-occurring mental health and substance use concerns, in addition to chronic health concerns, such as HIV. He worked in harm reduction clinics in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside.[10] He has written about his experiences working with persons with substance use disorders in In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts. [11]

In 2008, Maté made national headlines in defence of the physicians working at Insite (a legally supervised safe injection site) after the federal Minister of Health, Tony Clement, attacked them as unethical.[12]

In 2010, Maté became interested in the traditional Amazonian plant medicine ayahuasca and its potential for treating addictions. He partnered with a Peruvian Shipibo ayahuasquero (traditional shamanic healer) and began leading multi-day retreats for addiction treatment, including ones in a Coast Salish First Nations community that were the subject of an observational study by health researchers from the University of Victoria and the University of British Columbia. Although preliminary and limited by the observational study design, the research results showed that participants had significant improvements in some psychological measures and reductions in problematic substance use, suggesting that Maté's claims of therapeutic efficacy may be well-founded.[13] However, when the Canadian federal government learned about Maté's work with ayahuasca in 2011, Health Canada threatened to refer the matter to the RCMP if he did not immediately stop his activities with an illegal drug.[14]

Writings and views

Medicine

In his books and lectures, Maté emphasizes the role of biopsychosocial aspects of pathology and the role of psychological trauma and stress. He underlines the importance of relations and social attachment for learning and health. His ideas are consistent with a trauma-informed care framework.[15][16]

Maté defines addiction as the use of any behaviour or substance to relieve pain in the short term, that leads to negative consequences in the long term. Without addressing the root cause of the pain, a person may try to stop but will ultimately crave further relief and be prone to relapse. By this definition, many things in modern culture have the potential to become addictive such as gambling, sex, food, work, social media, and drugs.[4] He argues the "war on drugs" actually punishes people for having been abused and entrenches addiction more deeply, as studies show that stress is the biggest driver of addictive relapse and behaviour.[11] He says a system that marginalizes, ostracizes, and institutionalizes people in facilities with no care and easy access to drugs, only worsens the problem.[11][17]

Stanton Peele, psychologist and psychotherapist, disagrees with Maté's notion of "trac[ing] every case of addiction back to childhood trauma, stating that "most addicts weren't traumatized as kids; most traumatized people don't become addicts." Peele writes that Maté, whom he still admires for his work with Insite where he also had worked, offers "a reductionist vision of addiction" that does not "account for people's natural tendency to overcome abuse and addictive experiences," and ignores the "strong tendency that has been revealed, time and again, for people with addictions to naturally remediate."[18] Peele, in general, disagrees with the theory adopted decades ago by modern physicians, mental health professionals, research scientists, and others, that addiction is a disease[19][20][21] and opposes all twelve-step drug and alcohol treatment programs.[22]

Professor of Psychology in Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania James C. Coyne claimed that Maté, by "piling bonkers claims on bonkers claims," "urges us to abandon what has evolved to be evidence-based solutions to health and social problem," though he concedes that "overspecialization in research and clinical practice is an important issue, especially for the management of difficult-to-diagnosis [sic], multiple comorbidities with multiple medications."[23]

In a live-streamed interview with Prince Harry in March 2023, Maté diagnosed the prince publicly with PTSD, ADHD, anxiety, and depression, based on his conversation with him and reading his autobiography Spare. During the chat, Maté told Prince Harry that he had diagnosed him with ADD after reading through his book and hearing about his life experiences.[24][25][26] His decision to do so was described as unorthodox and reckless by some critics.[27]

Israel and Palestine

In a July 2014 opinion piece, titled "Beautiful Dream of Israel has become a Nightmare", Maté described how the policies imposed by Israel were not compatible with a just peace and how "There is no understanding Gaza out of context".[28] Maté drew direct comparisons between Gaza and the Warsaw Ghetto and commented on the severe power imbalance: "Unlike Israel, Palestinians lack Apache helicopters, guided drones, jet fighters with bombs, laser-guided artillery."[28]

In November 2023 Maté was interviewed by Piers Morgan. In the course of the interview, he described how he cried every day for two weeks after visiting Gaza. He also called for an end to the occupation and persecution of Palestinians, as well as a return of Palestinian land occupied since 1967.[29]

Awards

  • 2009: Hubert Evans Prize for Literary Non-Fiction for In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction
  • 2011: the Civic Merit Award of the City of Vancouver "for his extensive work on addiction treatment and his contributions to understanding mental health and youth related to addiction, stress and childhood development" [30]
  • 2018: member of the Order of Canada[31]
  • 2023: Vine Awards for Canadian Jewish Literature for the book The Myth of Normal which he co-authored with his son Daniel. The citation for the award said "The book covers topics from brain chemistry to rethinking what is deemed 'normal.' It's beautifully written and changes the modern-day discussion on health and healing".[32]

Books

  • Scattered Minds: A New Look at the Origins and Healing of Attention Deficit Disorder. Toronto: A.A. Knopf, 1999. ISBN 978-0676971453.
    • Scattered: How Attention Deficit Disorder Originates and What You Can Do About It. United States.
  • When the Body Says No: The Cost of Hidden Stress. Toronto: A.A. Knopf, 2003. ISBN 9781785042225.
    • When the Body Says No: Exploring the Stress-Disease Connection. United States.
  • Hold on to Your Kids: Why Parents Need to Matter More Than Peers. Co-authored with Gordon Neufeld. Toronto: A.A. Knopf, 2004. ISBN 9780307361967.[9]
  • In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction. Toronto: A.A. Knopf, 2008. ISBN 9781785042201.
  • The Myth of Normal: Trauma, Illness and Healing in a Toxic Culture, Co-authored with Daniel Maté, Toronto: A.A. Knopf Canada, 2022 ISBN 9780593083895

Films and videos

References

  1. ^ "'How we cope with this has a lot to do with our past'". Irish Independent. January 31, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  2. ^ "Care to incarceration: what happens to those without a fair start in life". The Independent. September 25, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  3. ^ "Addiction is a Response to Childhood Suffering: In Depth with Gabor Maté - ICPPD". ICPPD. March 2, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  4. ^ a b "How dealing with past trauma may be the key to breaking addiction". The Guardian. November 24, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c O'Malley, JP (December 21, 2019). "Addictions guru channels survival of the Holocaust into self-help empire". The Times of Israel. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  6. ^ Gutman, Abraham (November 2, 2018). "How a traumatized America finds relief in hate". inquirer.com. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  7. ^ Dr. Gabor Maté — The Myth of Normal, Metabolizing Anger, Processing Trauma, and More, September 7, 2022, retrieved January 31, 2023
  8. ^ Nov 18, Ryan Meili; Share, 2014 10 min read. "Gabor Maté: On Storytelling, Health, and the Ruling Class". briarpatchmagazine.com. Retrieved July 12, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b Cocozza, Paula (March 23, 2019). "'If you focus on control, you have lost the battle': how to win back your kids". The Guardian. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  10. ^ Tierney, Allison (February 7, 2017). "How the Stigma of Drug Addiction Hurts All of Us". Vice. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  11. ^ a b c ""In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts": Dr. Gabor Maté, Physician at Vancouver Safe-Injection Site, on the Biological and Socio-Economic Roots of Addiction and ADD". Democracy Now!. February 3, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
  12. ^ "Doctor calls Clement's Insite comments 'repugnant'". The Canadian Press. CTV News. August 20, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
  13. ^ Thomas, Gerald; Lucas, Philippe; Capler, Rielle N.; Tupper, Kenneth W. & Martin, Gina (2013). "Ayahuasca-Assisted Therapy for Addiction: Results from a Preliminary Observational Study in Canada". Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 6 (1): 30–42. doi:10.2174/15733998113099990003. PMID 23627784. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
  14. ^ Posner, Michael (November 9, 2011). "B.C. doctor agrees to stop using Amazonian plant to treat addictions". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
  15. ^ Maté, Gabor (2012). "Addiction: Childhood Trauma, Stress and the Biology of Addiction". Journal of Restorative Medicine. 1 (1): 56–63. doi:10.14200/jrm.2012.1.1005.
  16. ^ Treisman, Karen (2021). A treasure box for creating trauma-informed organizations: a ready-to-use resource for trauma, adversity, and culturally informed, infused and responsive systems. Volumes 1 and 2. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-83997-136-5. OCLC 1255846476.
  17. ^ MacBride, Katie. "This 38-year-old study is still spreading bad ideas about addiction". The Outline. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  18. ^ "The Seductive, But Dangerous, Allure of Gabor Maté". Psychology Today. December 5, 2011. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  19. ^ Matano1, Robert A.; Wanat1, Stanley F. (January 2000). "Addiction is a treatable disease, not a moral failing". Western Journal of Medicine. 172 (1). National Center for Biotechnology Information: 63. doi:10.1136/ewjm.172.1.63. PMC 1070736. PMID 10695451.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "Substance Use Disorders". ama-assn.org. American Medical Association. October 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  21. ^ "What Is a Substance Use Disorder?". psychiatry.org. American Psychiatric Association. December 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  22. ^ Peele, Stanton; Bufe, Charles (2000). Resisting 12-Step Coercion: How to Fight Forced Participation in AA, NA, or 12-Step Treatment. See Sharp Press. ISBN 978-1-884365-17-1. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017.
  23. ^ Coyne, James (July 23, 2021). "Gabor Maté's Bizarre Ideas on Connections Between Stress and Disease". Medika Life. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  24. ^ "Trauma expert Gabor Maté diagnoses Prince Harry with ADD but says it 'can be cured'". ok.co.uk. March 4, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  25. ^ "'This is dangerous': How people have reacted to Harry's conversation with Gabor Maté". yahoo news. March 6, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  26. ^ "Response to the Dr. Maté - Prince Harry Interview: Debunking the Trauma Industry". Dr. Mario Martinez Channel. March 5, 2023. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  27. ^ "No, Gabor Maté Did Not Actually Diagnose Prince Harry with ADHD on Live TV". Additude Magazine Online. March 13, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  28. ^ a b Maté, Gabor (July 22, 2014). "Beautiful dream of Israel has become a nightmare". Toronto Star. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
  29. ^ "Holocaust survivor Dr Gabor Mate calls for land return to Palestine". Middle East Monitor. November 29, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
  30. ^ "Civic Merit Award". vancouver.ca. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  31. ^ "Dr. Gabor Maté". The Governor General of Canada. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  32. ^ "Sheila Heti and Gabor Maté among winners of $10K Vine Awards which recognize best Canadian Jewish books". CBC Books. October 23, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  33. ^ "Drunk on Too Much Life (2021) - IMDb". IMDb. Retrieved September 8, 2023.

Read other articles:

Boyapati Srinu

Boyapati SrinuLahirBoyapati SrinivasPedakakani, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaTempat tinggalHyderabad, Telangana, IndiaPekerjaanSutradaraTahun aktif2002–sekarang Boyapati Srinivas, yang terkadang juga disebut Boyapati Sreenu, adalah seorang sutradara dan koreografer asal India yang dikenal karena karya-karyanya dalam genre film masala dari sinema Telugu. Srinivas meraih dua Penghargaan Nandi, dan dua Penghargaan Nasional TSR atas karya-karyanya.[1][2] Referensi ^ Balakr...

 

Daan Sulfi

Daan Sulfi Kepala Staf Komando Operasi Udara IPetahanaMulai menjabat 27 April 2023 PendahuluDeni Hasoloan SimanjuntakPenggantiPetahanaWakil Gubernur AAUMasa jabatan28 September 2022 – 27 April 2023 PendahuluJoko Sugeng SriyantoPenggantiHendro Arief H.Komandan Pangkalan Udara ManuhuaMasa jabatan6 Mei 2019 – 23 Februari 2021 PendahuluFajar AdriyantoPenggantiDonald Kasenda Informasi pribadiLahir26 April 1971 (umur 52)Bandung, Jawa BaratAlma materAkademi Angkatan Ud...

 

Acoustic Kitty

Untuk album, lihat Acoustic Kitty (album). Acoustic Kitty adalah sebuah proyek Badan Intelijen Pusat yang diluncurkan oleh Direktorat Sains dan Teknologi Badan Intelijen Pusat pada dekade 1960-an untuk memakai para kucing untuk memata-matai kedutaan besar dari Kremlin Moskwa dan Uni Soviet. Dalam prosedur selama sejam, seorang dokter bedah menanamkan sebuah mikrofon di daun telinga kucing, transmisi radio kecil di pangkal tengkoraknya dan jaring tipis pada bagian bulunya.[1] Referensi...

SSV Ulm 1846

SSV UlmNama lengkapSchwimm- und Sportverein Ulm 1846 e.V.JulukanDie SpatzenBerdiri1846StadionDonaustadion(Kapasitas: 19,500)KetuaThomas OelmeyerManajerThomas WörleLiga3. Liga2022–23Juara, Regionalliga Südwest (promosi otomatis)Situs webSitus web resmi klub Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Kostum ketiga Musim ini SSV Ulm adalah klub sepak bola Jerman yang berbasis di kota Ulm. Sejarah Pada tahun 2016, SSV Ulm 1846 berhasil promosi ke Regionalliga.[1] Lalu pada tahun 2023, SSV Ulm...

 

Population

All the organisms of a given species that live in a specified region For other uses, see Population (disambiguation). Population is the term typically used to refer to the number of people in a single area. Governments conduct a census to quantify the size of a resident population within a given jurisdiction. The term is also applied to non-human animals, microorganisms, and plants, and has specific uses within such fields as ecology and genetics. Etymology The word population is derived from...

 

العلاقات التشيكية الروسية

العلاقات التشيكية الروسية   التشيك   روسيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات بين جمهورية التشيك وروسيا هي العلاقات الخارجية الثنائية بين جمهورية التشيك والاتحاد الروسي. على عكس روسيا، فإن جمهورية التشيك عضو في المؤسسات الغربية بما في ذلك الاتحاد الأوروبي وحلف شم...

1853 Vermont gubernatorial election

Election 1853 Vermont gubernatorial election ← 1852 September 6, 1853 (1853-09-06) 1854 →   Nominee John S. Robinson Erastus Fairbanks Lawrence Brainerd Party Democratic Whig Free Soil Electoral vote 120 104 7 Popular vote 18,142 20,849 8,291 Percentage 38.5% 43.9% 17.6% Governor before election Erastus Fairbanks Whig Elected Governor John S. Robinson Democratic Elections in Vermont Federal government Presidential elections 1792 1796 1800 18...

 

1990–91 OHL season

The 1990–91 OHL season was the 11th season of the Ontario Hockey League. Sixteen teams each played 66 games. The Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds won the J. Ross Robertson Cup, defeating the Oshawa Generals. The Detroit Compuware Ambassadors are granted a franchise. Expansion/Realignment Detroit Compuware Ambassadors On December 11, 1989, the Detroit Compuware Ambassadors were approved to join the league for the 1990–91 season as an expansion team. The club was owned by former Windsor Compuwar...

 

Élodie Bouchez

Élodie BouchezBouchez, 2018Lahir5 April 1973 (umur 51)Montreuil-sous-Bois, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, PrancisNama lainPaployonPekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1990–sekarangSuami/istriThomas BangalterAnak2 Élodie Bouchez-Bangalter (lahir 5 April 1973) adalah seorang pemeran wanita asal Prancis. Ia dikenal karena perannya sebagai Renée Rienne pada musim kelima dan terakhir dari acara televisi Alias dan turut memerankan Maïté Alvarez dalam film Wild Reeds.[1] Refe...

Lubuk Begalung Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang

Lubuk Begalung Nan XXKelurahanKantor Lurah di Jalan Dalam GadungNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera BaratKotaPadangKecamatanLubuk BegalungKode Kemendagri13.71.06.1005 Kode BPS1371030016 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Lubuk Begalung Nan XX merupakan salah satu kelurahan yang ada di kecamatan Lubuk Begalung, Padang, provinsi Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Pranala luar (Indonesia) Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran ...

 

Croix de guerre 1914-1918 (France)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Croix (homonymie) et Croix de guerre. Croix de guerre 1914-1918 Avers Croix de guerre avec 4 citations (appartenant au Col. Brébant), avec une palme de bronze, une étoile de vermeil, une étoile d'argent et une étoile de bronze. Conditions Décerné par France Type Médaille Décerné pour Conduite exceptionnelle au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale Éligibilité Militaires ou assimilés Détails Statut Éteint Campagne Première Guerre mondiale Stati...

 

Sébastien Lareau

Sébastien Lareau Nazionalità  Canada Altezza 183 cm Peso 79 kg Tennis Carriera Singolare1 Vittorie/sconfitte 99-137 Titoli vinti 0 Miglior ranking 76º (17 aprile 1995) Risultati nei tornei del Grande Slam  Australian Open 3T (1998)  Roland Garros 2T (1997)  Wimbledon 2T (1993, 1998, 1999, 2000)  US Open 2T (1995, 1998, 1999) Altri tornei  Giochi olimpici 2T (2000) Doppio1 Vittorie/sconfitte 266-142 Titoli vinti 17 Miglior ranking 4º (11 ottobre 1999) Risulta...

Албанская мифология

Портал «Мифология» Албанской мифология — совокупность верований древних албанцев. В античный период территория современной Албании была населена предками современных албанцев — иллирийскими племенами, главным образом тавлантиями и дарданцами, обитавшими здесь с ...

 

Lapangan Terbang Great Barrier

Lapangan Terbang Great BarrierPesawat di lapangan terbangIATA: GBZICAO: NZGBInformasiJenisPublikPengelolaAuckland CouncilLokasiClaris, Pulau Great BarrierKetinggian dpl6 mdplKoordinat36°14′29″S 175°28′19″E / 36.24139°S 175.47194°E / -36.24139; 175.47194Koordinat: 36°14′29″S 175°28′19″E / 36.24139°S 175.47194°E / -36.24139; 175.47194PetaGBZLokasi Lapangan Terbang Great BarrierLandasan pacu Arah Panjang Permukaan ...

 

WLVX

For the FM radio station in Elberton, Georgia, United States formerly known as WLVX, see WJNA (FM). Radio station in Greenville, PennsylvaniaWLVXGreenville, PennsylvaniaBroadcast areaYoungstown, OhioFrequency107.1 (MHz)BrandingK-LOVEProgrammingFormatChristian adult contemporary (K-LOVE)OwnershipOwnerEducational Media FoundationSister stationsWYLRHistoryFirst air dateJuly 1965 (as WGRP-FM) September 10, 2010(as K-LOVE)Former call signs1985-2011: WEXC1965-1985: WGRP-FMTechnical informationClass...

Trams in Kharkiv

Electric tram system in Kharkiv, Ukraine This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Ukrainian. (February 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise err...

 

ألتراس

ألتراس مشجعي نادي ليفسكي صوفيا. الألتراس أو الأولتراس (باللاتينية: Ultras) هي كلمة لاتينية تعني المتطرفين، وتظهر بصورة مجموعات مشجعي الفرق الرياضية والمعروفة بانتمائها وولائها الشديد لفرقها، وتتواجد بشكل أكبر بين محبي الرياضة في أوروبا وأمريكا الجنوبية وحديثًا في دول شمال �...

 

Le Palais-sur-Vienne

Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Le Palais-sur-Vienne.  = Kawasan perkotaan  = Lahan subur  = Padang rumput  = Lahan pertanaman campuran  = Hutan  = Vegetasi perdu  = Lahan basah  = Anak sungaiLe Palais-sur-Vienne merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Haute-Vienne di Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Haute-Vienne Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Haute-Vienne Aixe-sur-Vienne Ambazac Arnac-la-Poste Augne Aureil Azat-le-Ris Ba...

2000 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

For related races, see 2000 United States Senate elections. 2000 United States Senate election in Massachusetts ← 1994 November 7, 2000 2006 →   Nominee Ted Kennedy Jack Robinson III Carla Howell Party Democratic Republican Libertarian Popular vote 1,889,494 334,341 308,860 Percentage 72.69% 12.86% 11.88% County results Municipality resultsKennedy:      40–50%      50–60%      60–...

 

Empire

Multiple states under one central authority, usually created by conquest This article is about political and historical terms. For other uses, see Empire (disambiguation). Ancient Empires redirects here. For the game, see Ancient Empires (mobile game). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk p...