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Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation
Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation
Studio album by Ornette Coleman
Released	September 1961
Recorded	December 21, 1960
Genre	Free jazz
Length	37:10
Label	Atlantic SD 1364
Producer	Nesuhi Ertegün
Ornette Coleman chronology

Professional ratings
Review scores
Source	Rating
Down Beat	^[1]
Allmusic	^[2]
The Penguin Guide to Jazz	^[3]
Yahoo! Music	(favorable)^[4]
The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide	^[5]
Tom Hull	A−^[6]

Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation is an album by the jazz saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman. It was released through Atlantic Records in September 1961: the fourth of Coleman's six albums for the label. Its title is named the then-nascent free jazz movement. The recording session took place on December 21, 1960, at A&R Studios in New York City. The sole outtake from the album session, "First Take," was later released on the 1971 compilation Twins and subsequent CD reissues of Free Jazz.

Music

The music is a continuous free improvisation with only a few brief pre-determined sections, recorded in one take with no overdubbing or editing.^[7] The album features what Coleman called a “double quartet,” i.e., two self-contained jazz quartets: each with a reed instrument, trumpet, bass, and drums.^[8] The two quartets are heard in separate channels, with Coleman's working quartet at the time (as featured on Ornette!) in the left channel, and the second quartet, including the former Coleman rhythm section of Charlie Haden and Ed Blackwell, on the right.^[9]

The two quartets play simultaneously, with the two rhythm sections providing a dense rhythmic foundation over which the wind players either solo or provide freeform commentaries, interspersed with pre-composed passages. The composed thematic material can be considered a series of brief, dissonant fanfares for the horns which serve as interludes between solos. Free Jazz was the first album-length improvisation at thirty-seven minutes, unheard of at the time.

The original LP package incorporated Jackson Pollock's 1954 painting The White Light.^[10] The cover was a gatefold with a cutout window in the lower right corner allowing a glimpse of the painting; opening the cover revealed the full artwork, along with liner notes by critic Martin Williams. Coleman was a fan of Pollock's work as well as being a painter himself, and the cover of his 1966 LP The Empty Foxhole would feature his own artwork.^[11]^[12]

Reception

In the January 18, 1962 issue of Down Beat magazine, in a special review titled "Double View of a Double Quartet," Pete Welding awarded the album Five Stars while John A. Tynan rated it No Stars.^[9]^[13]

AllMusic critic Steve Huey described it in his five-star retrospective review as "a staggering achievement" which "practically defies superlatives in its historical importance."^[14] It served as the blueprint for later large-ensemble free jazz recordings such as Ascension by John Coltrane and Machine Gun by Peter Brötzmann.

On March 3, 1998, Free Jazz was reissued on compact disc by Rhino Records as part of its "Atlantic 50" series marking Atlantic Records' fiftieth anniversary. The title track, split into two sections for each side of the LP, appeared here in continuous uninterrupted form, along with the previously issued "First Take".

Track listing

Original LP

All tracks are written by Ornette Coleman

Side one
No.	Title	Length
1.	"Free Jazz (Part One)"	19:55
Total length:		19:55

Side two
No.	Title	Length
1.	"Free Jazz (Part Two)"	16:28
Total length:		16:28 36:23

1998 CD reissue

All tracks are written by Ornette Coleman

No.	Title	Length
1.	"Free Jazz"	37:03
2.	"First Take"	17:06
Total length:		54:09

Timing of the various sections

00:00 Polyphonic introduction
00:07 Ensemble introduction to Eric Dolphy
00:22 Eric Dolphy – bass clarinet solo (right channel)
05:12 Ensemble introduction to Freddie Hubbard
05:40 Freddie Hubbard – trumpet solo (right channel)
09:54 Ensemble introduction to Ornette Coleman
10:05 Ornette Coleman alto saxophone solo (left channel)
19:36 Ensemble Introduction to Don Cherry
19:48 Don Cherry – pocket trumpet solo (left channel)
25:21 Ensemble introduction to Charlie Haden
25:26 Charlie Haden – bass solo (right channel)
29:51 Ensemble introduction to Scott LaFaro
30:00 Scott LaFaro – bass solo (left channel)
33:47 Polyphonic ensemble introduction to Ed Blackwell
34:00 Ed Blackwell – drum solo (right channel)
35:19 Ensemble introduction to Billy Higgins
35:28 Billy Higgins – drum solo (left channel)

Personnel

Left channel

Ornette Coleman – alto saxophone
Don Cherry – pocket cornet
Scott LaFaro – double bass
Billy Higgins – drums

Right channel

Eric Dolphy – bass clarinet
Freddie Hubbard – trumpet
Charlie Haden – double bass
Ed Blackwell – drums

Technical

Tom Dowd – recording engineer
Nesuhi Ertegün – producer

References

^ Down Beat: January 18, 1962 vol. 29, no. 2
^ Allmusic Review
^ Richard Cook and Brian Morton, The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD, 7th ed. (Penguin, 2004), p. 322.
^ Yahoo! Music review
^ Swenson, J., ed. (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. USA: Random House/Rolling Stone. p. 45. ISBN 0-394-72643-X.
^ Hull, Tom (n.d.). "Jazz (1940–50s) (Reference)". tomhull.com. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
^ Liner notes to Atlantic Records album 1364.
^ Bailey, C. Michael (September 30, 2011). "Ornette Coleman: Free Jazz". All About Jazz. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Happy 55th: Ornette Coleman, Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation". Rhino. December 21, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
^ Jazz: A Film By Ken Burns, Episode 9, 2001.
^ Borgerson, Janet (2017). Designed for hi-fi living : the vinyl LP in midcentury America. Schroeder, Jonathan E., 1962-, Miller, Daniel, 1954-. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 90. ISBN 9780262036238. OCLC 958205262.
^ "Ornette Coleman and Jackson Pollock: Black Music, White Light |". federaljazzpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
^ Down Beat: January 18, 1962 vol. 29, no. 2
^ Huey, Steve, Ornette Coleman Double Quartet - Free Jazz Album Review, retrieved 2023-07-24