Filipe de Brito e Nicote

Filipe de Brito e Nicote
Filipe de Brito e Nicote
	Filipe de Brito, Portuguese mercenary and governor of Syriam, Burma, circa 1600.
Born	C. 1566; Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Died	1613; Syriam, Burma
Nationality	Portuguese
Occupation(s)	Adventurer, mercenary, governor

Filipe de Brito e Nicote or Nga Zinga (Burmese: ငဇင်ကာ, pronounced [ŋə zɪ̀ɰ̃kà]; c. 1566 – April 1613) was a Portuguese adventurer and mercenary in the service of the Arakanese kingdom of Mrauk U, and later of the Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya.^[1]^{: 185–187} His name is also recorded with the French spelling Philippe de Brito.^[2]^: 36

Biography

Born to a French father in Lisbon, Portugal, de Brito first travelled to Southeast Asia as a cabin boy.

He eventually served under Min Razagyi, King of Arakan and became governor of Syriam (now Thanlyin) in 1599, commanding 3 frigates and 3000 men. He encouraged more Portuguese to settle in Syriam (see Bayingyi) and constructed forts for defence, eventually seizing control and announcing his independence from Arakan. He captured Min Khamaung, crown prince of Arakan when Toungoo and Arakan attacked, keeping him hostage until granted independence from any Burmese in 1603. De Brito then married the daughter of Bannya Dala of Martaban, becoming a subject of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya (Siam, present-day Thailand).^[1]^{: 185–187}

Returning to Goa the next year to gain official recognition, he returned in 1602, awarded the titles "Commander of Syriam", "General of the conquests of Pegu", and "King of Pegu" by the Portuguese royal court.

King Ekathotsarot of Ayutthaya mobilized Bannya Dala and de Brito to come to the aid of Toungoo, when attacked by Ava, and after Toungoo's king Natshinnaung had asked to be subject to Ayutthaya. Before they could arrive however, Toungoo had submitted to the King of Ava. Bannya Dala and de Brito then burnt down Toungoo and brought back any remaining property and people, including Natshinnaung, to Syriam. De Brito took the opportunity of "seizing objects of worship of the Buddha" and "committed sacrilege to the point of forcibly demolishing Buddha images and sacred shrines and pagodas."^[1]^{: 188–189}

In 1608, De Brito and his men, using elephants and forced labour,^[3] removed the Dhammazedi Bell from the Shwedagon Pagoda and rolled it down Singuttara Hill to a raft on the Pazundaung Creek. The bell and raft were lashed to de Brito's flagship for the journey across the river to Syriam, to be melted down and made into cannon. The load proved too heavy, and at the confluence of the Bago and Yangon Rivers, off what is now known as Monkey Point, the raft broke up and the bell went to the bottom, taking de Brito's ship with it.^[4]

In 1613, de Brito's Syriam was besieged by the Burmese forces of King Anaukpetlun. After the fall of the city in April 1613, de Brito was crucified and executed along with Natshinnaung. de Brito was executed by being impaled; it took him three days to die.^[5] More than 400 Portuguese were taken as prisoners of war back to Ava.^[1]^: 190

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rajanubhab, D., 2001, Our Wars With the Burmese, Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd., ISBN 9747534584
^ Beveridge, Henry (1876). The district of Bákarganj; its history and statistics. London: Trübner & Co.
^ Aung Zaw (23 February 2018). "Chiming with History". The Irrawaddy. The Irrawaddy. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
^ "Myanmar's Largest Bell Underwater". Yangon, Myanmar: Myanmar's NET. 2007. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
^ R. Findlay & K.H. O'Rourk, "Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium", (2007), Princeton University Press, p.196