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Eryngium
	Eryngium bourgatii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae
Subfamily:	Apioideae
Tribe:	Saniculeae
Genus:	Eryngium; Tourn. ex L.
Diversity
	About 250 species
Synonyms
	Atirsita Raf. ; Klonion Raf. ; Reilia Steud. ; Strebanthus Raf. ;

Eryngium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. There are about 250 species.^[1] The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with centres of diversity in the western Mediterranean, South America and Mexico.^[2] Common names include eryngo and sea holly (though not to be confused with true hollies, of the genus Ilex).

These are annual and perennial herbs with hairless and usually spiny leaves. The dome-shaped umbels of steely blue or white flowers have whorls of spiny basal bracts. European and Asian species tend to be native to dry, rocky and coastal areas, and the American species are native to often damp grasslands.^[3]

In the language of flowers, they represent admiration.^[4]

Systematics

Taxonomic history

The genus name Eryngium was established by Linnaeus in 1753 where he mentioned eight species, including two from America (E. aquaticum, E. foetidum). Linnaeus, in Genera Plantarum (1754), cited his source of the name Eryngium as being from Joseph Tournefort’s Institutiones rei herbariae (1700). The name itself has an Ancient Greek origin as eryggion (ερυγγιον). ^[5]

Prior to the nomenclatural establishment of Eryngium by Linnaeus, plants that can be recognised as belonging to the genus were mentioned by Theophrastus (371–287BC), Pedanius Dioscorides (40–90AD), Otto Brunfels (1532) and Leonhart Fuchs (1543). Early mentions of American species were made by Francisco Hernández de Toledo (1651) and Leonard Plukenet (1692).^[5]

After Linnaeus, a major treatment of the genus was made by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1798) who mentioned 25 species, and Antonio José Cavanilles (1800, 1801) who described at least seven species, six of which were from America. The first monograph of the genus was by François-Étienne de La Roche (1808), which covers 50 species. In the 19th century further European and Asian species were described by Pierre Edmond Boissier and Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, and American species by Adelbert von Chamisso, Joseph Decaisne, William Jackson Hooker, August Grisebach, Willis Linn Jepson and Rodolfo Amando Philippi. In 1913 Karl F.A.H. Wolff published a major revision of the genus, discussing 196 species which he allocated to 34 sections while also recognising a division between Old World (Europe and Asia) and New World (America and Australia) species. The understanding of American species was further enhanced by Mildred E. Mathias (1906–1995) and Lincoln Constance (1909–2001) who published a synopsis of North American species (Mathias & Constance 1941) and described a total of 18 species from North and South America.^[5]

More recently, Arno Wörz has made a major contribution to the understanding of the genus with his revision of European, Asian and African species (Wörz 2011 ^[5]) and his checklist of all species (Wörz 1999 ^[6]).

Evolutionary history

It is likely that the genus originated in Eurasia, with a radiation from west to east in subgenus Eryngium, and the western Mediterranean being a primary centre of diversity. The American species are probably derived from a more recent intensive evolution and radiation, possibly from a single trans-Atlantic dispersal and subsequent landfall in southeastern South America where there is a primary diversity centre in southern Brazil and a younger secondary one in Mexico. It is likely that the sword-leaved structure seen in many American species occurred only once in the evolution of the genus. The palmate leaf patterns seen in Eurasian species do not occur in any American species.^[2]

Classification

Wörz (2011 ^[5]) divided the genus into six subgenera, with one subgenus divided into 10 sections:

subgenus Lessonia
subgenus Monocotyloidea
subgenus Semiaquatica
subgenus Ilicifolia
subgenus Foetida
subgenus Eryngium
- section Alpina
- section Amethystina
- section Astrantiifolia
- section Bourgatiorum
- section Bungeorum
- section Eryngium
- section Gigantophylla
- section Palmito
- section Plana
- section Thorifolia

Selected species

Species include:^[7]^[8]

Eryngium agavifolium - agave-leaved eryngo
Eryngium alismifolium - Modoc eryngo
Eryngium alpinum - alpine eryngo
Eryngium amethystinum - amethyst eryngo
Eryngium aquaticum - rattlesnake master
Eryngium aristulatum - California eryngo
Eryngium armatum - coastal eryngo
Eryngium aromaticum - fragrant eryngo
Eryngium articulatum - beethistle
Eryngium baldwinii – Baldwin's eryngo
Eryngium billardieri – Billardier's eryngo
Eryngium bourgatii Gouan - Bourgati's eryngo
Eryngium caeruleum – sky-blue eryngo
Eryngium campestre - field eryngo
Eryngium carlinae - gravatá
Eryngium castrense - Great Valley eryngo
Eryngium constancei - Loch Lomond eryngo
Eryngium creticum
Eryngium cuneifolium - wedgeleaf eryngo, snakeroot
Eryngium cymosum
Eryngium diffusum – spreading eryngo
Eryngium divaricatum – ballast eryngo
Eryngium ebracteatum – burnet-flowered eryngo
Eryngium eburneum
Eryngium foetidum - false coriander, stinkweed, culantro, spiritweeed
Eryngium giganteum - giant sea holly, Miss Willmott's ghost
Eryngium gracile
Eryngium guatemalense
Eryngium heterophyllum - Mexican thistle, Wright's eryngo
Eryngium hookeri - Hooker's eryngo
Eryngium horridum
Eryngium humboldtii – Humboldt's eryngo
Eryngium humile
Eryngium integrifolium – blueflower eryngo
Eryngium jaliscense
Eryngium leavenworthii - Leavenworth's eryngo
Eryngium lemmonii – Chiricahua Mountain eryngo
Eryngium longifolium
Eryngium maritimum - sea holly, seaside eryngo
Eryngium mathiasiae – Mathias's eryngo
Eryngium nasturtiifolium – hierba del sapo
Eryngium ombrophilum
Eryngium ovinum - blue devil
Eryngium paludosum - long eryngo
Eryngium pandanifolium – pandan-leaved eryngo
Eryngium paniculatum
Eryngium pendletonense - Pendleton button-celery, Pendleton's eryngo
Eryngium petiolatum – rushleaf eryngo, Oregon coyote thistle
Eryngium phyteumae – Huachuca Mountain eryngo
Eryngium pinnatifidum - blue devils
Eryngium pinnatisectum – Tuolumne eryngo
Eryngium planum - blue eryngo, plains eryngo
Eryngium prostratum - creeping eryngo
Eryngium proteiflorum – protea-flowered eryngo
Eryngium racemosum – delta eryngo
Eryngium rostratum - blue devil
Eryngium serbicum – Serbian eryngo
Eryngium serra
Eryngium sparganophyllum – Arizona eryngo
Eryngium spinalba
Eryngium spinosepalum - spinysepal eryngo
Eryngium tricuspidatum
Eryngium variifolium - Moroccan eryngo
Eryngium vaseyi - coyote thistle
Eryngium venustum
Eryngium vesiculosum - prickfoot
Eryngium yuccifolium - rattlesnake master, button snakeroot, button eryngo

Uses

Horticulture

Eryngos are grown as ornamental plants in gardens. The most widely grown species are E. agavifolium, E. alpinum, E. bourgatii, E. giganteum, E. pandanifolium, E. planum, E. variifolium and E. yuccifolium.^[3] Two hybrids have also been selected for garden use, one being E. × olivierianum^[9] (syn. E. x zabelii), of which there are several cultivars such as ‘Big Blue’,^[10] and the other is E. × tripartitum.^[11] The species with the most cultivars is E. planum.^[3] Overall, around 250 cultivars have been named in the genus.^[12] Some species and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Medicine and food

Many species of Eryngium have been used as medicine and food. Eryngium campestre is used as a folk medicine in Turkey. In Iran, Eryngium (Boghnagh فارسی- بوقناق) is used as herbal tea to lower blood sugar. Eryngium creticum is a herbal remedy for scorpion stings in Jordan. Eryngium elegans is used in Argentina and Eryngium foetidum in Latin America and South-East Asia. Native American peoples used many species for varied purposes. Cultures worldwide have used Eryngium extracts as anti-inflammatory agents. Eryngium yields an essential oil and contains many kinds of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, and steroids.^[13]

The roots have been used as vegetables or sweetmeats, particularly Eryngium maritimum. Young shoots and leaves are sometimes used as vegetables like asparagus. Eryngium foetidum is used as a culinary herb in tropical parts of the Americas and Asia. It tastes similar to coriander or cilantro, and is sometimes mistaken for it. It may be called spiny coriander or culantro, or by its Vietnamese name of ngo gai.^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Eryngium". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
^ ^a ^b Calviño, C.I., Martínez, S.G. & Downie, S.R. (2008) The evolutionary history of Eryngium (Apiaceae, Saniculoideae): rapid radiations, long distance dispersals, and hybridizations. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46(3): 1129–1150.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brickell, C., ed. (2016). RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley.
^ "Language of Flowers - Flower Meanings, Flower Sentiments". www.languageofflowers.com. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Wörz, A. (2011). Revision of Eryngium L. (Apiaceae - Saniculoideae): general part and Palaearctic species. Bibliotheca Botanica 159 1-498.
^ Wörz, A. (1999). A taxonomic index of the species of Eryngium L. (Apiaceae: Saniculoideae). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Ser. A. 596 1-48.
^ GRIN Species Records of Eryngium. Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
^ Eryngium of North America. USDA PLANTS.
^ "Eryngium × olivieranum". RHS. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
^ MBG 2022.
^ "Eryngium × tripartitum". RHS. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
^ "Grant, M. (2023) Checklist of Eryngium cultivar names". Eryngiums.com. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
^ Wang, P., et al. (2012). Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Eryngium L. (Apiaceae). Archived 2013-11-02 at the Wayback Machine Pharmaceutical Crops 3 99-120.
^ Ramcharan, C. (1999) Culantro: A much utilized, little understood herb. p. 506–509. In: Janick, J. (ed.). Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA.