Emil Jannings

Emil Jannings
Emil Jannings
	Jannings circa 1926
Born	Theodor Friedrich Emil Janenz; 23 July 1884; Rorschach, Switzerland
Died	2 January 1950 (aged 65); Strobl, Allied-occupied Austria
Nationality	German
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1914–1945
Spouses	Lucy Höfling (divorced 1919); ; Hanna Ralph (m. 1919; div. 1921); Lucie Höflich (m. 1921; div. 1921) ; Gussy Holl (m. 1923)
Children	1
Signature

Emil Jannings (born Theodor Friedrich Emil Janenz, 23 July 1884 – 2 January 1950) was a Swiss-born German actor who was popular in Hollywood in the 1920s. He was the first recipient of the Academy Award for Best Actor for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. As of 2024, Jannings is the only German ever to have won the category.

Jannings is best known for his collaborations with F. W. Murnau and Josef von Sternberg, including the 1930 film The Blue Angel (Der blaue Engel), with Marlene Dietrich. The Blue Angel was meant as a vehicle for Jannings to score a place for himself in the new medium of sound film, but Dietrich stole the show. Jannings later starred in a number of Nazi propaganda films, which made him unemployable as an actor after the defeat of Nazi Germany.

Childhood and youth

Jannings was born in Rorschach, Switzerland, the son of Emil Janenz, an American businessman from St. Louis, and his wife Margarethe (née Schwabe), originally from Germany.^[2]^[3] Jannings held German citizenship; while he was still young the family moved to Leipzig in the German Empire and further to Görlitz after the early death of his father.

Jannings ran away from school and went to sea. When he returned to Görlitz, his mother finally allowed him to begin a traineeship at the town state theatre, where he started his stage career. From 1901 onwards he worked with several theatre companies in Bremen, Nuremberg, Leipzig, Königsberg, and Glogau before joining the Deutsches Theater ensemble under director Max Reinhardt in Berlin.^[4] Permanently employed since 1915, Jannings met with playwright Karl Vollmöller, fellow actor Ernst Lubitsch, and photographer Frieda Riess. After World War I all were at the heart of Weimar Culture in 1920s Berlin. Jannings made his breakthrough in 1918 with his role as Judge Adam in Kleist's Broken Jug at the Schauspielhaus.

Career

Jannings was a theater actor who went into films, though he remained dissatisfied with the limited expressive possibilities in the silent era. Having signed a contract with the UFA production company, he starred in Die Augen der Mumie Ma (The Eyes of the Mummy, 1918) and Madame DuBarry (1919), both with Pola Negri in the main female part. He also performed in the 1922 film version of Othello and in F. W. Murnau's 1924 film The Last Laugh (Der Letzte Mann), as a proud but aged hotel doorman who is demoted to a restroom attendant. Jannings worked with Murnau on two other films; playing the title character in Tartuffe (Herr Tartüff, 1925), and as Mephistopheles in Faust (1926).

United States

His increasing popularity enabled Jannings to sign an agreement with Paramount Pictures and eventually follow his acting colleagues Lubitsch and Negri to Hollywood. He started his career in 1927 with The Way of All Flesh directed by Victor Fleming (now lost) and in the following year performed in Josef von Sternberg's The Last Command. In 1929, Jannings won the first Best Actor Oscar for his work in both films. He and Sternberg also cooperated in Street of Sin (1928), though they actually differed about Jannings' acting in front of the camera.

His Hollywood career came to an end with the advent of talkies as his thick German accent was difficult to understand. His dialogue was initially dubbed by another actor in the part-talkie The Patriot (1928) directed by Ernst Lubitsch, although Jannings' own voice was restored after he objected. Returning to Europe, he starred opposite Marlene Dietrich in the 1930 film The Blue Angel, which was filmed simultaneously in English with its German version Der blaue Engel.

According to Susan Orlean, author of Rin Tin Tin: The Life and The Legend, Jannings was not actually the winner of the first best actor vote, but the runner-up. While researching her book, Orlean thought she discovered that it was in fact Rin Tin Tin, the German Shepherd dog, one of the biggest movie stars of his time, who won the vote. The Academy, however, worried about not being taken seriously if they gave the first Oscar to a dog, chose to award the Oscar to the human runner-up.^[5] However, this story has been labeled as debunked as absolutely not true by other sources.^[6]^[7]

In 1960, Jannings was posthumously honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1630 Vine Street for his contribution to motion pictures.^[8]

Nazi Germany

After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Jannings continued his career in the service of Nazi cinema. In Nazi Germany, he starred in several films that were intended to promote Nazism, particularly the Führerprinzip by presenting unyielding historical characters, such as Der alte und der junge König (The Old and the Young King 1934), Der Herrscher (The Ruler 1937) directed by Veit Harlan, Robert Koch (1939), Ohm Krüger (Uncle Kruger, 1941) and Die Entlassung (Bismarck's Dismissal, 1942).^[9] He also performed in his famed role in The Broken Jug directed by Gustav Ucicky. Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels named Jannings an "Artist of the State" (Staatsschauspieler)^[10]

The shooting of his last film Wo ist Herr Belling? was aborted when troops of the Allied Powers entered Germany in Spring 1945. Jannings reportedly carried his Oscar statuette with him as proof of his former association with Hollywood. However, his active role in Nazi propaganda meant that he was subject to denazification, effectively ending his career.

In the same period Dietrich became a US citizen and an influential anti-Nazi activist, spending much of the war entertaining troops on the front lines and broadcasting on behalf of the OSS. Dietrich particularly loathed Jannings for his Nazi ties, and would later refer to her former co-star as a "ham".^[11]

After the war with his reputation stained by his work with the Nazi government, he never worked as an actor again.^[12]

Death

Jannings retired to Strobl near Salzburg, Austria, and became an Austrian citizen in 1947.^[4] He died in 1950, aged 65, from liver cancer.^[13] He is buried in the St. Wolfgang cemetery. His Best Actor Oscar is now on display at the Berlin Filmmuseum.

Marriages

Jannings was married four times. His first three marriages ended in divorce, his last with his death. His last three marriages were to German stage and film actresses, Hanna Ralph, Lucie Höflich, and Gussy Holl.^[9] He had a daughter, Ruth-Maria (born 1920), from his first marriage to Lucy Höfling.^[14]^[15]

Cultural depictions

Hilmar Eichhorn [de] portrayed a fictionalized version of Jannings in Inglourious Basterds (2009), directed by Quentin Tarantino. This fictional version of Jannings dies at the end of the film.
In the 1972 film Cabaret, singer Sally Bowles (Liza Minnelli) finds herself at a high-society dinner party; she tries to impress someone at the table by suggesting that she is a friend of Emil Jannings.
In Series 1 of the BBC’s epic Second World War drama World on Fire (2019) American journalist Nancy Campbell, played by Helen Hunt, accepts an invitation from neighbours in Berlin to see the latest Emil Jannings film, saying: “Well, I love Emil Jannings, and I loved him in The Blue Angel.”

Filmography

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1914	Arme Eva
	Im Schützengraben
	Passionels Tagebuch
1916	Aus Mangel an Beweisen	Dr. Langer
	Die Bettlerin von St. Marien	Baron Gelsburg
	Frau Eva
	Im Angesicht des Toten	Paul Werner
	Life Is a Dream	Verführer (the seducer)	a.k.a. Das Leben ein Traum (German original title)
	A Night of Horror	Banker	a.k.a. Nächte des Grauens (German original title)
	Stein unter Steinen
1917	Das fidele Gefängnis [de]	Quabbe, the jailer	The Merry Jail (Europe: English title)
	When Four Do the Same	Segetoff	a.k.a. Wenn vier dasselbe tun (German original title)
	Hoheit Radieschen
	The Marriage of Luise Rohrbach	Wilhelm Rohrbach	a.k.a. Die Ehe der Luise Rohrbach (German original title)
	Der Zehnte Pavillon der Zitadelle
	Das Geschäft	S. H. Haßler
	Lulu
	The Ring of Giuditta Foscari		a.k.a. Der Ring der Giuditta Foscari (German original title)
	The Sea Battle		a.k.a. Die Seeschlacht (German original title)
	Unheilbar
1918	The Seeds of Life	James Fraenkel, stock exchange broker (Börsenmakler) John Smith, American engineer (amerikanischer Ingenieur)	a.k.a. Keimendes Leben (German original title)
	The Eyes of the Mummy	Radu, an Arab	Die Augen der Mumie Ma (German original title)
	Fuhrmann Henschel
	Nach zwanzig Jahren	Horst Lundin 'Korn'
1919	Rose Bernd	Arthur Streckmann
	Madame DuBarry	Louis XV	a.k.a. Passion
	Vendetta	Tomasso
	The Daughter of Mehemed	Vaco Juan Riberda, Fabrikbesitzer	a.k.a. Die Tochter des Mehemed (German original title)
	The Man of Action	Jan Miller	a.k.a. Der Mann der Tat (German original title)
1920	Colombine	Carlo	a.k.a. Die Braut des Apachen (German original title)
	Anna Boleyn	Henry VIII	a.k.a. Deception
	The Skull of Pharaoh's Daughter	Osorcon, Pharao of Egypt	a.k.a. Der Schädel der Pharaonentochter (German original title)
	Algol	Robert Herne
	The Big Light	Lorenz Ferleitner	a.k.a. Das große Licht (German original title)
	Kohlhiesel's Daughters	Peter Xaver	a.k.a. Kohlhiesels Töchter (German original title)
1921	The Rats	Bruno	a.k.a. Die Ratten (German original title)
	The Oath of Peter Hergatz		a.k.a. Der Schwur des Peter Hergatz (German original title)
	Danton	Georges Danton	a.k.a. All for a Woman
	The Bull of Olivera	General François Guillaume	a.k.a. Der Stier von Olivera (German original title)
	The Brothers Karamazov	Dimitri Karamasoff	a.k.a. Die Brüder Karamasoff (German original title)
1922	Peter the Great	Peter the Great	a.k.a. Peter der Große (German original title)
	Othello	Othello
	The Loves of Pharaoh	Pharao Amenes	a.k.a. Das Weib des Pharao (German original title)
	The Countess of Paris	Ombrade	a.k.a. Die Gräfin von Paris (German original title)
1923	All for Money	S. I. Rupp	(USA); a.k.a. Alles für Geld (German original title)
1923	Tragedy of Love	Ombrade	a.k.a. Tragödie der Liebe (German original title)
1924	The Last Laugh	Hotel Porter	(USA); a.k.a. Der letzte Mann (German original title)
	Husbands or Lovers	Husband
	Waxworks	Harun al-Rashid
	Quo Vadis	Nero	Extant
1925	Variety	Boss Huller	a.k.a. Jealousy (USA)
1925	Love is Blind	Emil Jannings
1926	Tartuffe	Tartuffe
1926	Faust – A German Folktale	Mephisto	Extant
1927	The Way of All Flesh	August Schilling	Academy Award for Best Actor; Lost film
1928	Sins of the Fathers	Wilhelm Spengler	excerpts and clips are preserved of this film. Unconfirmed about the total film
	The Patriot	Czar Paul I	Lost film
	Street of Sin	Basher Bill	Lost film
	The Last Command	Gen. Dolgorucki / Grand Duke Sergius Alexander	Academy Award for Best Actor; Extant
1929	Betrayal	Poldi Moser
1930	Darling of the Gods	Albert Winkelmann	a.k.a. Liebling der Götter (German original title)
1930	The Blue Angel	Prof. Immanuel Rath	US title; a.k.a. Der blaue Engel
1932	Storms of Passion	Gustav Bumke	German original title; a.k.a. Stürme der Leidenschaft a.k.a. Tempest
1933	Die Abenteuer des Königs Pausole	King Pausole	a.k.a. The Adventures of King Pausole (English title)
1933	The Merry Monarch	King Pausole
1934	Der Schwarze Walfisch	Peter Petersen	German original title; a.k.a. The Black Whale (International: English title)
1935	The Old and the Young King	Frederick William I of Prussia	a.k.a. The Making of a King (USA); Der alte und der junge König (German original title)
1936	The Dreamer	Direktor Prof. Niemeyer	a.k.a. Traumulus (German original title)
1937	The Broken Jug	Adam, Dorfrichter	a.k.a. Der zerbrochene Krug (German original title)
1937	The Ruler	Matthias Clausen	a.k.a. Der Herrscher (German original title)
1939	Robert Koch	Robert Koch
1939	Der Trichter. (Nr. III)		scenes deleted
1941	Ohm Krüger	Paul Kruger	a.k.a. Uncle Kruger (International: English title)
1942	Die Entlassung	Otto von Bismarck	a.k.a. Bismarck's Dismissal (UK)
1943	Altes Herz wird wieder jung [de]	Fabrikdirektor Hoffmann
1945	Wo ist Herr Belling? [de]	Firmenchef Eberhard Belling	a.k.a. Where Is Mr. Belling? (English title)