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In mathematics, specifically commutative algebra, a divided power structure is a way of introducing items with similar properties as expressions of the form ${\displaystyle x^{n}/n!}$ have, also when it is not possible to actually divide by ${\displaystyle n!}$.

Let A be a commutative ring with an ideal I. A divided power structure (or PD-structure, after the French puissances divisées) on I is a collection of maps ${\displaystyle \gamma _{n}:I\to A}$ for n = 0, 1, 2, ... such that:

1. ${\displaystyle \gamma _{0}(x)=1}$ and ${\displaystyle \gamma _{1}(x)=x}$ for ${\displaystyle x\in I}$, while ${\displaystyle \gamma _{n}(x)\in I}$ for n > 0.
2. ${\displaystyle \gamma _{n}(x+y)=\sum _{i=0}^{n}\gamma _{n-i}(x)\gamma _{i}(y)}$ for ${\displaystyle x,y\in I}$.
3. ${\displaystyle \gamma _{n}(\lambda x)=\lambda ^{n}\gamma _{n}(x)}$ for ${\displaystyle \lambda \in A,x\in I}$.
4. ${\displaystyle \gamma _{m}(x)\gamma _{n}(x)=((m,n))\gamma _{m+n}(x)}$ for ${\displaystyle x\in I}$, where ${\displaystyle ((m,n))={\frac {(m+n)!}{m!n!}}}$ is an integer.
5. ${\displaystyle \gamma _{n}(\gamma _{m}(x))=C_{n,m}\gamma _{mn}(x)}$ for ${\displaystyle x\in I}$ and ${\displaystyle m>0}$, where ${\displaystyle C_{n,m}={\frac {(mn)!}{(m!)^{n}n!}}}$ is an integer.

For convenience of notation, ${\displaystyle \gamma _{n}(x)}$ is often written as ${\displaystyle x^{[n]}}$ when it is clear what divided power structure is meant.

The term divided power ideal refers to an ideal with a given divided power structure, and divided power ring refers to a ring with a given ideal with divided power structure.

Homomorphisms of divided power algebras are ring homomorphisms that respects the divided power structure on its source and target.

• The free divided power algebra over ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }$ on one generator:

${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} \langle {x}\rangle :=\mathbb {Z} \left[x,{\tfrac {x^{2}}{2}},\ldots ,{\tfrac {x^{n}}{n!}},\ldots \right]\subset \mathbb {Q} [x].}$

• If A is an algebra over ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} ,}$ then every ideal I has a unique divided power structure where ${\displaystyle \gamma _{n}(x)={\tfrac {1}{n!}}\cdot x^{n}.}$^[1] Indeed, this is the example which motivates the definition in the first place.

• If M is an A-module, let ${\displaystyle S^{\bullet }M}$ denote the symmetric algebra of M over A. Then its dual ${\displaystyle (S^{\bullet }M)^{\vee }={\text{Hom}}_{A}(S^{\bullet }M,A)}$ has a canonical structure of divided power ring. In fact, it is canonically isomorphic to a natural completion of ${\displaystyle \Gamma _{A}({\check {M}})}$ (see below) if M has finite rank.

If A is any ring, there exists a divided power ring

${\displaystyle A\langle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n}\rangle }$

consisting of divided power polynomials in the variables

${\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n},}$

that is sums of divided power monomials of the form

${\displaystyle cx_{1}^{[i_{1}]}x_{2}^{[i_{2}]}\cdots x_{n}^{[i_{n}]}}$

with ${\displaystyle c\in A}$. Here the divided power ideal is the set of divided power polynomials with constant coefficient 0.

More generally, if M is an A-module, there is a universal A-algebra, called

${\displaystyle \Gamma _{A}(M),}$

with PD ideal

${\displaystyle \Gamma _{+}(M)}$

and an A-linear map

${\displaystyle M\to \Gamma _{+}(M).}$

(The case of divided power polynomials is the special case in which M is a free module over A of finite rank.)

If I is any ideal of a ring A, there is a universal construction which extends A with divided powers of elements of I to get a divided power envelope of I in A.

The divided power envelope is a fundamental tool in the theory of PD differential operators and crystalline cohomology, where it is used to overcome technical difficulties which arise in positive characteristic.

The divided power functor is used in the construction of co-Schur functors.

• Crystalline cohomology

• Berthelot, Pierre; Ogus, Arthur (1978). Notes on Crystalline Cohomology. Annals of Mathematics Studies. Princeton University Press. Zbl 0383.14010.
• Hazewinkel, Michiel (1978). Formal Groups and Applications. Pure and applied mathematics, a series of monographs and textbooks. Vol. 78. Elsevier. p. 507. ISBN 0123351502. Zbl 0454.14020.
• p-adic derived de Rham cohomology - contains excellent material on PD-polynomial rings and PD-envelopes
• What's the name for the analogue of divided power algebras for x^i/i - contains useful equivalence to divided power algebras as dual algebras