The Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard (Étendard is French for "battle flag", cognate to English "standard") is a French carrier-borne strike fighter aircraft designed by Dassault-Breguet for service with the French Navy.
The aircraft is an advanced development of the Étendard IVM, which it replaced. The Super Étendard first flew in October 1974 and entered French service in June 1978. French Super Étendards have served in several conflicts such as the Kosovo war, the war in Afghanistan and the military intervention in Libya.
The Super Étendard was also operated by Iraq (on a temporary lease) and Argentina, which both deployed the aircraft during wartime. Argentina's Navy use of the Super Étendard and the Exocet missile during the 1982 Falklands War led to the aircraft gaining considerable popular recognition. The Super Étendard was used by Iraq to attack oil tankers and merchant shipping in the Persian Gulf during the Iraq-Iran War. In French service, the Super Étendard was replaced by the Dassault Rafale in 2016.[1]
The Super Étendard is a development of the earlier Étendard IVM which had been developed in the 1950s. The Étendard IVM was originally to have been replaced by a navalised version of the SEPECAT Jaguar, designated as the Jaguar M; however the Jaguar M project was stalled by a combination of political problems and issues experienced during trial deployments on board carriers. Specifically, the Jaguar M had suffered handling problems when being flown on a single engine and a poor throttle response time that made landing back on a carrier after an engine failure difficult.[2] In 1973, all development work on the Jaguar M was formally cancelled by the French government.[3]
There were several proposed aircraft to replace the Jaguar M, including the LTV A-7 Corsair II and the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk. Dassault pulled some strings with the French government and produced its own proposal to meet the requirement.[4] According to Bill Gunston and Peter Gilchrist, Dassault had played a significant role in the cancellation of the Jaguar M with the aim of creating a vacancy for their own proposal – the Super Étendard.[5] The Super Étendard was essentially an improved version of the existing Étendard IVM, outfitted with a more powerful engine, a new wing and improved avionics. Dassault sold its plane as the only fully French-made candidate, and as cheaper than the other contestants, using modern technology already proven in existing Dassault planes. Dassault's Super Étendard proposal was accepted by the French Navy in 1973, leading to a series of prototypes being quickly assembled.[6]
The first of three prototypes to be built, an Étendard IVM which had been modified with the new engine and some of the new avionics,[6] made its maiden flight on 28 October 1974.[7][8][9] The original intention of the French Navy was to order a total of 100 Super Étendards, however the order placed was for 60 of the new model with options for a further 20; further budget cuts and an escalation in the aircraft's per unit price eventually led to only 71 Super Étendards being purchased.[9] Dassault began making deliveries of the type to the French Navy in June 1978.[7][10]
In the first year of production, 15 Super Étendards were produced for the French Navy, allowing the formation of the first squadron in 1979. Dassault produced the aircraft at a rough rate of two per month.[11]
The Argentine Navy was the only export customer. Argentina placed an order for 14 aircraft to meet their requirements for a capable new fighter that could operate from their sole aircraft carrier.[7] In 1983, all manufacturing activity was completed, the last delivery to the French Navy taking place that year.[9][12]
The Super Étendard is a small, single-engined, mid-winged aircraft with an all-metal structure. Both the wings and tailplane are swept, with the folding wings having a sweepback of about 45 degrees, while the aircraft is powered by a non-afterburning SNECMA Atar 8K-50 turbojet with a rating of 49 kN (11,025 lbf). Its performance was not much better than the Étendard IV, but its avionics were significantly improved.
The main new weapon of the Super Étendard was the French anti-shipping missile, the Aérospatiale AM 39 Exocet.[6] The aircraft had a Thomson-CSF Agave radar, an updated version of the Cyrano IV used on the Dassault Mirage F1, which, amongst other functions, was essential to launch the Exocet missile.[6] One of the major technical advances of the Super Étendard was its onboard UAT-40 central computer; this managed most mission-critical systems, integrating navigational data and functions, radar information and display, and weapons targeting and controls.[13]
In the 1990s, significant modifications and upgrades were made to the type, including an updated UAT-90 computer and a new Thomson-CSF Anemone radar which provided nearly double the range of the previous Agave radar.[14] Other upgrades at this time included an extensively redesigned cockpit with HOTAS controls, and airframe life-extension work was undertaken; a total of 48 aircraft received these upgrades, at a rate of 15 per year.[14] During the 2000s, further improvements included significantly improved self-defence ECM capability to better evade enemy detection and attacks,[15] cockpit compatibility with night vision goggles, a new inertial data system partly integrating GPS, and compatibility with the Damocles Laser designator pod.[14]
The Super Étendard could also deploy tactical nuclear weapons;[16] initially these were unguided gravity bombs only, however, during the 1990s the Super Étendard was extensively upgraded, enabling the deployment of the Air-Sol Moyenne Portée, a ramjet-powered air-launched nuclear missile.[6] The aircraft was also refitted with the ability to operate a range of laser-guided bombs and, to enable the type to replace the retiring Étendard IV in the reconnaissance mission, the Super Étendard was fitted to carry a specialist reconnaissance pod as well.[15] However, the aircraft is unable to perform naval landings without jettisoning unexpended ordnance.[14]
The Argentine Naval Aviation decided to buy 14 Super Étendards in 1979 after the United States put an arms embargo in place, due to the Dirty War and refused to supply spare parts for Argentina's fleet of A-4Q Skyhawks. Between August and November 1981, five Super Étendards and five anti-ship sea-skimming Exocet missiles were shipped to Argentina.[17] The Super Étendards, armed with Exocet anti-ship missiles played a key role in the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom in 1982. The 2nd Naval Squadron was stationed at the Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego naval air base; during the conflict. The threat posed to British naval forces led to the planning of Operation Mikado and other proposed infiltration missions to raid the airbase, aiming to destroy the Super Étendards to prevent their use.[18][19] A total of four Super Étendards were operational during the conflict.[9]
A first attempt to attack the British fleet was made on 2 May 1982, but this was abandoned due to in-flight-refuelling problems.[20] On 4 May, two Super Étendards, guided by a Lockheed P-2H Neptune, each launched one Exocet at the British destroyer HMS Sheffield, with one missile crippling Sheffield.[20][21] On 25 May, another attack by two Super Étendards resulted in two missiles hitting the merchant ship Atlantic Conveyor, which was carrying several helicopters and other supplies to the front line.[21][22][23] The Exocets that struck Atlantic Conveyor had been inadvertently redirected by decoy chaff deployed as a defensive measure by other ships;[24] Both Sheffield and Atlantic Conveyor sank whilst under tow some days later following these Exocet strikes.[25]
On May 30 two Super Étendards, one carrying Argentina's last remaining Exocet, escorted by four A-4C Skyhawks each with 3 500lb bombs, took off to attack the carrier HMS Invincible.
Following the end of the conflict, by 1984 Argentina had received all the 14 Super Étendards ordered, and Exocets with which to arm them.[26] Super Étendards performed qualifications on the aircraft carrier ARA 25 de Mayo until the ship's final retirement.[27] Since 1993, Argentine pilots have practised on board the neighbouring Brazilian Navy's aircraft carrier São Paulo. Touch-and-go landing exercises were also common on US Navy carriers during Gringo-Gaucho manoeuvres and joint exercises.[28]
In 2009, an agreement was signed between Argentina and France to upgrade Argentina's remaining fleet of Super Étendards.[29] An earlier proposal to acquire former French Naval Super Étendards was rejected due to high levels of accumulated flight hours; instead equipment and hardware would be removed from retiring French airframes and installed into Argentine aircraft, effectively upgrading them to the Super Étendard Modernisé (SEM) standard.[30] By March 2014, while the Argentine Navy continued to seek the upgrade kits for 10 of its 11 remaining Super Étendards; this ambition appears to have been complicated by several factors, France has been non-committal regarding the sought sale; critically, political developments between France and the UK may potentially allow the UK to obstruct the supply of military equipment to Argentina such as the upgrade kits and the Exocet missile.[31]
In 2017 five Super Étendard Modernisé were purchased from France to bolster the fleet at a cost of €12.5 million, along with a simulator, eight spare engines, and a large batch of spares and tooling.[32][33][34][35] However, while these aircraft were delivered in 2019, in 2020 they were still awaiting the delivery of key spare parts and it was announced that they may not be in operational service for a further two years.[36] In 2021, it was reported that the aircraft also remained non-operational due to problems obtaining components for the Martin Baker ejection seats manufactured in the U.K.. As a result, alternative parts were being sought in the United States.[37] In early 2022, it was reported that the spare parts problem remained unresolved and the aircraft remained in storage.[38] On 17 May 2023, on the occasion of the 209th anniversary of the Argentine Navy, Argentinean Minister of Defense Jorge Taiana, announced the withdrawal from service of all the Super Étendards of the Aviación Naval Argentina.[39]
Deliveries of the Super Étendard to the French Navy started in 1978, with the first squadron, Flottille 11F becoming operational in February 1979. As they offered no air combat capabilities France had to extend useful life of its Crusaders fighters, as no replacement option was found.
In total, three operational squadrons and a training unit were equipped with the Super Étendard.[6] The Super Étendards would operate from both of France's aircraft carriers at that time, Clemenceau and Foch; either carrier's air wing typically comprised 16 Super Étendards, 10 F-8 Crusaders, 3 Étendard IVPs, 7 Breguet Alizé anti-submarine aircraft, as well as numerous helicopters.[40]
The first fighting operational missions took place in Lebanon during Operation Olifant. On 22 September 1983, French Navy Super Étendards operating from Foch bombed and destroyed Syrian forces positions after a few artillery rounds were fired at the French peace keepers.[41] On November 10, a Super Étendard dodged a Syrian SA-7 shoulder-launched missile near Bourj el-Barajneh while flying over Druze positions.[42] On 17 November 1983, the same airplanes attacked and destroyed an Islamic Amal training camp in Baalbeck after a terrorist attack on French paratroopers in Beirut.[43]
From 1991, the original pure attack Étendard IVMs were withdrawn from French service;[44] though the reconnaissance version of the Étendard IV, the IVP, remained in service until July 2000.[45] In response, the Super Étendards underwent a series of upgrades throughout the 1990s to add new capabilities and update existing systems for use in the modern battlefield. Designated Super Étendard Modernisé (SEM), the first combat missions for the type came during NATO's Allied Force operations over Serbia in 1999 flying 400 combat missions. An Étendard IVPM from the Flottile 16.F was hit by a Serb SAM on 15 April 1994, while flying a reconnaissance mission over Gorazde, Bosnia, as part of Operation Deny Flight. The pilot managed to safely land on Clemenceau despite heavy damage on its tailpipe, elevators and fin.[46]
The SEM also flew strike missions in Operation Enduring Freedom. Mission Héraclès starting 21 November 2001 saw the deployment of the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle and its Super Étendards in Afghanistan. Operation Anaconda, starting on 2 March 2002 saw extensive use of the Super Étendard in support of French and allied ground troops. Super Étendards returned to operations over Afghanistan in 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010–2011. One of their main roles was to carry laser designation pods to illuminate targets for Dassault Rafales.[47]
In March 2011, Étendards were deployed as a part of Task Force 473, during France's Opération Harmattan in support of UN resolution 1973 during the Libyan conflict.[48] They were paired again with Dassault Rafales on interdiction missions.[49] The final Super Étendards in French naval aviation were in one "flottille" (squadron) called flottille 17F. All Super Étendards were retired from French service on 12 July 2016 to be replaced by the Dassault Rafale M, 42 years after the subsonic attack jet performed its first flight.[1] The Super Étendard's last operational deployment from Charles de Gaulle was in support of Opération Chammal against Islamic State militants in Iraq and Syria, which began in late 2015.[50] On 16 March 2016, the aircraft undertook its final launch from Charles de Gaulle ahead of its final withdrawal from service in July.
A total of five Super Étendards were loaned to Iraq in 1983 while the country was waiting for deliveries of Agave-equipped Dassault Mirage F1s capable of launching Exocet missiles that had been ordered; the first of these aircraft arrived in Iraq on 8 October 1983.[51] The provision of Super Étendards to Iraq was politically controversial, the United States and Iraq's neighbour Iran were vocal in their opposition while Saudi Arabia supported the loan; the aircraft were seen as an influential factor in the 1980–88 Iraq-Iran War as they could launch Exocet strikes on Iranian merchant shipping traversing the Persian Gulf.[52][53] The Super Étendards began maritime operations over Persian Gulf in March 1984; a total of 34 attacks were carried out on Iranian shipping through the rest of 1984.[54] Tankers of any nationality that were carrying Iranian crude oil were also subject to Iraqi attacks.[55]
Iraq typically deployed the Super Étendards in pairs, escorted by Mirage F1 fighters from bases in Southern Iraq; once inside the mission zone, the Super Étendards would search for targets using their onboard radar and engage suspected tankers at long range without visual identification.[56] While tankers would typically be struck by a launched Exocet, they were often only lightly damaged.[57] On 2 April 1984, an Iraqi Super Étendard was reportedly shot down by a AIM-7E-2 missile fired by an Iranian F-4 Phantom II piloted by Khosrow Adibi over Kharg Island.[58] Separately, on 26 July and 7 August 1984, claims of Super Étendard losses to Iranian Grumman F-14 Tomcats were reported.[59] Iran claimed a total of three Super Étendards to have been shot down by Iranian interceptors; France stated that four of the five leased aircraft were returned to France in 1985.[59]
Data from All The World's Aircraft 1982–83;[16]
General characteristics
Performance
Armament
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
Current squadrons
Keluarga Clunies-Ross, generasi 1930-an Raja Kepulauan Cocos adalah sebuah gelar, yang awalnya adalah julukan dari pers[1] namun belakangan diklaim sendiri oleh para keturunan John Clunies-Ross, seorang kapten kapal dan petualang asal Skotlandia. Keluarga Clunies-Ross menguasai Kepulauan Cocos selama 150 tahun, hingga keturunan kelima John Cecil Clunies-Ross menjual kepulauan tersebut kepada Persemakmuran Australia pada tahun 1978. Asal keturunan John Clunies-Ross adalah seorang pelaut k…
Arts centre, based in a church, in Wales Norwegian Church Arts CentreLocationCardiff BayCoordinates51°27′41″N 3°09′43″W / 51.46143°N 3.16192°W / 51.46143; -3.16192Built1868Original useLutheran ChurchCurrent useMuseum; Arts Centre; CafeVisitors180,000 (in 2018/19)[1]OwnerNorwegian Church Preservation TrustWebsitehttp://www.norwegianchurchcardiff.com The Norwegian Church Arts Centre (Welsh: Canolfan Gelfyddydau'r Eglwys Norwyaidd) is a point of cult…
2019 studio album by Patrice JégouIf It Ain't LoveStudio album by Patrice JégouReleasedMarch 22, 2019 (2019-03-22)GenreJazzLength65:59LabelPrairie Star RecordsProducerJorge CalandrelliMark KibbleMike LangYinka OyeleseDavid PaichPatrice Jégou chronology Speak Low(2014) If It Ain't Love(2019) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAll About Jazz[1]Music Connection8/10[2]Girl SingersHighest Recommendation[3] If It Ain't Love is the second solo…
福岡大学附属大濠中学校・高等学校 北緯33度34分52.6秒 東経130度22分37.3秒 / 北緯33.581278度 東経130.377028度 / 33.581278; 130.377028座標: 北緯33度34分52.6秒 東経130度22分37.3秒 / 北緯33.581278度 東経130.377028度 / 33.581278; 130.377028過去の名称 福岡外事専門学校附属大濠中学校福岡商科大学附属大濠高等学校国公私立の別 私立学校設置者 学校法人福岡大学
American actor (1927–2003) For the British voice actor, see David Holt (voice actor). David Jack HoltHolt in action in the 1936 film Straight from the Shoulder with Ralph Bellamy.Born(1927-08-14)August 14, 1927Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.DiedNovember 15, 2003(2003-11-15) (aged 76)San Juan Capistrano, California, U.S.Occupation(s)Actor, singer, dancer, songwriterYears active1933–1977Notable work▪ Sidney Sawyer inThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938)▪ Billy (older) inThe Pride of th…
EsmeraldasProvinceProvince of Esmeraldas BenderaJulukan: Seth LandCountryEcuadorEstablishedSeptember 21, 1526CapitalEsmeraldas, EcuadorCantonsList of CantonsLuas • Total15.954 km2 (6,160 sq mi)Populasi (2010) • Total520.711 • Kepadatan33/km2 (85/sq mi) • Population 2001396.047 The Rock of Sua. Provinsi Esmeraldas merupakan sebuah provinsi Ekuador yang memiliki luas wilayah 15.573 km² dan populasi 385.223 jiwa (20…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2022) جيسي بيرترامز معلومات شخصية الميلاد 22 ديسمبر 1994 (29 سنة) بيست، هولندا الطول 6 قدم 2 بوصة (1.88 م) مركز اللعب حارس مرمى الجنسية مملكة هولندا مسي
Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter Ruhleben (Begriffsklärung) aufgeführt. Die Siedlung Ruhleben (Charlottenburger Teil) im Bereich der Murellenberge und des Olympiageländes Der Name Ruhleben bezeichnet ein Gebiet in Berlin, das teilweise zum Bezirk Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf und teilweise zum Bezirk Spandau gehört. Gleichzeitig ist Ruhleben auch der Name einer Ortslage im Ortsteil Westend von Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. Die Ortslage umfasst nur den süd
Stregheria Fundador(es) AradiaDeidad o deidades principales Lucifer (dios latino) y AradiaTipo Brujería italianaSeguidores conocidos como Stregas (mujeres) Stregones (hombres)Escrituras sagradas Aradia, o il Vangelo delle StregheLengua litúrgica ItalianoPaís o región de origen ItaliaPaís con mayor cantidad de seguidores Italia con comunidades en la diáspora italianaClero Stregone (masculino) y strega (femenino)Comunidades CírculosReligiones relacionadas Brujería[editar datos en Wiki…
Calle del Maestro Victoria Madrid, España Datos de la rutaNombre anterior Capellanes, y Mariana Pineda (1901-1941)Numeración 3-2 al 7-10Otros datosDistrito(s) CentroBarrio(s) SolOrientación • sur Plaza del Celenque • norte Calle PreciadosCruces plaza de Celenque y calle de PreciadosUbicación 40°25′05″N 3°42′20″O / 40.418088888889, -3.7055666666667[editar datos en Wikidata] La calle del Maestro Victoria es una vía urbana de la ciuda…
Brazilian football coach and former player For other Brazilian men's footballers named Adaílton, see Adaílton. Adaílton Personal informationFull name Adaílton Martins BolzanDate of birth (1977-01-24) 24 January 1977 (age 46)Place of birth Santiago, BrazilHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) StrikerYouth career1987–1995 JuventudeSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1995–1996 Juventude 35 (1)1997 Guarani 8 (5)1997–1999 Parma 13 (2)1998–1999 → PSG (loan) 19 (2)1999
List of members of the highest-ranking judicial body in the United States This article is part of a series on theSupreme Courtof the United States The Court History Procedures Nomination and confirmation Judiciary Committee review Demographics Ideological leanings of justices Lists of decisions Supreme Court building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate justices Clarence Thomas Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Brett Kavanaugh Amy Coney Barrett Ketanji Brow…
Bupati Nagan Raya Republik IndonesiaLambang Bupati Nagan Raya Republik IndonesiaPetahanaFitriany Farhas (Pj)sejak 10 Oktober 2022KediamanPendapa Bupati Nagan Raya ( Komplek Perkantoran Suka Makmue )Masa jabatan5 tahun (definitif)Dibentuk2002 (UU No.4 TH 2002)Pejabat pertamaDrs. Teuku ZukarnainiSitus webSitus Resmi Kabupaten Nagan Raya Berikut ini adalah daftar Bupati Nagan Raya. No Bupati Mulai Jabatan Akhir Jabatan Wakil Bupati Keterangan Ref. Drs. H. Teuku Zukarnaini 2002 2006 Penjabat Bu…
Afrique subsaharienne L'Afrique subsaharienne est l'espace en vert sur la carte. Superficie 22 431 000 km2[1] ou 24 265 000 km2[2] selon les sources Population 1 022 664 451 hab. (2017[3]) Pays 48 Dépendances 2 Principales langues fang, arabe, peul, afrikaans, malgache, amharique, tigrigna, wolof, créole du Cap-Vert, haoussa, swahili, zoulou, lingala, bambara, somali, français, moré, yoruba, soninké, dioula, agni, bété, baoulé, kituba, so…
Bagian dari seriIlmu Pengetahuan Formal Logika Matematika Logika matematika Statistika matematika Ilmu komputer teoretis Teori permainan Teori keputusan Ilmu aktuaria Teori informasi Teori sistem FisikalFisika Fisika klasik Fisika modern Fisika terapan Fisika komputasi Fisika atom Fisika nuklir Fisika partikel Fisika eksperimental Fisika teori Fisika benda terkondensasi Mekanika Mekanika klasik Mekanika kuantum Mekanika kontinuum Rheologi Mekanika benda padat Mekanika fluida Fisika plasma Termod…
RLPARugby League Players AssociationFounded1979HeadquartersBalmain, New South WalesLocationAustraliaMembers 600+Key peopleDaly Cherry-Evans, General PresidentClint Newton, CEOWebsitewww.rlpa.com.au The Rugby League Players Association is a representative organisation based in Australia. The RLPA, as it is more commonly referred to, is the representative body of elite rugby league players, protecting and promoting the welfare and interests of its members. Formerly the Rugby League Professionals A…
Sophia Loren meraih sebuah Academy Award untuk Aktris Terbaik untuk penampilannya dalam Two Women dan nominasi Aktris Terbaik untuk Marriage Italian-Style. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences telah memberikan Academy Awards kepada aktor-aktor dan aktris-aktris untuk penampilan berbahasa asing (non-Inggris) dalam film-film, dengan penghargaan pertama diberikan pada 1961. Bagi seorang aktor dan aktris yang ingin mendapatkan Academy Awards untuk Aktor Terbaik, Aktris Terbaik, Aktor Pendukun…
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) PVC closet flange with steel flange, before installation In plumbing, a closet flange (also known as a toilet flange) is a pipe fitting (specifically, a type of flange) that both mounts a toilet to the floor and connects the closet bend to a drain pipe. The name comes fro…
Lista de filmes portugueses de longa-metragem lançados comercialmente em Portugal em 2017, nas salas de cinemas. Nota: Na coluna coprodução, passando o cursor sobre a bandeira aparecerá o nome do país correspondente. # Filme Realização Género Estreia Coprodução Class 1 Al Berto Vicente Alves do Ó Drama 5 de outubro — M/16 2 Alguém Como Eu Leonel Vieira Comédia 12 de outubro M/12 3 Ama-san Cláudia Varejão Aventura 26 de janeiro M/12 4 Centro Histórico Pedro CostaManoel de Olivei…
Не плутати з Десдемоною — астероїдом головного поясу. Дездемона Знімок із «Вояджера-2», на якому видно Дездемону Дані про відкриття Дата відкриття 13 січня 1986 Відкривач(і) Стівен Сіннот / «Вояджер-2» Планета Уран Номер X Орбітальні характеристики Велика піввісь 62 658,364 ± …
Lokasi Pengunjung: 18.116.51.30