Crew Dragon Endeavour

Crew Dragon Endeavour
Endeavour at Cape Canaveral in April 2020.
TypeSpace capsule
ClassDragon 2
EponymSpace Shuttle Endeavour
Serial no.C206
OwnerSpaceX
ManufacturerSpaceX
Specifications
Dimensions4.4 m × 3.7 m (14 ft × 12 ft)
PowerSolar panel
RocketFalcon 9 Block 5
History
LocationHawthorne, California
First flight
  • 30 May–2 August 2020
  • Demo-2
Last flight
  • 4 March–25 October 2024
  • Crew-8
Flights5
Flight time701 days, 21 hours, 16 minutes
Dragon 2s
← C205
Resilience →

Crew Dragon Endeavour (serial number C206) is the first operational Crew Dragon reusable spacecraft manufactured and operated by SpaceX. The spacecraft is named after Space Shuttle Endeavour. It first launched on 30 May 2020 to the International Space Station (ISS) on the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission. It has subsequently been used for the SpaceX Crew-2 mission that launched in April 2021, the private Axiom Mission 1 that launched in April 2022, the SpaceX Crew-6 mission that launched in March 2023, and the SpaceX Crew-8 mission from early March 2024 to late October 2024. As of November 2024, Endeavour holds the single-mission record for the most time in orbit by an American crewed spacecraft at 235 days.

First flight: Demo-2 mission

Change in mission

After the success of Crew Dragon Demo-1 using Crew Dragon C204, that spacecraft was originally planned to be used for the Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test. However, on 20 April 2019, Crew Dragon C204 was destroyed in an explosion during static fire testing at the Landing Zone 1 facility.[1] On the day of the anomaly, the initial testing of the Crew Dragon's Draco thrusters was successful, with the explosion occurring during the test of the SuperDraco abort system.[2]

Crew Dragon C205, then slated to be used for the Demo-2 mission, was subsequently used for the in-flight abort test.[3] Crew Dragon C206 Endeavour, then, was assigned to the Demo-2 mission, replacing Crew Dragon C205.[3] According to SpaceX, Endeavour underwent electromagnetic interference testing and completed acoustic testing in February 2020.[4][5] On 13 February 2020, the spacecraft was in SpaceX's processing facility at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida to undergo final processing and testing in preparation for the Demo-2 launch.[6]

On 17 April 2020, NASA announced the Demo-2 launch date was scheduled for no-earlier-than 27 May 2020.[7] NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel (ASAP), on 23 April 2024, gave its approval for the late May launch saying it was feasible and safe.[8] Endeavour was transported to the Kennedy Space Center, arriving at SpaceX's horizontal integration facility (HIF) at Launch Complex 39A on 15 May 2020.[9] The spacecraft was then mated to a Falcon 9 rocket and was rolled out onto the launch pad on 21 May 2020, with a static fire test completed the next day.[10]

SpaceX's first reused Crew Dragon Endeavour, docks at International Space Station

May 2020 launch

Astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley were selected by NASA as the Demo-2 mission crew on 3 August 2018.[11] Their mission validated crewed spaceflight operations using SpaceX hardware, including the Dragon spacecraft, the Falcon 9 rocket.[12] SpaceX scrubbed Demo-2's first launch attempt because of weather conditions. The Demo-2 mission successfully launched on 30 May 2020.[13][14] Hurley and Behnken's launch was the first to carry a crew to the International Space Station from the United States since STS-135 in July 2011.[13]

In a video tour of the spacecraft, shortly after the launch, Behnken and Hurley revealed they named the capsule Endeavour after the Space Shuttle Endeavour.[15] They both flew their first space missions on Space Shuttle Endeavour, on missions STS-123 and STS-127, respectively.[16] Additionally, each crew member brought along a toy from their family, in this case an Apatosaurus dinosaur named "Tremor", a sequined plush dinosaur toy, and a Ty flippables plush toy, continuing the tradition for astronauts to bring a plush toy or trinket aboard their spacecraft to serve as a zero-gravity indicator when weightlessness kicks in during spaceflight.[15]

Station operations

Spending 19 hours in orbit approaching the ISS, Hurley demonstrated the ability to pilot the spacecraft via its touchscreen controls; upon reaching a distance of 220 metres (720 ft) from the ISS docking ports, he let the automated docking program take over. Endeavour docked with the ISS on 31 May 2020.[17][18][19] Hurley and Behnken joined the ISS Expedition 63 crew, which consisted of NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy and Russian cosmonauts Ivan Vagner and Anatoli Ivanishin.[20] Behnken and Hurley launched to the ISS for an indeterminate time frame, which depended on Endeavour's solar array degradation, the status of Crew Dragon Resilience, and landing zone weather.[21]

Crew Dragon Endeavour landing in the Gulf of Mexico on 2 August 2020.

NASA originally planned Demo-2 as a short test flight lasting about two weeks, but later chose to extend the mission to address the shortfall of crew in the ISS.[22] According to Ken Bowersox, acting administrator for NASA's human spaceflight program, the spacecraft was "doing very well" and NASA re-planned to bring the crew and Endeavour home in early August.[21]

First splashdown in the Gulf

When Endeavour returned on 2 August 2020, it journeyed through a fast fiery descent of Earth's atmosphere and was slowed down by the capsule's drogue chute and suite of parachutes.[23] It splashed down in the Gulf of Mexico, near Pensacola, Florida, where a SpaceX recovery ship Go Navigator brought the crew and spacecraft back to shore.[23] This mission was the first ocean-based recovery of an American crewed spacecraft since 1975, when the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission splashed down.[24] Also, this mission was the first crew recovery to occur in the Gulf of Mexico.[25]

On the Demo-2 mission, Endeavour was in space for 63 days. The spacecraft was rated to spend 119 days in orbit, as its solar panels had less capability than a full production Crew Dragon capable of staying in space for up to 210 days.[26]

During the mission, NASA gave SpaceX approval to reuse flight-proven Crew Dragon spacecraft.[27] Behnken and Hurley left a Demo-2 patch on the inside of Endeavour after their mission.[28] SpaceX Crew-2 mission commander, astronaut Shane Kimbrough, announced that the crew would keep the Endeavour name for the spacecraft.[29] The seat Behnken used during his mission was later used by his wife, K. Megan McArthur on the Crew-2 flight.[30]

Crew-8 in-space record

Endeavour's most recent mission was SpaceX Crew-8.[31] It launched on 3 March 2024 (local time) and returned to Earth on 25 October 2024.[32] One of the crew members, Mission Specialist Jeanette Epps, became the second African-American woman to be part of a long-duration mission onboard the ISS.[33] The mission spent extra time in space due to an unexpected need to support Boeing Crew Flight Test mission astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore after problems with their spacecraft.[32][34] Weather in the landing zones, including Hurricane Milton, then caused further delays, but the crew finally splashed down off of the coast of Pensacola, Florida on 25 October 2024.[35] Endeavour now holds the single-mission record for the most time in orbit by an American human-rated spacecraft at 235 days and the overall cumulative total time record at 701 days in space.[36]

Flights

List includes only completed or currently manifested missions. Dates are listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). For future events, they are listed as the earliest possible opportunities – which is also known as no-earlier-than (NET) dates – and may change.

Flight No. Mission and Patch Launch Landing Duration Remarks Crew Outcome
1 Demo-2 30 May 2020, 19:22:45 2 August 2020 18:48:06 63 days, 23 hours, 25 minutes First crewed flight test of Dragon 2. The mission was extended from two weeks to nine, to allow the crew to bolster activity on the ISS ahead of Crew-1.[37]
Success
2 Crew-2 23 April 2021, 09:49:02 9 November 2021, 03:33:15 199 days, 17 hours, 44 minutes First reuse of a crewed space capsule and first reuse of a Falcon 9 booster. Long-duration mission. Ferried four Expedition 65/66 crew members to the ISS.[38]
Success
3 Axiom-1 (patch) 8 April 2022, 15:17:11 25 April 2022, 17:06:23 17 days, 1 hour, 49 minutes First fully private flight to the ISS. Contracted by Axiom Space. Axiom employee served as commander with three paying tourists.[39]
Success
4 Crew-6 2 March 2023, 05:34:14 4 September 2023, 04:17:23 185 days, 22 hours, 43 minutes Long-duration mission. Ferried four Expedition 68/69 crew members to the ISS.[40]
Success
5 Crew-8 4 March 2024, 3:53:38 25 October 2024, 07:29:02 235 days, 3 hours, 35 minutes Longest Crew Dragon mission to date. Ferried four Expedition 70/71/72 crew members to the ISS. ISS stay extended and two makeshift seats added to allow spacecraft to serve as "lifeboat" for Boeing CFT crew if needed.[32]
Success

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  1. ^ Berger, Eric. "Here's what we know, and what we don't, about the Crew Dragon accident". Ars Technica. New York: Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 19 August 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  2. ^ Harwood, William (15 July 2019). "Explosion that destroyed SpaceX Crew Dragon is blamed on leaking valve". CBS News. New York. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  3. ^ a b Atkinson, Ian (18 January 2019). "SpaceX conducts successful Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test". NASA SpaceFlight (NSF). Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  4. ^ @SpaceX (11 February 2020). "The Crew Dragon spacecraft that will fly @NASA astronauts @AstroBehnken and @Astro_Doug to and from the @Space_Station undergoing electromagnetic interference testin" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  5. ^ @SpaceX (16 February 2020). "Crew Dragon completes acoustic testing in Florida" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  6. ^ Wall, Mike (13 February 2020). "SpaceX Crew Dragon arrives at launch site for the 1st orbital crew flight from US soil since 2011". Space.com. New York: Future LLP. Archived from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
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  23. ^ a b Little, Jim (3 August 2020). "SpaceX success delivers space history to Pensacola". Pensacola News Journal. pp. A1, A6. OCLC 54453673. Retrieved 27 October 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ Dunn, Marcia (3 August 2020). "SpaceX crew makes splashdown". The Times-News. Twin Falls, Idaho: Lee Enterprises. The Associated Press. pp. A1, A4. Retrieved 28 October 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ Sheetz, Michael (2 August 2020). "SpaceX's Crew Dragon splashes down in the Gulf of Mexico, completing a historic NASA mission". CNBC. New York: National Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  26. ^ Weitering, Hanneke (5 May 2020). "How long will the 1st astronauts to ride SpaceX's Crew Dragon be in space? No one knows exactly (yet)". Space.com. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  27. ^ Ralph, Eric (9 June 2020). "SpaceX wins NASA approval to launch astronauts on reused rockets and spacecraft". Teslarati. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
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