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The Crawling Order was a punitive directive issued by Reginald Dyer, on 19 April 1919, during the period of martial law in Amritsar, British India, following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. The order required all Indians using Kucha Kaurhianwala, the narrow street where British missionary Marcella Sherwood had been assaulted on 10 April 1919, to crawl on their hands and knees.[1]
Background
Martial law was introduced in Punjab at midnight between 15 and 16 April 1919 and backdated to 30 March on 21 April by the Viceroy, at the request of Michael O'Dwyer.[2]
The order required all Indians using Kucha Kaurhianwala, the narrow street where British missionary Marcella Sherwood had been assaulted on 10 April 1919, to crawl on their hands and knees.[8] In practice the expectation was to slither like a reptile on one's abdomen.[9][10]
The instruction was enforced for several days, and those who disobeyed were beaten by soldiers.[4][11]
Upon hearing of the order, Edwin Montagu messaged Lord Chelmsford and called for Dyer to be relieved from his post.[12] The order was lifted on 26 April 1919.[4][7]
Hunter Commission
The Hunter Commission of Inquiry later condemned the order, calling it "indefensible".[6][7][13]
Dyer defended the order as a necessary measure to punish "wicked" behaviour and deter further attacks on Europeans. Critics denounced it as an act of deliberate humiliation and cruelty.[8][14]
Later responses
Mahatma Gandhi responded by saying that "the shooting was ‘frightful’, the loss of innocent life deplorable. But the slow torture, degradation and emasculation that followed was much worse, more calculated, malicious and soul-killing, and the actors who performed the deeds deserve greater condemnation than General Dyer for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. The latter merely destroyed a few bodies but the others tried to kill the soul of a nation".[15]
The episode became an example of the repressive measures imposed under martial law in Punjab after the disturbances of April 1919.[4][8][16] It was widely cited in parliamentary debates and contributed to public condemnation in Britain and India against Dyer's actions.[4][8][16]
^Mitchell, Neil James (2012). "4. Amritsar". Democracy's Blameless Leaders: From Dresden to Abu Ghraib, how leaders evade accountability for abuse, atrocity, and killing. New York University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN978-0-8147-6144-1.
