Complement fixation test

Purposedetects specific antigen or antibody
A schematic of a complement fixation test

The complement fixation test is an immunological medical test that can be used to detect the presence of either specific antibody or specific antigen in a patient's serum, based on whether complement fixation occurs. It was widely used to diagnose infections, particularly with microbes that are not easily detected by culture methods, and in rheumatic diseases. However, in clinical diagnostics labs it has been largely superseded by other serological methods such as ELISA and by DNA-based methods of pathogen detection, particularly PCR.

Process

The complement system is a system of serum proteins that react with antigen-antibody complexes. If this reaction occurs on a cell surface, it will result in the formation of trans-membrane pores and therefore destruction of the cell. The basic steps of a complement fixation test are as follows:[1]

  1. Serum is separated from the patient.
  2. Patients naturally have different levels of complement proteins in their serum. To negate any effects this might have on the test, the complement proteins in the patient's serum must be destroyed and replaced by a known amount of standardized complement proteins.
    1. The serum is heated in such a way that all of the complement proteins—but none of the antibodies—within it are destroyed. (This is possible because complement proteins are much more susceptible to destruction by heat than antibodies.)
    2. A known amount of standard complement proteins are added to the serum. (These proteins are frequently obtained from guinea pig serum.)
  3. The antigen of interest is added to the serum.
  4. Sheep red blood cells (sRBCs)[2] which have been pre-bound to anti-sRBC antibodies are added to the serum. The test is considered negative if the solution turns pink at this point and positive otherwise.

If the patient's serum contains antibodies against the antigen of interest, they will bind to the antigen in step 3 to form antigen-antibody complexes. The complement proteins will react with these complexes and be depleted. Thus when the sRBC-antibody complexes are added in step 4, there will be no complement left in the serum. However, if no antibodies against the antigen of interest are present, the complement will not be depleted and it will react with the sRBC-antibody complexes added in step 4, lysing the sRBCs and spilling their contents into the solution, thereby turning the solution pink.[1]

Testing for antigen

While detection of antibodies is the most common test format, it is equally possible to test for the presence of antigen. In this case, the patient's serum is supplemented with specific antibody to induce formation of complexes; addition of complement and indicator sRBC is performed as before.[citation needed]

Semi-quantitative testing

The test can be made quantitative by setting up a series of dilutions of patient serum and determining the highest dilution factor that will still yield a positive CF test. This dilution factor corresponds to the titer.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ a b "Animation Quiz 4 - Complement Fixation Test". highered.mheducation.com.
  2. ^ C. Vaman Rao (2005). Immunology: a textbook. Alpha Science Int'l Ltd. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-1-84265-255-8. Retrieved 3 December 2010.

Read other articles:

Altruisme timbal-balik

Diagram altruisme timbal balik Dalam biologi evolusi, altruisme timbal-balik adalah perilaku organisme yang pada kurun waktu tertentu mengurangi kebugarannya (fitness) selagi meningkatkan kebugaran organisme lain dengan harapan organisme lain tersebut akan berperilaku sama pada kemudian hari. Konsep ini dikembangkan oleh Robert Trivers, menjelaskan evolusi kerja sama sebagai contoh tindakan altruistik mutual. Konsep ini serupa dengan strategi tit for tat dalam teori permainan. Pada 1987 dalam...

 

Astragalus casei

Astragalus casei Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae (tanpa takson): Angiospermae (tanpa takson): Eudicots (tanpa takson): Rosids Ordo: Fabales Famili: Fabaceae Genus: Astragalus Spesies: Astragalus casei Nama binomial Astragalus caseiA.Gray Astragalus casei adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Fabaceae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Fabales. Spesies Astragalus casei sendiri merupakan bagian dari genus Astragalus.[1] Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini perta...

 

2023 Young Lions FC season

Young Lions 2023 football seasonYoung Lions2023 seasonChairmanFarehan HusseinHead coachPhilippe AwStadiumJalan Besar StadiumS.League8th of 8thSingapore Cupon progressTop goalscorerLeague: Jun Kobayashi (3 goals)All: Jun Kobayashi (3 goals) Home colours Away colours ← 20222024–25 → The 2023 season is Young Lion's 20th consecutive season in the top flight of Singapore football and in the S.League.[1] Squad As of 26 Sept 2019. Squad No. Name Nationality Date of Bi...

1964 AFC Asian Cup

1964 AFC Asian CupAsian Cup Israel 1964גביע אסיה בכדורגל 1964Israel holds the Asian Cup after winning itTournament detailsHost countryIsraelDates26 May – 3 JuneTeams4Venue(s)4 (in 4 host cities)Final positionsChampions Israel (1st title)Runners-up IndiaThird place South KoreaFourth place Hong KongTournament statisticsMatches played6Goals scored13 (2.17 per match)Attendance99,000 (16,500 per match)Top scorer(s) Inder Singh Mordechai Spi...

 

Dante Di Nanni

Dante Di Nanni Dante Di Nanni (Torino, 27 marzo 1925 – Torino, 18 maggio 1944) è stato un partigiano italiano, insignito della Medaglia d'oro al valor militare. Appartenuto ai Gruppi di Azione Patriottica (GAP), ricercato dai nazifascisti per aver partecipato a una missione di sabotaggio con esplosivi, quando i nemici vennero ad arrestarlo si barricò nell'abitazione che fungeva da base gappista e si difese tenacemente resistendo per più di un'ora e mezza all'assedio, condotto con forze s...

 

Blood Song

1982 American slasher film directed by Alan J. Levi This article is about the 1982 film. For other uses, see Blood (disambiguation) § Songs. Blood SongDirected byAlan J. LeviWritten byFrank Avianca James Fargo Lenny MontanaStory byJoseph M. Shink[1] George Hart[1]Produced byFrank Avianca Lenny Montana Lee ShroutStarring Frankie Avalon Donna Wilkes Richard Jaeckel Antoinette Bower CinematographyStephen PoseyEdited byAnn MillsMusic byMonty Turner Robert J. WalshProductionc...

Omair Rana

Pakistani actor and theatre director (born 1978) Omair RanaBornOmair Tahir Rana (1978-01-31) January 31, 1978 (age 46)Al Ain, UAEEducationLondon School of Economics (External Program, University College Lahore)OccupationActorHeight1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)SpouseMaira Rana (married 2002–present) Omair Tahir Rana (born January 31, 1978) is a Pakistani actor and theatre director. He also directs plays in educational institutes, notably One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest (2014) and Li...

 

2024 Oregon Senate election

2024 Oregon Senate election ← 2022 November 5, 2024 2026 → 15 of 30 seats in the Oregon State Senate16 seats needed for a majority   Leader Rob Wagner Tim Knopp(barred from re-election) Brian Boquist(barred from re-election) Party Democratic Republican Independent Party Leader since January 9, 2023 October 22, 2021 January 15, 2021 Leader's seat 19–Lake Oswego 27–Bend 12–McMinville Last election 17 seats 11 seats 0 seats Current seats 17 1...

 

Yakiniku

Yakiniku Yakiniku (焼肉code: ja is deprecated , daging panggang) adalah istilah bahasa Jepang untuk daging yang dipanggang atau dibakar di atas api. Dalam arti luas, yakiniku juga mencakup berbagai masakan daging sapi, babi, atau jeroan yang dipanggang, seperti bistik, panggang daging domba (jingisukan), dan barbeque. Daging dipanggang di atas api dari arang atau gas dengan memakai kisi-kisi dari besi atau di atas plat dari besi (teppan). Potongan daging berbentuk segi empat sering ditusuk ...

Élise-Daucourt

Élise-DaucourtcomuneÉlise-Daucourt – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia RegioneGrand Est Dipartimento Marna ArrondissementSainte-Menehould CantoneArgonne Suippe et Vesle TerritorioCoordinate49°02′48″N 4°52′04″E / 49.046667°N 4.867778°E49.046667; 4.867778 (Élise-Daucourt)Coordinate: 49°02′48″N 4°52′04″E / 49.046667°N 4.867778°E49.046667; 4.867778 (Élise-Daucourt) Altitudine184 m s.l.m. Superficie15,38 km² A...

 

聖若昂-杜帕拉伊蘇 (米納斯吉拉斯州)

聖若昂杜帕拉伊蘇（葡萄牙語：São João do Paraíso）是巴西的城鎮，位於該國東南部，由米納斯吉拉斯州負責管轄，始建於1944年1月1日，面積1,921平方公里，海拔高度1,073米，2010年人口23,309，人口密度每平方公里12.13人。 參見 米納斯吉拉斯州市鎮列表 參考資料 Frigoletto Statistics from IBGE （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Prefeitura Municipal[永久失效連結] 坐标：15°18′48�...

 

منظمة الأغلبية الأخلاقية

منظمة الأغلبية الأخلاقية (بالإنجليزية: Moral Majority)‏ هي منظمة أمريكية أسسها القس جيري فالويل سنة 1979 وهي ذات توجه ديني سياسي، لها برنامج ساعي إذاعي يومي يستمر لاعة كاملة، واسمه ساعة الإنجيل تبثه ستمائة محطة في أنحاء العالم، ولها مجلة دورية بعنوان (صوت المسيحية)، وينظم فالويل م...

ليغا باسكيت الدرجة الأولى موسم 2012–13

ليغا باسكيت الدرجة الأولى موسم 2012–13 الدوري ليغا باسكيت الدرجة الأولى  الفرق 16   المنظم دوري كرة السلة الإيطالي  [لغات أخرى]‏  البلد إيطاليا  البطل منز سانا 1871 باسكت المركز الثاني فيرتوس روما ليغا باسكيت الدرجة الأولى موسم 2011–12  ليغا باسكيت الدرجة الأو�...

 

Філософія

Частина серії проФілософіяLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, AverroesПлатонКантНіцшеБуддаКонфуційАверроес Філософи Епістемологи Естетики Етики Логіки Метафізики Соціально-політичні філософи Традиції Аналітична Арістотелівська Африканська Близькосхідна іранська Буддій�...

 

Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust

Help offered to Jews to escape the Holocaust RighteousAmong the Nations The Holocaust Rescuers of Jews Righteousness Seven Laws of Noah Yad Vashem By country Austrian Croatian German Hungarian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish (list) Romanian Serbian Ukrainian vte During World War II, some individuals and groups helped Jews and others escape the Holocaust conducted by Nazi Germany. The support, or at least absence of active opposition, of the local population was essential to Jews attempting to hid...

Persik

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Persik (disambiguasi). Persik Prunus persica TaksonomiSuperkerajaanEukaryotaKerajaanPlantaeDivisiTracheophytaOrdoRosalesFamiliRosaceaeTribusAmygdaleaeGenusPrunusSpesiesPrunus persica Batsch, 1801 Tata namaBasionimAmygdalus persica (en) Persik (daging buah)Nilai nutrisi per 100 g (3,5 oz)Energi165 kJ (39 kcal)Karbohidrat9.5 gGula8.4 gSerat pangan1.5 g Lemak0.3 g Protein0.9 g VitaminKuantitas %AKG†Vitamin A equiv.2% 16 μgVitamin C8% 6.6 mg Miner...

 

Stralsund

Stralsund Lambang Peta Data dasar Negara bagian: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Status: Kreisfreie Stadt Ketinggian: 5 m atas [permukaan laut Wilayah: 38,97 km² Penduduk: 58.708 (30 September 2005) Kepadatan penduduk: 1.506 jiwa per km² Kode pos: 18435, 18437, 18439 Kode wilayah: 03831 Pelat nomor kendaraan bermotor: HST Alamat balai kota: PF 214518408 Stralsund Situs web resmi: www.Stralsund.de Wali kota: Alexander Badrow (CDU) Pusat Bersejarah Stralsund dan WismarSitus Warisan Dunia UNESCOKriteri...

 

Football Club Internazionale Milano 2010-2011

Voce principale: Football Club Internazionale Milano. FC Internazionale MilanoStagione 2010-2011Sport calcio Squadra Inter Allenatore Rafael Benítez (1ª-17ª) Leonardo (18ª-38ª) All. in seconda Mauricio Pellegrino (1ª-17ª) Giuseppe Baresi (18ª-38ª) Presidente Massimo Moratti Serie A2º (in Champions League) Coppa ItaliaVincitore Champions LeagueQuarti di finale Supercoppa italianaVincitore Supercoppa UEFAFinalista Coppa del mondo per clubVincitore Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Et...

Titu Maiorescu

Titu Maiorescu Perdana Menteri RumaniaMasa jabatan29 Maret 1913 – 4 Juni 1914PendahuluPetre P. CarpPenggantiIon I. C. Brătianu Informasi pribadiLahir(1840-02-15)15 Februari 1840Craiova, RumaniaMeninggal18 Juni 1917(1917-06-18) (umur 77)Bukares, RumaniaPartai politikPartai KonservatifSunting kotak info • L • B Titu Liviu Maiorescu (15 Februari 1840 – 18 Juni 1917) adalah politikus Rumania dan pendiri komunitas Junimea. Ia berperan penting dalam pe...

 

Veurey-Voroize

Veurey-Voroize Vue sur l'église de Veurey-Voroize depuis la tour des Templiers. Administration Pays France Région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Département Isère Arrondissement Grenoble Intercommunalité Grenoble-Alpes Métropole Maire Mandat Pascale Rigault 2020-2026 Code postal 38113 Code commune 38540 Démographie Populationmunicipale 1 401 hab. (2021 ) Densité 117 hab./km2 Géographie Coordonnées 45° 16′ 20″ nord, 5° 36′ 56″ est Altitu...