Immunodiffusion is a laboratory technique used to detect and quantify antigens and antibodies by observing their interactions within a gel medium.[1] This technique involves the diffusion of antigens and antibodies through a gel, usually agar, resulting in the formation of a visible precipitate when they interact.[1][2]
Applications
Immunodiffusion techniques are widely used in immunology for various purposes, including:[1][2]
Determining antigen content
Identifying immunoglobulin classes
Evaluating antibodies
Estimating serum transferrin and alpha-fetoprotein levels
In this method, antibodies are uniformly distributed in an agar gel, and the antigen sample is placed in wells cut into the gel. As the antigen diffuses radially, it forms a precipitation ring with the antibody. The diameter of this ring corresponds to the concentration of the antigen in the solution.[3][2]
This method involves both antigen and antibody diffusing through the gel from separate wells, forming precipitation lines where they meet and react.[4]
Other types
Single diffusion in one dimension (Oudin procedure)
Double diffusion in one dimension (Oakley Fulthorpe procedure)
Advantages
Cost-Effective: Immunodiffusion assays are relatively inexpensive compared to other immunoassays.
Reliable and Reproducible: Provide consistent and reproducible results, making them suitable for routine diagnostic use.[1]
Limitations
Time-Consuming: The diffusion process can take several hours to days to complete.
Sensitivity: While specific, the sensitivity of immunodiffusion may be lower compared to other methods like ELISA.[5]
^"Radial Immunodiffusion". Edvotek, Inc. 2017. Archived from the original(photograph) on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 2017-08-07. Photograph of precipitin circles in a Petri dish during radial immunodiffusion.
^"Diffusion Patterns". Immunodiffusion principles and application. Archived from the original on 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2017-05-19. Photographs of Ouchterlony immunodiffusion patterns showing stained precipitin lines of full identity, partial identity and non-identity.
