Climate of Finland

Köppen climate classification types of Finland

The climate of Finland is influenced most by its latitude: Finland is located between 60 and 70 N. Because of Finland's northern location, winter is the longest season. Only on the south coast and in the southwest is summer as long as winter. On average, winter lasts from early January to late February in the outermost islands in the archipelago and the warmest locations along the southwestern coast – notably in Hanko – and from early October to mid May in the most elevated locations, such as northwestern Lapland and the lowest valleys in northeastern Lapland. This means that southern portions of the country are snow-covered about three to four months of the year, and the northern for about seven months. The long winter causes about half of the annual 500 to 600 millimetres (19.7 to 23.6 in) precipitation in the north to fall as snow. Precipitation in the south amounts to about 600 to 700 millimetres (23.6 to 27.6 in) annually. Like that of the north, it occurs all through the year, though not so much of it is snow.[1]

In Köppen climate classification Finland belongs to the Df group (continental subarctic or boreal climates). The southern coast is Dfb (humid continental mild summer, wet all year), and the rest of the country is Dfc (subarctic with cool summer, wet all year).[2][3]

The climate of Finland has characteristics of both maritime and continental climate. The Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Eurasian continent to the east interact to modify the climate of the country. The warm waters of the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current, which continuously warm the region, play a big role in the climate of Norway, Sweden and Finland; if it weren't for these currents, the winters in Scandinavia and Fennoscandia would be much colder. Westerly winds bring the warm air currents into the Baltic areas and to the country's shores, moderating winter temperatures, especially in the south and southwest in cities like Helsinki and Turku where winter highs tend to be between 0 and 5 °C (32 and 41 °F) but a cold snap like the one that occurred in mid-January 2016 can cause temperatures to plunge well below −20 °C (−4 °F). These winds, because of clouds associated with weather systems accompanying the westerlies, also decrease the amount of sunshine received during the summer. By contrast, the continental high pressure system situated over the Eurasian continent counteracts the maritime influences, occasionally causing severe winters and high temperatures in the summer.

Temperature

The warmest annual average temperature in Southwestern Finland is 6.5 °C (43.7 °F). From there the temperature decreases gradually towards north and east. The Suomenselkä and Maanselkä drainage divides rise higher than the surrounding areas, and the climate there is cooler than at same latitudes elsewhere in Finland.[4] The Barents Sea between Finland and the North Pole is open even in winter, so northerly airflows are not as cold as in Siberia or Alaska.[5]

The highest temperature ever recorded is 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) (Liperi, July 29, 2010).[6] The lowest, −51.5 °C (−60.7 °F) (Kittilä, January 28, 1999). The annual average temperature is relatively high in the southwestern part of the country (5.0 to 7.5 °C or 41.0 to 45.5 °F), with quite mild winters and warm summers, and low in the northeastern part of Lapland (Finland) (0 to −4 °C or 32 to 25 °F).

Temperature extremes for every month:[7]

Climate data for Finland
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.9
(51.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		25.5
(77.9) 		31.0
(87.8) 		33.8
(92.8) 		37.2
(99.0) 		33.8
(92.8) 		28.8
(83.8) 		21.1
(70.0) 		16.6
(61.9) 		11.3
(52.3) 		37.2
(99.0)
Record low °C (°F) −51.5
(−60.7) 		−49.0
(−56.2) 		−44.3
(−47.7) 		−36.0
(−32.8) 		−24.6
(−12.3) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−10.8
(12.6) 		−18.7
(−1.7) 		−31.8
(−25.2) 		−42.0
(−43.6) 		−47.0
(−52.6) 		−51.5
(−60.7)
Source: http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia

Record highs and lows

Record highs by month
Month Temp. Date Location
January +10.9 °C (51.6 °F) January 6, 1973 Mariehamn, Åland
February +11.8 °C (53.2 °F) February 28, 1943 Ilmala, Helsinki, Uusimaa
March +17.5 °C (63.5 °F) March 27, 2007 Helsinki-Vantaa Airport, Vantaa, Uusimaa
April +25.5 °C (77.9 °F) April 27, 1921 Jyväskylä, Central Finland
May +31.0 °C (87.8 °F) May 30/31, 1995 Lapinjärvi, Uusimaa
June +33.8 °C (92.8 °F) June 24, 1934 Ähtäri, South Ostrobothnia
July +37.2 °C (99.0 °F) July 29, 2010 Joensuu Airport, Liperi, North Karelia[6]
August +33.8 °C (92.8 °F) August 7, 2010 Heinola, Päijät-Häme,[8] Puumala, South Savo[9]
August 8, 2010 Lahti, Päijät-Häme[8]
September +28.8 °C (83.8 °F) September 6, 1968 Rauma, Satakunta
October +21.1 °C (70.0 °F) October 14, 2018 Oulu Airport, North Ostrobothnia
November +16.6 °C (61.9 °F) November 6, 2020 Mariehamn Airport, Jomala, Åland[10]
December +11.3 °C (52.3 °F) December 20, 2015 Pori and Kokemäki, Satakunta[11]
Record lows by month
Month Temp. Date Location
January −51.5 °C (−60.7 °F) January 28, 1999 Kittilä, Pokka, Lapland
February −49.0 °C (−56.2 °F) February 5, 1912 Sodankylä, Lapland
March −44.3 °C (−47.7 °F) March 1, 1971 Salla, Tuntsa, Lapland
April −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) April 2/9, 1912 Kuusamo, Northern Ostrobothnia; Sodankylä, Lapland
May −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) May 1, 1971 Enontekiö, Kalmankaltio, Lapland
June −7.7 °C (18.1 °F) June 1, 2023 Saana, Kilpisjärvi, Enontekiö, Lapland
July −5.0 °C (23.0 °F) July 1/12, 1958 Enontekiö, Kilpisjärvi, Lapland
August −10.8 °C (12.6 °F) August 26, 1980 Salla, Naruskajärvi, Lapland
September −18.7 °C (−1.7 °F) September 26, 1968 Sodankylä, Vuotso, Lapland
October −31.8 °C (−25.2 °F) October 25, 1968 Sodankylä, Lapland
November −42.0 °C (−43.6 °F) November 30, 1915 Sodankylä, Lapland
December −47.0 °C (−52.6 °F) December 21, 1919 Pielisjärvi, North Karelia
  • Measurements are made at the height of 2 metres. A record cold of sorts for June, −9.1 °C (15.6 °F) was measured on June 2, 2023 in Koivuniemi, Virolahti, Kymenlaakso. However, the measurement was made at ground level, so it could not be accepted as a record.[12][13]

Climate data

Climate data for Helsinki (1991–2020 normals, records 1900–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3) 		10.3
(50.5) 		15.1
(59.2) 		21.9
(71.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		31.7
(89.1) 		33.2
(91.8) 		31.2
(88.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		10.5
(50.9) 		33.2
(91.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		2.3
(36.1) 		8.1
(46.6) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.9
(71.4) 		20.5
(68.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		4.4
(39.9) 		1.4
(34.5) 		9.6
(49.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.1
(26.4) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		4.4
(39.9) 		10.4
(50.7) 		14.9
(58.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		16.9
(62.4) 		12.3
(54.1) 		6.6
(43.9) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		6.5
(43.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.6
(21.9) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		1.1
(34.0) 		6.4
(43.5) 		11.2
(52.2) 		14.5
(58.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.2
(39.6) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		3.5
(38.3)
Record low °C (°F) −34.3
(−29.7) 		−31.5
(−24.7) 		−24.5
(−12.1) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		0.7
(33.3) 		5.4
(41.7) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		−18.6
(−1.5) 		−29.5
(−21.1) 		−34.3
(−29.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 53
(2.1) 		38
(1.5) 		34
(1.3) 		34
(1.3) 		38
(1.5) 		60
(2.4) 		57
(2.2) 		81
(3.2) 		56
(2.2) 		73
(2.9) 		69
(2.7) 		58
(2.3) 		653
(25.7)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 19 16 13 12 11 14 12 13 14 16 17 19 176
Mean monthly sunshine hours 38 70 138 194 284 297 291 238 150 93 36 29 1,858
Average ultraviolet index 0 0 1 3 4 5 5 4 3 1 0 0 2
Source 1: FMI climatological normals for Finland 1991–2020[14]
Source 2: record highs and lows[15]
Climate data for Tampere (1981–2010 normals, precipitation 1981-2010, extremes 1900–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4) 		9.4
(48.9) 		14.9
(58.8) 		24.2
(75.6) 		28.4
(83.1) 		31.7
(89.1) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.1
(89.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		9.6
(49.3) 		33.1
(91.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		1.2
(34.2) 		8.2
(46.8) 		15.4
(59.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.2
(72.0) 		19.9
(67.8) 		14.0
(57.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		8.4
(47.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.4
(20.5) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.1
(57.4) 		16.9
(62.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		4.6
(40.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		4.4
(39.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −9.7
(14.5) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.6
(47.5) 		11.7
(53.1) 		10.4
(50.7) 		5.9
(42.6) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		0.3
(32.5)
Record low °C (°F) −37.0
(−34.6) 		−36.8
(−34.2) 		−29.6
(−21.3) 		−19.6
(−3.3) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−14.8
(5.4) 		−22.5
(−8.5) 		−34.2
(−29.6) 		−37.0
(−34.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 41
(1.6) 		29
(1.1) 		31
(1.2) 		32
(1.3) 		41
(1.6) 		66
(2.6) 		75
(3.0) 		72
(2.8) 		58
(2.3) 		60
(2.4) 		51
(2.0) 		42
(1.7) 		598
(23.5)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 32.3
(12.7) 		31.4
(12.4) 		29.5
(11.6) 		13.9
(5.5) 		1.6
(0.6) 		0.1
(0.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		3.3
(1.3) 		13.1
(5.2) 		27.2
(10.7) 		152.4
(60)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 22 18 16 12 12 13 15 15 14 17 21 22 197
Average relative humidity (%) 90 87 82 70 63 66 69 76 82 87 91 92 80
Source 1: weatheronline.co.uk[16]
Source 2: FMI (precipitation, record highs and lows)[17]
Climate data for Turku (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1900-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3) 		10.2
(50.4) 		15.8
(60.4) 		24.5
(76.1) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.0
(89.6) 		35.9
(96.6) 		32.6
(90.7) 		27.8
(82.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		11.0
(51.8) 		35.9
(96.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		2.6
(36.7) 		9.1
(48.4) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.6
(72.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		15.7
(60.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		0.7
(33.3) 		9.7
(49.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.8
(25.2) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		4.1
(39.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		17.5
(63.5) 		16.2
(61.2) 		11.3
(52.3) 		5.7
(42.3) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		5.8
(42.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.5
(20.3) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		4.6
(40.3) 		9.3
(48.7) 		12.5
(54.5) 		11.6
(52.9) 		7.4
(45.3) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		2.1
(35.8)
Record low °C (°F) −35.5
(−31.9) 		−35.2
(−31.4) 		−32.8
(−27.0) 		−21.0
(−5.8) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		1.8
(35.2) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−15.0
(5.0) 		−22.3
(−8.1) 		−33.8
(−28.8) 		−35.5
(−31.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58
(2.3) 		42
(1.7) 		39
(1.5) 		32
(1.3) 		35
(1.4) 		55
(2.2) 		74
(2.9) 		73
(2.9) 		59
(2.3) 		73
(2.9) 		71
(2.8) 		73
(2.9) 		684
(27.1)
Average precipitation days 11 9 8 7 7 8 8 10 9 11 13 12 113
Mean monthly sunshine hours 40 75 134 204 284 276 287 230 155 89 38 27 1,839
Source: Climatological statistics for the normal period 1991–2020[18]
Climate data for Oulu (1991-2020 normals, records 1921 - present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.3
(48.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		23.9
(75.0) 		29.9
(85.8) 		32.3
(90.1) 		33.3
(91.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		25.4
(77.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		8.2
(46.8) 		33.3
(91.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		5.8
(42.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		17.9
(64.2) 		21.1
(70.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		5.8
(42.4) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		6.9
(44.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −8.2
(17.2) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		1.6
(34.9) 		8.0
(46.4) 		13.7
(56.7) 		16.7
(62.1) 		14.6
(58.3) 		9.6
(49.3) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		3.3
(38.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −11.9
(10.6) 		−12.1
(10.2) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		3.4
(38.1) 		9.3
(48.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		10.6
(51.1) 		6.0
(42.8) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−0.5
(31.2)
Record low °C (°F) −37.5
(−35.5) 		−41.5
(−42.7) 		−32
(−26) 		−21.4
(−6.5) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−20.6
(−5.1) 		−33
(−27) 		−37.2
(−35.0) 		−41.5
(−42.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 32
(1.3) 		29
(1.1) 		26
(1.0) 		23
(0.9) 		40
(1.6) 		51
(2.0) 		80
(3.1) 		62
(2.4) 		49
(1.9) 		51
(2.0) 		43
(1.7) 		39
(1.5) 		525
(20.5)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 33
(13) 		46
(18) 		43
(17) 		7
(2.8) 		— — — — — — 4
(1.6) 		17
(6.7) 		150
(59)
Average precipitation days 9 8 7 6 8 8 10 10 8 10 10 10 104
Average relative humidity (%) (daily average) 87 86 82 73 67 66 71 76 82 86 90 89 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 24 69 137 208 273 296 283 212 133 69 28 8 1,740
Average ultraviolet index 0 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 0 2
Source 1: FMI[19]
Source 2: FMI (record highs and lows 1961–present)[20]

FMI(record highs and lows 1921–1961)[21]

Source 3: Finland. Oulu climate (average monthly UV index)[22]

Wind

The most common wind direction in Finland is from southwest, but the low pressure areas typical for these latitudes cause great variations in wind speed and direction.[1]

Storm, defined as at least one Finnish coastal station reporting at least 21 m/s as a 10-minutes average wind speed, is observed on Finnish seas on average 19 days a year. Strong winds are most frequent between October and January.[23]

Snow

The first snow cover is observed on average in September in Lapland, and in November in Southern and western areas. Permanent snow cover time starts typically around Christmas in the Southwestern corner, but before mid-November in most of Lapland. The maximum snow depth is usually found around March.[24]

Snow and supercooled droplets can accumulate in tree crowns and cause damage to trees. The trunks of pine trees can break under the weight of a snow-loaded crown, and deciduous trees can bend permanently. The snow load of a tree is typically 100–150 kg per one meter tree trunk, but the heaviest measured snow load of a spruce was over 3000 kilograms.[25]

Snowmelt contributes to spring floods. In north, the peak flow of rivers always happens in spring, in the south 70–80% of floods happen in spring. In the south, maximum flow happens in mid-April, in the north, in mid-May.[26]

It is predicted that as the Barents Sea gets less frozen in the coming winters and it becomes thus "Atlantified" additional evaporation will increase future snowfalls in Finland and much of continental Europe.[27]

Climate change

This section is an excerpt from Climate change in Finland.[edit]
Annual mean precipitation (%) in Finland in 2000–2085 compared to the average values in 1971–2000, under different Representative Concentration Pathways scenarios.
Climate change has far reaching impacts on the natural environment and people of Finland. Finland was among the top five greenhouse gas emitters in 2001, on a per capita basis.[28] Emissions increased to 58.8 million tonnes in 2016.[29] Finland needs to triple its current cuts to emissions in order to be carbon neutral by 2035.[30] Finland relies on coal and peat for its energy, but plans to phase out coal by 2029.[31] Finland has a target of carbon neutrality by the year 2035 without carbon credits. The policies include nature conservation, more investments in trains, changes in taxation and more sustainable wood burning.[32] After 2035 Finland will be carbon negative, meaning soaking more carbon than emitting.[33]

References

  1. ^ a b "Climate elements". Finnish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  2. ^ "Map of climate classifications of Europe and Middle East" (JPG). People.eng.unimelbb.edu.au. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
  3. ^ Köppen Climate Classification System Encyclopedia of Earth
  4. ^ Karttunen, Hannu & Koistinen, Jarmo & Saltikoff, Elena & Manner, Olli: Ilmakehä, sää ja ilmasto. Ursan julkaisuja 107. Helsingissä: Ursa, 2008. ISBN 978-952-5329-61-2. page 357-358
  5. ^ Solantie, Reijo (2001). "Suomen ilmaston erityispiirteitä". Tieteessä tapahtuu (in Finnish). Retrieved November 15, 2017.
  6. ^ a b "Mercury Hits All Time Record of 37.2 Degrees". YLE Uutiset. Helsinki: Yleisradio Oy. July 29, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  7. ^ "Lämpötilan ennätykset" (in Finnish). Helsinki: Ilmatieteen laitos. November 14, 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  8. ^ a b Sairanen, Sara (August 16, 2022). "Heinolassa mitattiin hurja hellelukema! Suomessa eletään nyt poikkeuksellisen lämmintä viikkoa" [‘Unusually high temperature recorded in Heinola! This week is exceptionally warm in Finland’]. Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Sanoma. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  9. ^ "Elokuun lämpöennätys tarkentui: 33,8 astetta". YLE Uutiset (in Finnish). Helsinki: Yleisradio Oy. August 8, 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  10. ^ Konttinen, Matti (November 6, 2020). "Marraskuun lämpöennätys meni taas rikki: Ahvenanmaalla 16,6 astetta" [‘Again record high in November: 16.6 degrees in the Åland Islands’]. yle.fi (in Finnish). Yle. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  11. ^ "Säähavaintoarkisto 20.12.2015 - Päivätilastot - FMI Avoin data". kilotavu.com. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
  12. ^ Sairanen, Sara (June 2, 2023). "Kesäkuun kylmyysennätys rikkoutui jälleen" [‘Record low for June again’]. Iltasanomat (in Finnish). Sanoma. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
  13. ^ Ylen aamu 2 June 2023.
  14. ^ "FMI normals 1991-2020". fmi.fi. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  15. ^ "FMI data". FMI. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  16. ^ "weatheronline.uk". weatheronline.co.uk. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  17. ^ "FMI open data". Finnish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  18. ^ "Normal period 1991–2020". Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  19. ^ "FMI normals 1991-2020". FMI. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  20. ^ "FMI open data". FMI. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  21. ^ Juha Kersalo and Pentti Pirinen. (2009). Suomen Maakuntien Ilmasto Helsinki: Finnish Meteorological Institute. (in Finnish)
  22. ^ "Oulu climate guide". Weather 2 Travel. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  23. ^ "Tuulitilastot". fmi (in Finnish). Finnish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
  24. ^ "Snow statistics". Finnish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  25. ^ "Snow damage". Luke. Natural Resources Institute Finland. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
  26. ^ Kuusisto, Esko. "Snow accumulation and snowmelt in Finland" (PDF). National board of waters. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  27. ^ Bailey, Hannah; Hubbard, Alun; Klen, Eric S.; Mustonen, Kaisa-Riikka; Akers, Pete D.; Marttila, Hannu; Welker, Jeffrey M. (April 1, 2021). "Arctic sea-ice loss fuels extreme European snowfall". Nature Geoscience. 14 (5): 283–288. doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00719-y. hdl:10037/20941.
  28. ^ Which nations are most responsible for climate change? Guardian 21 April 2011
  29. ^ Pipatti, Riitta. "Statistics Finland - Greenhouse gases". www.stat.fi. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  30. ^ Finland far behind climate goals, think tank says YLE 22.1.2020
  31. ^ Europe's Great Coal Collapse of 2019 Archived 2019-09-20 at the Wayback Machine Sandbag UK 18.9.2019
  32. ^ Darby, Megan (June 3, 2019). "Finland to be carbon neutral by 2035. One of the fastest targets ever set". Climate Home News. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  33. ^ "Finland will achieve carbon neutrality by 2035". Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations. Retrieved May 11, 2020.

Read other articles:

Kucing kabut australia

Kabut australia Nama lain Kabut berbintik Asal  Australia Standar ras WCF standar Lainnya WNCA: standard Kucing domestik (Felis catus) Kucing kabut australia (bahasa Inggris: Australian Mist cat; sebelumnya bernama kucing kabut berbintik) adalah salah satu ras kucing yang berasal dari Australia. Kabut australia merupakan kucing hasil persilangan ras abisinia, ras burma, dan ras kucing domestik berbulu pendek lainnya.[1] Sejarah Sejarah diawali dari Dr. Truda Straede yang mer...

 

Ryusei Yamanaka

Biografi ini memerlukan lebih banyak catatan kaki untuk pemastian. Bantulah untuk menambahkan referensi atau sumber tepercaya. Materi kontroversial atau trivial yang sumbernya tidak memadai atau tidak bisa dipercaya harus segera dihapus, khususnya jika berpotensi memfitnah.Cari sumber: Ryusei Yamanaka – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (November 2020) (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Ryusei YamanakaKe...

 

List of Olympic venues in bobsleigh

Portrait of the start of the St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun in 1905. The venue hosted the bobsleigh events for both the 1928 and the 1948 Winter Olympics. Cesana Pariol hosted the bobsleigh events for the 2006 Winter Olympics in neighboring Turin. For the Winter Olympics, there are 19 venues that have or will host bobsleigh. Initially the only sliding sport for the Winter Games, it was first combined with luge in 1976. It has been that way since 1984 and skeleton since 2002. Games Venue ...

Ibrahim Mahlab

Ibrahim Mahlab Perdana MenteriMasa jabatan1 Maret 2014 – 19 September 2015Pelaksana Jabatan : 1 Maret 2014 – 17 Juni 2014PresidenAdly Mansour (Pelaksana Jabatan)Abdel Fattah el-Sisi PendahuluHazem Al Beblawi (Pelaksana Jabatan)PenggantiSherif IsmailMenteri PerumahanMasa jabatan16 Juli 2013 – 1 Maret 2014Perdana MenteriHazem Al Beblawi (Pelaksana Jabatan) PendahuluTarek WafikPenggantiMostafa Madbouli Informasi pribadiLahirIbrahim Roshdy Mahlab12 April 1949 (umur...

 

On Love and Death

First edition (publ. Diogenes) On Love and Death is an essay written by Patrick Süskind concerning the connection between the two elemental forces of human existence. Summary Süskind begins by describing differing views of love, and then elaborates using a combination of personal anecdotes, brief biographies of historical figures such as Heinrich von Kleist, and mythological stories of love. The first example involves Süskind bearing witness to a couple having oral sex during a traffic jam...

 

Toxteth Dock railway station

Former railway station in England ToxtethGeneral informationLocationLiverpool, LiverpoolEnglandCoordinates53°23′06″N 2°58′44″W / 53.3849°N 2.9788°W / 53.3849; -2.9788Grid referenceSJ349880Platforms2Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryOriginal companyLiverpool Overhead RailwayKey dates6 March 1893Station opened30 December 1956Station closed Toxteth Dock railway station was on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name and the Brun...

Seal script

Ancient style of Chinese characters Seal scriptScript type Logographic Time periodc. 700 BC – c. 200 ADDirectionTop-to-bottom LanguagesOld ChineseRelated scriptsParent systemsOracle bone scriptSeal scriptChild systems Clerical script Regular script  This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and &...

 

Dastur al-Muluk

Safavid Iranian administrative handbook Dastūr al-Mulūk (Persian: دستور الملوک)[1] by Moḥammad Rafiʿ Anṣāri known as Mirzā Rafiʿā,[2] is one of only three surviving administrative handbooks from early 18th-century Safavid Iran and an important research tool for scholars in Iranology. The Persian manuscript was edited during the 1960s by the Iranian scholar Mohammad Taqi Danesh Pajouh. The cover of Marcinkowski's Mirza Rafi‘a's Dastur al-Muluk, 2002 A Ru...

 

نقش بارز

نقش بارز-وسطي فارسي (mezzo-rilievo) من حقبة القاجاريون، موجودة في تنج ساواشي في إيران, التي يمكن أيضًا وصفها بأنها مرحلتين من النقش البارز المنخفض. النقش البارز أو النحت البارز، هو نوع من النحت يُعطِي انطباع بأن المنحوتة جُسّمت فوق سطح الخلفية.[1] ما يتمّ فعليًا عندما تنقش منحو...

أدريانا دورن

أدريانا دورن   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 30 ديسمبر 1986 (38 سنة)  ماناغوا  مواطنة نيكاراغوا  الطول 175 سنتيمتر  الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة ولاية بنسلفانيا  المهنة عارضة،  ومتسابقة ملكة الجمال  المواقع الموقع الموقع الرسمي  IMDB صفحتها على IMDB  تعديل مصد�...

 

Durrani Empire

1747–1823 Afghan empire founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani Afghan Empire redirects here. For the 14th century state, see Delhi Sultanate. For the Durrani dynasty, see Durrani dynasty. For other uses, see Durrani (disambiguation). Durrani Empireد درانیانو ټولواکمني (Pashto)امپراتوری درانیان (Persian)1747–1823 (Empire)1793–1863 (Herat)1839–1842 (Shuja's Kingdom) Flag (Herat 1818–1842)Status1747–1823 (Empire)1793–1863 (Herat)1839–1842 (Kabul...

 

Pembagian Korea

Berkas:Korea DMZd.svgSemenanjung Korea, kali pertama dibagi menurut 38 derajat lintang utara, yang kemudian menjadi sepanjang garis demarkasi Bagian dari seri mengenai Sejarah Korea Prasejarah Zaman Jeulmun Zaman Mumun Kuno Gojoseon 2333 SM - 108 SM Jin Proto Tiga Kerajaan Buyeo Goguryeo Okjeo Dongye Samhan Mahan Byeon Jin Empat Jun di Dinasti Han Tiga Kerajaan Goguryeo 37 SM – 668 M Baekje 18 SM – 660 M Silla 57 SM – 935 M Konfederasi Gaya 42 M - 562 M Zaman Negara Utara-Selatan Silla ...

Oakleigh Chargers

Australian rules football club Oakleigh ChargersNamesFull nameOakleigh Chargers Football ClubNickname(s)Chargers2023 seasonAfter finals8thHome-and-away season11thClub detailsFounded1995; 29 years ago (1995)Colours  Blue   RedCompetitionTalent LeaguePremiershipsTalent League (5) 2006, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2019Ground(s)Warrawee Park, OakleighOther informationOfficial websiteOCFC The Oakleigh Chargers is an Australian rules football club playing in the Talent League, th...

 

Hyderabad railway division

Railway division of India This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Hyderabad railway division – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hyderabad railway divisionHeadquarters at KachegudaOverviewHeadquartersKachegudaReporting markHYBLocal...

 

Boguchwała

See also: Boguchwała, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Boguchwała – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Place in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, PolandBoguchwałaPalace and park in Boguchwała Flag...

Зиффлинг, Отто

Отто Зиффлинг Общая информация Прозвище Хольц («Древесина»)[источник не указан 2067 дней] Родился 3 августа 1912(1912-08-03)Мангейм, Германская империя Умер 20 октября 1939(1939-10-20) (27 лет)Мангейм, нацистская Германия Гражданство Веймарская республика нацистская Германия Рост 17...

 

Woman with seven sons

Jewish martyr described in 2 Maccabees 7 Antonio Ciseri's Martyrdom of the Seven Maccabees (1863), depicting the woman with her dead sons. The woman with seven sons was a Jewish martyr described in 2 Maccabees 7. She and her seven sons were arrested during the persecution of Judaism initiated by King Antiochus IV Epiphanes. They were ordered to consume pork and thus violate Jewish law as part of the campaign. They repeatedly refused, and Antiochus tortured and killed the sons one by one in fr...

 

Jean Siméon Chardin

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Chardin. Jean Siméon ChardinAutoportrait aux besicles (1771), pastel, 46 × 38 cm, Paris, musée du Louvre.BiographieNaissance 2 novembre 1699ParisDécès 6 décembre 1779 (à 80 ans)ParisNom de naissance Jean Baptiste Siméon ChardinNationalité FrançaiseFormation Académie de Saint-LucActivités Peintre, artiste visuelPériode d'activité 1724-1779Conjoint Marguerite Pouget (d) (à partir de 1744)Enfant Pierre Jean-Baptiste Chardin (d)Autres informa...

Norman Mineta

American politician (1931–2022) Norman MinetaMineta c. 200114th United States Secretary of TransportationIn officeJanuary 25, 2001 – July 7, 2006PresidentGeorge W. BushPreceded byRodney SlaterSucceeded byMary Peters33rd United States Secretary of CommerceIn officeJuly 21, 2000 – January 20, 2001PresidentBill ClintonPreceded byWilliam M. DaleySucceeded byDonald EvansRanking Member of the House Transportation CommitteeIn officeJanuary 3, 1995 – October 1...

 

Ивановский трамвай

Ивановский трамвай Описание Тип пассажирская Страна  Россия Расположение  Иваново Дата открытия 6 ноября 1934 года Дата закрытия 2 июня 2008 года Эксплуатант МУП ИвТТУ Сайт ipt37.ru Маршрутная сеть Число маршрутов 0 Самый длинный маршрут № 3 (13,4 км) Самый длинный маршрут з...