Chitin

For other uses, see Chitin (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with chiton or keratin.
Structure of the chitin molecule, showing two of the N-acetylglucosamine units that repeat to form long chains in β-(1→4)-linkage.
Haworth projection of the chitin molecule.
A close-up of the wing of a leafhopper; the wing is composed of chitin.
A cicada emerges from its nymphal exoskeleton; the shed exoskeleton is mostly modified chitin (sclerotin) but the wings and much of the adult body are still unsclerotized chitin at this stage

Chitin (C8H13O5N)n (/ˈkaɪtɪn/ KY-tin) is a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cellulose); an estimated 1 billion tons of chitin are produced each year in the biosphere.[1] It is a primary component of cell walls in fungi (especially filamentous and mushroom-forming fungi), the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans and insects, the radulae, cephalopod beaks and gladii of molluscs and in some nematodes and diatoms.[2][3] It is also synthesised by at least some fish and lissamphibians.[4] Commercially, chitin is extracted from the shells of crabs, shrimps, shellfish and lobsters, which are major by-products of the seafood industry.[2][3] The structure of chitin is comparable to cellulose, forming crystalline nanofibrils or whiskers. It is functionally comparable to the protein keratin. Chitin has proved useful for several medicinal, industrial and biotechnological purposes.[3][5]

Etymology

The English word "chitin" comes from the French word chitine, which was derived in 1821 from the Greek word χιτών (khitōn) meaning covering.[6]

A similar word, "chiton", refers to a marine animal with a protective shell.

Chemistry, physical properties and biological function

Chemical configurations of the different monosaccharides (glucose and N-acetylglucosamine) and polysaccharides (chitin and cellulose) presented in Haworth projection

The structure of chitin was determined by Albert Hofmann in 1929. Hofmann hydrolyzed chitin using a crude preparation of the enzyme chitinase, which he obtained from the snail Helix pomatia.[7][8][9]

Chitin is a modified polysaccharide that contains nitrogen; it is synthesized from units of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (to be precise, 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose). These units form covalent β-(1→4)-linkages (like the linkages between glucose units forming cellulose). Therefore, chitin may be described as cellulose with one hydroxyl group on each monomer replaced with an acetyl amine group. This allows for increased hydrogen bonding between adjacent polymers, giving the chitin-polymer matrix increased strength.

In its pure, unmodified form, chitin is translucent, pliable, resilient, and quite tough. In most arthropods, however, it is often modified, occurring largely as a component of composite materials, such as in sclerotin, a tanned proteinaceous matrix, which forms much of the exoskeleton of insects. Combined with calcium carbonate, as in the shells of crustaceans and molluscs, chitin produces a much stronger composite. This composite material is much harder and stiffer than pure chitin, and is tougher and less brittle than pure calcium carbonate.[10] Another difference between pure and composite forms can be seen by comparing the flexible body wall of a caterpillar (mainly chitin) to the stiff, light elytron of a beetle (containing a large proportion of sclerotin).[11]

In butterfly wing scales, chitin is organized into stacks of gyroids constructed of chitin photonic crystals that produce various iridescent colors serving phenotypic signaling and communication for mating and foraging.[12] The elaborate chitin gyroid construction in butterfly wings creates a model of optical devices having potential for innovations in biomimicry.[12] Scarab beetles in the genus Cyphochilus also utilize chitin to form extremely thin scales (five to fifteen micrometres thick) that diffusely reflect white light. These scales are networks of randomly ordered filaments of chitin with diameters on the scale of hundreds of nanometres, which serve to scatter light. The multiple scattering of light is thought to play a role in the unusual whiteness of the scales.[13][14] In addition, some social wasps, such as Protopolybia chartergoides, orally secrete material containing predominantly chitin to reinforce the outer nest envelopes, composed of paper.[15]

Chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin by treatment with sodium hydroxide. Chitosan has a wide range of biomedical applications including wound healing, drug delivery and tissue engineering.[2][3] Due to its specific intermolecular hydrogen bonding network, dissolving chitin in water is very difficult.[16] Chitosan (with a degree of deacetylation of more than ~28%), on the other hand, can be dissolved in dilute acidic aqueous solutions below a pH of 6.0 such as acetic, formic and lactic acids. Chitosan with a degree of deacetylation greater than ~49% is soluble in water[17][18]

Humans and other mammals

Humans and other mammals have chitinase and chitinase-like proteins that can degrade chitin; they also possess several immune receptors that can recognize chitin and its degradation products, initiating an immune response.[19]

Chitin is sensed mostly in the lungs or gastrointestinal tract where it can activate the innate immune system through eosinophils or macrophages, as well as an adaptive immune response through T helper cells.[19] Keratinocytes in skin can also react to chitin or chitin fragments.[19]

Plants

Plants also have receptors that can cause a response to chitin, namely chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 and chitin elicitor-binding protein.[19] The first chitin receptor was cloned in 2006.[20] When the receptors are activated by chitin, genes related to plant defense are expressed, and jasmonate hormones are activated, which in turn activate systemic defenses.[21] Commensal fungi have ways to interact with the host immune response that, as of 2016, were not well understood.[20]

Some pathogens produce chitin-binding proteins that mask the chitin they shed from these receptors.[21][22] Zymoseptoria tritici is an example of a fungal pathogen that has such blocking proteins; it is a major pest in wheat crops.[23]

Fossil record

For more on the preservation potential of chitin and other biopolymers, see taphonomy.

Chitin was probably present in the exoskeletons of Cambrian arthropods such as trilobites. The oldest preserved (intact) chitin samples thus far reported are dated to the Oligocene, about 25 million years ago, from specimens encased in amber where the chitin has not completely degraded.[24]

Uses

Agriculture

Chitin is a good inducer of plant defense mechanisms for controlling diseases.[25] It has potential for use as a soil fertilizer or conditioner to improve fertility and plant resilience that may enhance crop yields.[26][27]

Industrial

Chitin is used in many industrial processes. Examples of the potential uses of chemically modified chitin in food processing include the formation of edible films and as an additive to thicken and stabilize foods and food emulsions.[28][29] Processes to size and strengthen paper employ chitin and chitosan.[30][31]

Research

How chitin interacts with the immune system of plants and animals has been an active area of research, including the identity of key receptors with which chitin interacts, whether the size of chitin particles is relevant to the kind of immune response triggered, and mechanisms by which immune systems respond.[32][23] Chitin is deacetylated chemically or enzymatically to produce chitosan, a highly biocompatible polymer which has found a wide range of applications in the biomedical industry.[2][33][34] Chitin and chitosan have been explored as a vaccine adjuvant due to its ability to stimulate an immune response.[2][19]

Chitin and chitosan are under development as scaffolds in studies of how tissue grows and how wounds heal, and in efforts to invent better bandages, surgical thread, and materials for allotransplantation.[2][16][35] Sutures made of chitin have been experimentally developed, but their lack of elasticity and problems making thread have prevented commercial success so far.[36]

Chitosan has been demonstrated and proposed to make a reproducible form of biodegradable plastic.[37] Chitin nanofibers are extracted from crustacean waste and mushrooms for possible development of products in tissue engineering, drug delivery and medicine.[2][38]

Chitin has been proposed for use in building structures, tools, and other solid objects from a composite material, combining chitin with Martian regolith.[39] To build this, the biopolymers in the chitin are suggested as the binder for the regolith aggregate to form a concrete-like composite material. The authors believe that waste materials from food production (e.g. scales from fish, exoskeletons from crustaceans and insects, etc.) could be put to use as feedstock for manufacturing processes.

See also

References

  1. ^ Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M. (2017). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (7th ed.). McMillan Learning. ISBN 978-1-4641-2611-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Sanjanwala, Dhruv; Londhe, Vaishali; Trivedi, Rashmi; Bonde, Smita; Sawarkar, Sujata; Kale, Vinita; Patravale, Vandana (2022-12-02). "Polysaccharide-based hydrogels for drug delivery and wound management: a review". Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 19 (12): 1664–1695. doi:10.1080/17425247.2022.2152791. ISSN 1742-5247. PMID 36440488. S2CID 254041961.
  3. ^ a b c d Sanjanwala, Dhruv; Londhe, Vaishali; Trivedi, Rashmi; Bonde, Smita; Sawarkar, Sujata; Kale, Vinita; Patravale, Vandana (2024-01-01). "Polysaccharide-based hydrogels for medical devices, implants and tissue engineering: A review". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 256 (Pt 2): 128488. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128488. ISSN 0141-8130. PMID 38043653.
  4. ^ Tang, WJ; Fernandez, JG; Sohn, JJ; Amemiya, CT (2015). "Chitin is endogenously produced in vertebrates". Curr Biol. 25 (7): 897–900. Bibcode:2015CBio...25..897T. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.058. PMC 4382437. PMID 25772447.
  5. ^ Morin-Crini, Nadia; Lichtfouse, Eric; Torri, Giangiacomo; Crini, Grégorio (2019-12-01). "Applications of chitosan in food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, textiles, pulp and paper, biotechnology, and environmental chemistry". Environmental Chemistry Letters. 17 (4): 1667–1692. Bibcode:2019EnvCL..17.1667M. doi:10.1007/s10311-019-00904-x. ISSN 1610-3661.
  6. ^ Odier, Auguste (1823). "Mémoire sur la composition chimique des parties cornées des insectes" [Memoir on the chemical composition of the horny parts of insects]. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris (in French). 1. presented: 1821: 29–42. la Chitine (c'est ainsi que je nomme cette substance de chiton, χιτον, enveloppe… [chitine (it is thus that I name this substance from chiton, χιτον, covering)]"
  7. ^ Hofmann, A. (1929). Über den enzymatischen Abbau des Chitins und Chitosans [On the enzymatic degradation of chitin and chitosan] (Thesis). Zurich, Switzerland: University of Zurich.
  8. ^ Karrer, P.; Hofmann, A. (1929). "Polysaccharide XXXIX. Über den enzymatischen Abbau von Chitin and Chitosan I". Helvetica Chimica Acta (in German). 12 (1): 616–637. doi:10.1002/hlca.19290120167.
  9. ^ Finney, Nathaniel S.; Siegel, Jay S. (2008). "In Memoriam: Albert Hofmann (1906-2008)" (PDF). CHIMIA. 62 (5). University of Zurich: 444–447. doi:10.2533/chimia.2008.444. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  10. ^ Campbell, N. A. (1996) Biology (4th edition) Benjamin Cummings, New Work. p.69 ISBN 0-8053-1957-3
  11. ^ Gilbert, Lawrence I. (2009). Insect development : morphogenesis, molting and metamorphosis. Amsterdam Boston: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-375136-2.
  12. ^ a b Saranathan V, Osuji CO, Mochrie SG, Noh H, Narayanan S, Sandy A, Dufresne ER, Prum RO (2010). "Structure, function, and self-assembly of single network gyroid (I4132) photonic crystals in butterfly wing scales". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (26): 11676–81. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10711676S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909616107. PMC 2900708. PMID 20547870.
  13. ^ Dasi Espuig M (16 August 2014). "Beetles' whiteness understood". BBC News: Science and Environment. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  14. ^ Burresi, Matteo; Cortese, Lorenzo; Pattelli, Lorenzo; Kolle, Mathias; Vukusic, Peter; Wiersma, Diederik S.; Steiner, Ullrich; Vignolini, Silvia (2014). "Bright-white beetle scales optimise multiple scattering of light". Scientific Reports. 4: 6075. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E6075B. doi:10.1038/srep06075. PMC 4133710. PMID 25123449.
  15. ^ Kudô, K.; Yamane, Sô.; Mateus, S.; Tsuchida, K.; Itô, Y.; Miyano, S.; Yamamoto, H.; Zucchi, R. (2001-10-01). "Nest materials and some chemical characteristics of nests of a New World swarm-founding polistine wasp, Polybia paulista (Hymenoptera Vespidae)". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 13 (4): 351–360. Bibcode:2001EtEcE..13..351K. doi:10.1080/08927014.2001.9522766. ISSN 0394-9370. S2CID 86452110.
  16. ^ a b Bedian, L; Villalba-Rodríguez, AM; Hernández-Vargas, G; Parra-Saldivar, R; Iqbal, HM (May 2017). "Bio-based materials with novel characteristics for tissue engineering applications - A review". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 98: 837–846. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.048. PMID 28223133.
  17. ^ Cho, Yong-Woo; Jang, Jinho; Park, Chong Rae; Ko, Sohk-Won (2000-12-01). "Preparation and Solubility in Acid and Water of Partially Deacetylated Chitins". Biomacromolecules. 1 (4): 609–614. doi:10.1021/bm000036j. ISSN 1525-7797. PMID 11710189.
  18. ^ Rouhani Shirvan, Anahita; Shakeri, Mina; Bashari, Azadeh (2019-01-01), Shahid-ul-Islam; Butola, B. S. (eds.), "5 - Recent advances in application of chitosan and its derivatives in functional finishing of textiles", The Impact and Prospects of Green Chemistry for Textile Technology, The Textile Institute Book Series, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 107–133, ISBN 978-0-08-102491-1, retrieved 2023-12-18
  19. ^ a b c d e Elieh Ali Komi, D; Sharma, L; Dela Cruz, CS (1 March 2017). "Chitin and Its Effects on Inflammatory and Immune Responses". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 54 (2): 213–223. doi:10.1007/s12016-017-8600-0. PMC 5680136. PMID 28251581.
  20. ^ a b Sánchez-Vallet, A; Mesters, JR; Thomma, BP (March 2015). "The battle for chitin recognition in plant-microbe interactions". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 39 (2): 171–83. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuu003. hdl:20.500.11850/97275. ISSN 0168-6445. PMID 25725011.
  21. ^ a b Sharp, Russell G. (21 November 2013). "A Review of the Applications of Chitin and Its Derivatives in Agriculture to Modify Plant-Microbial Interactions and Improve Crop Yields". Agronomy. 3 (4): 757–793. doi:10.3390/agronomy3040757.
  22. ^ Rovenich, H; Zuccaro, A; Thomma, BP (December 2016). "Convergent evolution of filamentous microbes towards evasion of glycan-triggered immunity". The New Phytologist. 212 (4): 896–901. doi:10.1111/nph.14064. PMID 27329426.
  23. ^ a b Kettles, GJ; Kanyuka, K (15 April 2016). "Dissecting the Molecular Interactions between Wheat and the Fungal Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici". Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 508. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00508. PMC 4832604. PMID 27148331.
  24. ^ Briggs, DEG (29 January 1999). "Molecular taphonomy of animal and plant cuticles: selective preservation and diagenesis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 354 (1379): 7–17. doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0356. PMC 1692454.
  25. ^ El Hadrami, A; Adam, L. R.; El Hadrami, I; Daayf, F (2010). "Chitosan in plant protection". Marine Drugs. 8 (4): 968–987. doi:10.3390/md8040968. PMC 2866471. PMID 20479963.
  26. ^ Debode, Jane; De Tender, Caroline; Soltaninejad, Saman; Van Malderghem, Cinzia; Haegeman, Annelies; Van der Linden, Inge; Cottyn, Bart; Heyndrickx, Marc; Maes, Martine (2016-04-21). "Chitin mixed in potting soil alters lettuce growth, the survival of zoonotic bacteria on the leaves and associated rhizosphere microbiology". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 565. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00565. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 4838818. PMID 27148242.
  27. ^ Sarathchandra, S. U.; Watson, R. N.; Cox, N. R.; di Menna, M. E.; Brown, J. A.; Burch, G.; Neville, F. J. (1996-05-01). "Effects of chitin amendment of soil on microorganisms, nematodes, and growth of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 22 (3): 221–226. Bibcode:1996BioFS..22..221S. doi:10.1007/BF00382516. ISSN 1432-0789. S2CID 32594901.
  28. ^ Tzoumaki, Maria V.; Moschakis, Thomas; Kiosseoglou, Vassilios; Biliaderis, Costas G. (August 2011). "Oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by chitin nanocrystal particles". Food Hydrocolloids. 25 (6): 1521–1529. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.02.008. ISSN 0268-005X.
  29. ^ Shahidi, F.; Arachchi, J.K.V.; Jeon, Y.-J. (1999). "Food applications of chitin and chitosans". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 10 (2): 37–51. doi:10.1016/s0924-2244(99)00017-5.
  30. ^ Hosokawa, Jun; Nishiyama, Masashi; Yoshihara, Kazutoshi; Kubo, Takamasa (May 1990). "Biodegradable film derived from chitosan and homogenized cellulose". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 29 (5): 800–805. doi:10.1021/ie00101a015. ISSN 0888-5885.
  31. ^ Gällstedt, Mikael; Brottman, Angela; Hedenqvist, Mikael S. (July 2005). "Packaging-related properties of protein- and chitosan-coated paper". Packaging Technology and Science. 18 (4): 161–170. doi:10.1002/pts.685. ISSN 0894-3214. S2CID 96578009.
  32. ^ Gómez-Casado, Cristina; Díaz-Perales, Araceli; Hedenqvist, Mikael S. (2016-10-01). "Allergen-Associated Immunomodulators: Modifying Allergy Outcome". Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 64 (5): 339–347. doi:10.1007/s00005-016-0401-2. ISSN 1661-4917. PMID 27178664. S2CID 15221318.
  33. ^ Kapadnis, Gaurav; Dey, Anomitra; Dandekar, Prajakta; Jain, Ratnesh (June 2019). "Effect of degree of deacetylation on solubility of low-molecular-weight chitosan produced via enzymatic breakdown of chitosan". Polymer International. 68 (6): 1054–1063. doi:10.1002/pi.5795. ISSN 0959-8103. S2CID 104427459.
  34. ^ Desai, Ranjeet; Pachpore, Radhika; Patil, Ashwini; Jain, Ratnesh; Dandekar, Prajakta (2021), Jayakumar, R.; Prabaharan, M. (eds.), "Review of the Structure of Chitosan in the Context of Other Sugar-Based Polymers", Chitosan for Biomaterials III, vol. 287, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 23–74, doi:10.1007/12_2021_89, ISBN 978-3-030-83806-5, S2CID 244341955, retrieved 2022-12-19
  35. ^ Cheung, R. C.; Ng, T. B.; Wong, J. H.; Chan, W. Y. (2015). "Chitosan: An Update on Potential Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications". Marine Drugs. 13 (8): 5156–5186. doi:10.3390/md13085156. PMC 4557018. PMID 26287217.
  36. ^ Ducheyne, Paul; Healy, Kevin; Hutmacher, Dietmar E.; Grainger, David W.; Kirkpatrick, C. James, eds. (2011). Comprehensive biomaterials. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 230. ISBN 9780080552941.
  37. ^ "Team creates bioplastic made from shrimp shells". 6 May 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  38. ^ Ifuku, Shinsuke (2014). "Chitin and Chitosan Nanofibers: Preparation and Chemical Modifications". Molecules. 19 (11): 18367–80. doi:10.3390/molecules191118367. PMC 6271128. PMID 25393598.
  39. ^ Shiwei, Ng; Dritsas, Stylianos; Fernandez, Javier G. (September 16, 2020). "Martian biolith: A bioinspired regolith composite for closed-loop extraterrestrial manufacturing". PLOS ONE. 15 (9): e0238606. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1538606S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238606. PMC 7494075. PMID 32936806.
Scholia has a profile for chitin (Q161219).
  • Media related to Chitin at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of chitin at Wiktionary

Read other articles:

Daftar orang yang mengaku sebagai Yesus

Ini bukan daftar orang yang bernama Yesus Berikut ini adalah daftar orang terkenal yang mengaku sebagai Yesus, baik itu oleh dirinya sendiri atau oleh para pengikutnya, dengan berbagai alasan dari reinkarnasi atau inkarnasi Yesus Kristus, maupun Kedatangan Kedua Yesus Kristus. Abad ke-19 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad John Nichols Thom (1799-1838), seorang pemberontak pajak Cornish yang diklaim sebagai penyelamat dunia dan reinkarnasi dari Yesus Kristus dan tubuhnya adalah bait dari Roh Kudus pada tahun ...

 

 

Snow Riot

The Snow Riot was a riot and lynch mob in Washington, D.C., that began on August 11, 1835, when a mob of angry white mechanics attacked and destroyed Beverly Snow's Epicurean Eating House,[1][2][3] a restaurant owned by a black man. This violence, born of white men's frustration about having to compete with free blacks for jobs, touched off several days of white mob violence against free blacks, their houses, and establishments. It stopped only at President Andrew Jack...

 

 

Winfrid Burrows

Anglican Clergyman The Right ReverendWinfrid BurrowsBishop of ChichesterDioceseDiocese of ChichesterIn office1919–1929 (death)PredecessorCharles RidgewaySuccessorGeorge BellOther post(s)Bishop of Truro (1912–1919)Personal detailsBorn(1858-11-09)9 November 1858Died13 February 1929(1929-02-13) (aged 70)DenominationAnglicanEducationEton CollegeAlma materCorpus Christi College, Oxford Winfrid Oldfield Burrows (9 November 1858–13 February 1929) was the Bishop of Truro[1] and lat...

Guerra civile in Cambogia

Guerra civile cambogianaparte della guerra del VietnamCarri armati statunitensi in Cambogia, aprile 1970Data11 marzo 1967 - 17 aprile 1975 LuogoCambogia Esito Vittoria dei Khmer rossi fondazione della Kampuchea Democratica e inizio del genocidio cambogiano Schieramenti Regno di Cambogia (fino al 1970) Repubblica Khmer (dal 1970) Stati Uniti Vietnam del SudSupporto da: Australia Taiwan Nuova Zelanda Filippine Corea del Sud Thailandia Governo reale d'unità nazionale di Kampuchea Fron...

 

 

Angelo San Raffaele, Venice

Church in Venice, Italy Angelo San RaffaeleFacade of Chiesa dell'Angelo RaffaeleReligionAffiliationRoman CatholicProvinceVeniceLocationLocationVenice, ItalyShown within VeniceShow map of VeniceAngelo San Raffaele, Venice (Italy)Show map of ItalyGeographic coordinates45°25′57.02″N 12°19′8.37″E / 45.4325056°N 12.3189917°E / 45.4325056; 12.3189917 The Chiesa dell'Angelo Raffaele (English: Church of the Angel Raphael) is a church in Venice, northern Italy, loca...

 

 

Sidang Buddhis Pertama

artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan, silakan hapus templat ini. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menamba...

Dick Advocaat

Dick Advocaat Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Dirk Nicolaas Advocaat[1]Tanggal lahir 27 September 1947 (umur 76)[2]Tempat lahir Den Haag, BelandaTinggi 170 cm (5 ft 7 in)[2]Posisi bermain GelandangBekInformasi klubKlub saat ini Irak (manajer)Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1966–1973 ADO Den Haag 147 (7)1967 → San Francisco Gales (pinjaman) 7 (1)1973–1977 Roda JC 113 (2)1977–1979 VVV-Venlo 74 (6)1979 Chicago Sting 32 (3)1979–1980 ADO Den...

 

 

Suliformes

Order of birds SuliformesTemporal range: Eocene - present 50–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Northern gannet (Morus bassanus) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Clade: Aequornithes Order: SuliformesSharpe, 1891 Type species Sula leucogasterBoddaert, 1783 Families Sulidae Fregatidae Phalacrocoracidae Anhingidae †Plotopteridae The order Suliformes (/ˈsjuːlɪfɔːrmiːz/, dubbed Phalacrocoraciformes by Christidis & Boles...

 

 

ソー (オー＝ド＝セーヌ県)

Sceaux 行政国 フランス地域圏 (Région) イル＝ド＝フランス地域圏県 (département) オー＝ド＝セーヌ県郡 (arrondissement) アントニー郡小郡 (canton) 小郡庁所在地INSEEコード 92071郵便番号 92330市長（任期） フィリップ・ローラン（2008年-2014年）自治体間連合 (fr) メトロポール・デュ・グラン・パリ人口動態人口 19,679人（2007年）人口密度 5466人/km2住民の呼称 Scéens地理座標 北緯48度4...

Jens Grembowietz

German footballer Jens Grembowietz Personal informationDate of birth (1987-02-02) February 2, 1987 (age 37)Place of birth Essen, West GermanyPosition(s) DefenderTeam informationCurrent team Hammer SpVgNumber 5Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2006–2008 FC Schalke 04 II 46 (3)2008–2009 Dynamo Dresden 15 (0)2009–2010 Preußen Münster 26 (0)2010–2012 KSV Hessen Kassel 40 (4)2013–2014 SG Wattenscheid 09 34 (2)2014– Hammer SpVg 17 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals,...

 

 

哈萨克斯坦总统

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言，清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日（哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統） 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

 

Fatkul Anam

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Topik a...

Arram railway station

Railway station in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England ArramGeneral informationLocationArram, East Riding of YorkshireEnglandCoordinates53°53′02″N 0°25′30″W / 53.884000°N 0.425000°W / 53.884000; -0.425000Grid referenceTA035442Managed byNorthernPlatforms2Other informationStation codeARRClassificationDfT category F2HistoryOpened1853Passengers2018/19 1,3922019/20 8282020/21 922021/22 7382022/23 598 NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road A...

 

 

Nazionale di hockey su prato femminile della Spagna

Spagna 1ª divisa 2ª divisa Sport Hockey su prato Federazione Real Federacion Española de Hockey Confederazione EHF Olimpiadi Partecipazioni 5 (esordio: 1992) Miglior risultato 1º posto (1992) Mondiali Partecipazioni 9 (esordio: 1974) Miglior risultato 4º posto (2006) Hockey Champions Trophy Partecipazioni 5 (esordio: 1991) Miglior risultato 4º posto (1991) Europei Partecipazioni 8 (esordio: 1984) Miglior risultato 2º posto (1995, 2003) La nazionale di hockey su prato femminile della S...

 

 

NGC 6885

NGC 6885 الكوكبة الثعلب[1]  رمز الفهرس NGC 6885 (الفهرس العام الجديد)OCl 132.0 (Catalogue of Star Clusters and Associations)NGC 6882 (الفهرس العام الجديد)C 2009+263 (فهرس كالدويل)[KPS2012] MWSC 3282 (Global survey of star clusters in the Milky Way. III. 139 new open clusters at high Galactic latitudes)  شاهد أيضًا: مجرة، قائمة المجرات تعديل مصدري - تعديل   إن �...

Список лауреатів Нобелівської премії з фізики

Зміст 1 Список лауреатів 1.1 1900-ті 1.2 1910-ті 1.3 1920-ті 1.4 1930-ті 1.5 1940-ві 1.6 1950-ті 1.7 1960-ті 1.8 1970-ті 1.9 1980-ті 1.10 1990-ті 1.11 2000-ні 1.12 2010-ті 1.13 2020-ті 2 Див. також 3 Примітки 4 Література Нобелівська премія з фізики (швед. Nobelpriset i fysik) — вища нагорода за наукові досягнення в області фізики, щоріч�...

 

 

Sodium cyanide

Sodium cyanide Identifiers CAS Number 143-33-9 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEMBL ChEMBL1644697 Y ChemSpider 8587 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.005.091 EC Number 205-599-4 PubChem CID 8929 RTECS number VZ7525000 UNII O5DDB9Z95G Y UN number 1689 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID4024309 InChI InChI=1S/CN.Na/c1-2;/q-1;+1 YKey: MNWBNISUBARLIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1S/CN.Na/c1-2;/q-1;+1Key: MNWBNISUBARLIT-UHFFFAOYAG SMILES [C-]#N.[Na+] Properties Chemical formula...

 

 

الاتحاد اللبناني لكرة القدم

الاتحاد اللبناني لكرة القدم الاتحاد اللبناني لكرة القدم، و(بالإنجليزية: Lebanese Football Association)‏  شعار الاتحاد اللبناني لكرة القدم الاسم المختصر LFA الرياضة كرة القدم أسس عام 1933 الرئيس هاشم حيدر المقر بيروت الانتسابات الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم : 1935 الاتحاد الآسيوي لكرة الق�...

Dauntless Dotty

Dauntless Dotty 869th Bomb Squadron B-29, 42-24592, Dauntless Dotty. Shown is Major Robert Morgan, pilot of the aircraft. Type Boeing B-29-40-BW Superfortress Manufacturer Boeing Airplane Company Construction number 4253 Serial 42-24592 First flight ca. Jan 1944 Owners and operators United States Army Air Force In service 1944 – 6 June 1945 Flights 53 missions [1] Total hours 880 combat hours [2] Total distance 176,000 combat miles [3] Fate Crashed on takeoff, 6 Jun...

 

 

弗留利语

本條目存在以下問題，請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要擴充。 (2016年5月2日)请協助改善这篇條目，更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。 此條目需要精通或熟悉相关主题的编者参与及协助编辑。 (2016年5月2日)請邀請適合的人士改善本条目。更多的細節與詳情請參见討論頁。 此條目已列出參考文獻，�...