Casualties of the Tigray war
Breakdown of Tigray War casualties
15-year-old in Mekelle who lost their eye after being shot by a sniper.
Casualties of the Tigray War refers to the civilian and military deaths and injuries in the Tigray War that started in November 2020, in which rape and other sexual violence are also widespread.[ 1] [ 2] [ 3]
Precise casualty figures are uncertain. According to researchers at Ghent University in Belgium, the combined impact of wartime violence and famine and a lack of medical access had killed an estimated 162,000–378,000 people, with other reported estimates reaching numbers as high as 600,000 killed.[ 4] [ 5] The scale of the death and destruction led The New York Times to describe it in November 2022 as "one of the world’s bloodiest contemporary conflicts."[ 6]
Breakdown
True casualties statistics have been difficult to determine, largely due to deliberate information blackouts in the region.[ 7] Journalists have noted the difficulty they face attempting to report on the war, as the Ethiopian government has taken steps to reduce press access to the Tigray Region , facing the risk of getting killed or imprisoned.[ 8] [ 9] It is also been reported that there is an unwillingness from either side to fully confirm precise numbers.[ 10] [ 11]
While Prime Minister of Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed initially spoke of no civilian casualties in the early days of the war, by February 2021, he described the level of death in Tigray as "hav[ing] caused much distress for me personally.”[ 12]
Massacres
A mass grave of civilians in Tigray
Numerous reports have been made of extrajudicial killings and summary executions (in many cases, targeting civilians) since the war began.[ 19] [ 20] [ 21]
Terminology:
ENDF - Ethiopian National Defense Forces
EDF - Eritrean Defense Forces
TPLF - Tigray People's Liberation Front
TDF - Tigrayan Defense Forces
Fano - Amhara public force or Amhara resistance force
Date
Place
Number
Perpetrators
Sources
Notes
4-10 November 2020
Shiglil
7
Government-allied militias
[ 22]
9-10 November 2020
Humera
54
ENDF, Amhara militia, Fano
[ 23] [ 24] [ 25]
related: EHRC report[ 26]
5-19 November 2020
Dansha
25
[ 26]
Civilians were caught in the crossfire between warring parties
9–10 November 2020
Mai Kadra
600[ 19] or 1100[ 21]
Samri kebele youths[ 27] [ 19] [ 21] or Amhara militias[ 28] [ 29] [ 30]
victim ethnicity and perpetrators disputed
13-17 November 2020
Zalambessa
86
EDF
[ 31]
Killed mostly in house-to-house searches after shelling the town
14–17 November 2020
Bisober
27-31
TPLF & ENDF
[ 26] [ 32] [ 33]
Shelling crossfire and house-to-house search
17 November 2020
Shire
200
EDF
[ 34]
Elders say people were "slaughtered like chicken"
c. 19 November 2020
Hitsats
305
TPLF [ 35] [ 36] or EDF[ 37] [ 38] [ 39] [ 36]
Perpetrators disputed. EEPA claims 300 Eritrean refugees executed by EDF, HRW claims EDF, refugees claim local Tigrayan militia or EDF, Ethiopia claims TPLF; five humanitarian workers killed in battle[ 40] [ 41] [ 42]
21 November 2020
Idaga Hamus
Dozens
EDF
[ 43]
after capture of town
c. 21 November 2020
Adigrat
12
EDF
[ 43] [ 44]
after capture of town
27-28 November 2020
Wukro
220
EDF, ENDF
[ 45]
killing spree accompanying the massive looting of the town
28–29 November 2020
Axum
750
EDF
initial body counts;[ 46] [ 47] in-depth[ 48] [ 49]
Daily killings preceded and followed the main massacre.
30 November 2020
Dengelat
80–150
EDF
[ 50] [ 51]
at Maryam Dengelat church
late November/early December 2020
Irob
52
[ 52]
50 men, 2 women
1 December 2020
Mekelle
27
ENDF
[ 53]
4–7 December 2020
Ziban Gedena
150-300
EDF
[ 54]
Also: 150 houses burnt, 90% of livestock killed, harvests burnt and stolen
13 December 2020
Kola Tembien
20
ENDF
[ 55]
Soldiers kept terrorising civilians in Tembien in an effort to get the location of the leader of the TPLF.
c. 23 December 2020
Hawzen
up to 70
EDF
[ 56]
70 bodies recognised by witness
5 January 2021
Gu'itelo
29
EDF
[ 57]
at Medhane-Alem church
8 January 2021
Bora
70–187
ENDF
[ 58] [ 59] : 31
Killing spree after a battle with TDF
9 January 2021
Ari Giyergis
12
ENDF
[ 60]
12 young deacons taken out of the church and executed
mid-January 2021
Mahbere Dego
50–74
ENDF (Amharic speaking)
[ 61] [ 62]
People were executed and thrown off a cliff, according to geolocated video evidence.
January 2021
Irob
187
ENDF, EDF
[ 63]
includes 30 Coptic priests, 50 women, 100 children
1 February 2021
Kerebera
5
ENDF & EDF
[ 60]
five priests were killed in the village church
10 February 2021
Wukro
18
EDF
[ 64]
killed in street protests
10 February 2021
Kola Tembien
182
ENDF, EDF
[ 65]
house-to-house killing; access to bodies permitted on 15 Feb, by which time many were partially eaten by wildlife
few days before 14 February 2021
Adwa + Shire
30
[ 64]
killed in street protests
15 Feb
Cheli
180
EDF
[ 66]
c. 19 February 2021
Khisret , Gijet
100+
ENDF
[ 67]
22 February 2021
Debrekerbe
9
EDF
[ 68]
23 February 2021
May Weyni
80
EDF
[ 66]
1-3 March 2021
Humera
250
Amhara militia, Fano , EDF
[ 69]
11 March 2021
Enkikumel, near Shire
100+
ENDF/EDF
[ 70] [ 71]
Reports suggest that ENDF/EDF soldiers went door to door and kidnapped civilians in order to force militias to give up their weapons and surrender. Once the militias surrendered, they and the remaining hostages were all executed. All victims were reportedly young men.
14 March 2021
Wukro
3-5
ENDF
[ 72]
retaliation for attacks by TDF
23 March 2021
Inda Teka Tesfay between Mekelle and Adigrat
4
ENDF
[ 73]
Médecins Sans Frontières staff observed the execution of at least four men by the ENDF. They were taken off a public bus and executed.
24 March 2021
Grizana, near Samre
11-18
EDF
[ 74] [ 75]
30 March - 5 April 2021
Wukro Maray
~161
EDF & ENDF
[ 76]
As revenge for lost battles
1 or 3 April 2021
May Atsmi , Tisha and Haddush Addi , Tahtay Maychew district
~140
EDF
[ 76]
As revenge for lost battles
5 April 2021
Debrekerbe in Zana district
116
EDF
[ 68]
5 April 2021
Haruka kebele, Afar Region
30+
Somali Regional State special forces
[ 77]
8 April 2021
Freweyni
7
EDF
[ 76]
8 April 2021
Hawzen
30+
EDF
[ 76]
8 April 2021
Around Wukro Maray, between Shire and Axum
200+
ENDF and EDF
[ 76]
12 April 2021
Adwa , Central Tigray
3–9
EDF
[ 78] [ 79]
12 April 2021
village near Axum
11
presumably EDF
[ 80]
12 April 2021
Hugumburda, Southern Tigray
15
Amhara militias and ENDF
[ 80]
c. 12 April 2021
Wukro Maray town near Aksum
300+
EDF
[ 80]
29 April 2021
Idaga Hibret
20
EDF
[ 81]
30 April 2021
(Bure, Amhara and Danchu Kebelle)
21
unknown
[ 81]
During the attacks, some civilians had reportedly been burnt alive.
8 May 2021
Guh village, Hawzien, Eastern Tigray
19
EDF
[ 82] [ 83]
12 June 2021
Menji and Guyya villages near the town of
Abi-Adi Tembien.
16
EDF and ENDF
[ 84]
Reports indicate that cluster bombs and phosphorus gas was used in the shelling of both villages.
22 June 2021
Togoga village
50-80
ENDF
[ 85]
50-80 civilians were killed in an airstrike on the village's market area. Reports indicate that the ENDF blocked ambulances from attending to the dead and wounded in the village, possibly increasing the casualty toll.
17-19 July 2021
Yalo
20
TDF or ENDF
[ 86]
Victims of shelling
~3 August 2021
Humera and elsewhere along the Tekezé River
95
Amhara militia, Fano , EDF
[ 87]
The victims had been shot with their hands tied
5 August 2021
Galikoma , Afar Region
107-200
TDF
[ 88] [ 89] [ 90]
Indiscriminate killing by TDF
31 August–4 September 2021
Chenna (near Dabat )
120-200
TDF
[ 91] [ 92] [ 93]
Extrajudicial killings; Using civilians as human shields
9 September 2021
Kobo
600
TDF
[ 94] [ 95] [ 96] [ 93]
Extrajudicial killings
30 October 2021
Kombolcha , Amhara region
100+
TDF
[ 97] [ 98] [ 99]
Extrajudicial killings, looting and ransacking WFP and UN trucks and aid essentials, private and public properties.
8 October 2021
Mekelle
3
ENDF
[ 100]
Airstrike killing civilians, all children
21 November 2021
Prison camp near Mirab Abaya , SNNPR
83 (+20 missing)
Ethiopian prison guards, ENDF, lynch mob
[ 101]
Massacre of imprisoned Tigrayan soldiers; according to The Washington Post , the prisoners in question had not engaged in combat against the government.
6 January 2022
Mai Aini refugee camp
3
Unknown
[ 102] [ 103]
Airstrike killing Eritrean refugees, including 2 children
7 January 2022
Dedebit
56-59
ENDF
[ 104] [ 105] [ 106] [ 107] [ 108]
Airstrike hitting a camp for internally displaced people ; has been called a war crime by the UN and Human Rights Watch
10–11 January 2022
Mai Tsebri and Hiwane
19
ENDF
[ 109]
Drone strike killing civilians
23 February 2022
Chenna and Kobo
24+
TDF
[ 110]
Extrajudicial killings
23 February 2022
Berhale
5+
Unknown; suspected to be the TDF
[ 111] [ 112]
Extrajudicial killings of Eritrean refugees
26 August 2022
Mekelle
4
ENDF
[ 113]
Airstrike killing civilians, including 2 children
6–12 September 2022
Sheraro
40+
EDF
[ 114] [ 115]
Extrajudicial killings of civilians, including Eritrean refugees
Shimblina
46
ENDF/EDF
[ 116]
13–14 September 2022
Mekelle
10
Unclear; suspected to be the ENDF
[ 117] [ 118]
Airstrike killing civilians,
13–15 September 2022
Kobo
17+
TDF
[ 119]
Systemic torture and killings of civilians
4 October 2022
Adi Daero, La'ilay Adiyabo
50-65+
ENDF
[ 120] [ 121]
Airstrike hitting a school sheltering internally displaced people
24 October 2022
Egela district, Tigray
96
EDF
[ 122]
Extrajudicial killings of civilians
26 October 2022
Adwa
60+
ENDF/EDF
[ 123]
Extrajudicial killings of civilians
17–25 November 2022
Eastern Zone, Tigray
111
EDF
[ 124] [ 125]
Kidnapping, extrajudicial killings of civilians; 241 houses destroyed and overall "widespread looting."
Mid December 2022
Central Zone, Tigray
550+
EDF and Amhara militias
[ 126]
Extrajudicial killings and mass rapes.
Civilian deaths
Mass graves in Maikadra and funeral services
One of the civilian victims of the Togoga airstrike
As of 2 February 2021[update] , the highest estimate of civilian deaths in the Tigray War is that given by three of the opposition parties from the 2020 Tigray regional election : National Congress of Great Tigray , Tigray Independence Party , and Salsay Woyane Tigray , which were allocated 15 seats in September 2020, prior to the war. The three parties' statement, published on 2 February 2021, estimated that at least 52,000 civilians had been killed by the ENDF, the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF), Amhara militias, and other forces allied with the ENDF.[ 128] Hailu Kebede, head of foreign affairs in Salsay Woyane Tigray, said that the three parties' collection method was to try to register data from witnesses in every administrative area of Tigray Region. He stated that "thousands" of names were already recorded.[ 12] 2022 estimates from Belgium’s Ghent University put the number of war fatalities at 300,000 to 500,000, including 50,000 to 100,000 from fighting, 150,000 to 200,000 due to famine , and 100,000 from lack of medical attention.[ 5]
Military deaths
Samwarit, 4, lies on her hospital bed recovering from knife wounds in her leg and a gunshot in her hand, according to her father, in Mekelle, Tigray, June 4, 2021.
2020
An ENDF soldier present at the attack on the Adigrat base of the ENDF Northern Command during the 4 November Northern Command attacks , Bulcha, stated to BBC News that there were 32 ENDF fatalities and 100 TPLF fatalities.[ 129]
Based on its 14–18 November 2020 visit and a visit starting 10 January 2021 to the Tigray Region, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) reported a Humera hospital employee's count of the war deaths as 92, including military (ENDF and TPLF) and civilian deaths.[ 26]
An estimated 760 troops (ENDF and TPLF) were killed during fighting in the Raya region.[ 130]
The TPLF claimed on 24 November to have killed thousands of ENDF and Eritrean in three fronts: Adwa, Idagahamus and Ray-Mokoni. They also claimed to have killed almost an entire Ethiopian division during fighting at Raya.[ 131] This division is the 21st mechanised division.[ 132]
On 7 December 2020 heavy fighting broke out between AMISOM troops and Ethiopian troops in Hiran region, Somalia, when Ethiopian troops tried to disarm Tigrayan troops. In total 21 Tigrayan soldiers and 20 Ethiopian soldiers were killed.[ 133]
2022
In September 2022, Ethiopian and Eritrean forces launched a massive "joint" offensive against rebels in Tigray. The Ethiopian army reportedly suffered 90,000 casualties in one month.[ 134]
Notes
^ a b As reported by the BBC; a specific timeframe was not given. Local correspondents to the agency suggested these figures could be from then-recent battles, and not the war as a whole.
^ According to de Waal, while not all 90,000 casualties were deaths, "many of the wounded will die" due to the poor condition of medical services.
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External links
Background
Timeline Impact Peace process Groups
Key actors Institutions Militias Human rights organisations
Human rights