Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region

Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region

የደቡብ ብሔር ብሔረሰቦችና ሕዝቦች ክልል
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region የደቡብ ብሔር ብሔረሰቦችና ሕዝቦች ክልል
Former regional state
	Flag Seal
	Map of Ethiopia showing Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (1992 to 2020 boundaries)
	Coordinates: 6°30′N 37°06′E / 6.5°N 37.1°E
Country	Ethiopia
Administrative headquarters	Hawassa
ISO 3166 code	ET-SN

The Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (often abbreviated as SNNPR; Amharic: የደቡብ ብሔር ብሔረሰቦችና ሕዝቦች ክልል, romanized: Yädäbub Bḥer Bḥeräsäbočna Hzboč Kllə) was a regional state in southwestern Ethiopia. It was formed from the merger of five kililoch, called Regions 7 to 11, following the regional council elections on 21 June 1992.^[1] Its government was based in Hawassa.

The SNNPR bordered Kenya to the south (including a small part of Lake Turkana), the Ilemi Triangle (a region claimed by Kenya and South Sudan) to the southwest, Oromia region to the north and east. The capital city of the region was Hawassa. The region included major cities and towns like Wolaita Sodo, Arba Minch, Jinka, Dila, Boditi, Areka, Butajira, Welkite, Bonga, Hosaena and Worabe.

The region dissolved when Sidama Region, Southwest Ethiopia Region, South Ethiopia Regional State and Central Ethiopia Regional State emerged independently.

In June 2020, following the formation of the Sidama Region the region's capital Hawassa is located outside of the boundaries of the region. The then regional government planned to move to a city within the region's boundaries after two consecutive national electoral cycles.^[2] The largest cities in the region were Sodo with the population of 194,977 and Arba Minch with the population of 151,013.^[3]

The dissolution of the region was certain when on 18 August 2023 the South Ethiopia Regional State was created following the 2023 South Ethiopia Region referendum with remainder of the SNNPR becoming the Central Ethiopia Regional State.

Demographics

Kambaata family in front of their tukul in the Kembata Tembaro Zone

Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the SNNPR regional state had an estimated total population of 14,929,548, of whom 7,425,918 were men and 7,503,630 women. 13,433,991 or 89.98% of the population are estimated to be rural inhabitants, while 1,495,557 or 10.02% are urban; this makes the SNNPR Ethiopia's most rural region. With an estimated area of 105,887.18 square kilometers, this region has an estimated density of 141 people per square kilometer. For the entire region 3,110,995 households were counted, which results in an average for the region of 4.8 persons to a household, with urban households having on average 3.9 and rural households 4.9 people.^[4] The projected population for 2017 was 19,170,007.^[5]

In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was reported to be 10,377,028 of whom 5,161,787 were men and 5,215,241 were women. At the time of the census, the rural population of the Region accounted for 93.2% of the total population. Semien Omo, Wolayita, and Gurage were the three zones with the highest population. The population is concentrated mostly in eastern, northern and central part of the SNNPR while the western and southern part of the region is sparsely populated.

The SNNPR Water Resources Bureau announced that as of the fiscal year ending in 2006, they had increased the area of the region that had access to drinkable water to 54% from 10 to 15% 15 years ago.^[6] In August 2008, the head of public relations for the Bureau, Abdulkerim Nesru, announced that 94 million birr had been spent to further increase the availability of drinkable water in the region from 58% in the previous year to 63.6%. Priority was given to certain zones, such as Sidama, Welayta and Gurage, as well as the Alaba special woreda and several resettlement areas.^[7]

Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for the SNNPR as of 2005^[update] include the following: 10.7% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 57% and for women 22.4%; and the Regional infant mortality rate is 85 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is greater than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants' first month of life.^[8]

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1994	10,377,028	—
2007	14,929,548	+43.9%
2017	19,170,007	+28.4%
source:^[9]

Religion

Religion	1994 Census	2007 Census^[4]
Orthodox Christians	34.6%	41.9%
Protestants	21.8%	38.5%
Muslim	15.2%	14.1%
Roman Catholics	3%	3.2%
Traditional religions	26.4%	2.4%
Other religious affiliations	—	0.5%

Ethnicities

The SNNPR, being an amalgam of the main homelands of numerous ethnicities, contains over 45 indigenous ethnic groups:

Largest ethnicities
People	1994 Census	2007 Census^[4]
Welayta	12%	10.59%
Hadiya	-	7.98%
Gurage	15%	19.54%
Gamo	-	7%
Kafficho	-	5.44%
Silt'e	-	5.37%
Amhara	-	4.10%

All ethnicities in region

The ethnicities native to the SNNPR, with percentages of the population as reported in the 2007 national census and organized by linguistic grouping, include:^[4]

Cushitic:
- Alaba – 1.35%, mostly in Alaba special woreda
- Tembaro – 1.32%, mostly in Tembaro Woreda.
- Arbore – 0.04%
- Daasanach – 0.32%, mostly in Dasenech (woreda)
- Dirashe – 0.2%, mostly in Dirashe special woreda
- Gawwada – 0.43%, mostly in Dirashe special woreda
- Gedeo – 4.9%, mostly in Gedeo Zone
- Hadiya – 7.98%, mostly in Hadiya Zone
- Kambaata – 3.82%, mostly in Kembata Tembaro Zone
- Burji – 0.38%, mostly in Burji special woreda
- Konso – 1.47%, mostly in Konso special woreda
- Libido (or Mareqo) – 0.38%, mostly in Mareko (woreda)
- Sidama – 19.38%, mostly in the former Sidama Zone
- Kebena – 1.21% mostly in Kebena
- Tsamai – 0.13%, mostly in Bena Tsemay (woreda)
Nilo-Saharan:
- Bodi – 0.04%
- Kichepo
- Kwegu – 0.01%
- Me'en – 1%
- Mursi – 0.05%, mostly in South Omo Zone
- Nyangatom – 0.12%, mostly in Nyangatom
- Shabo, mostly in Keficho Shekicho Zone
- Shita people
- Suri/Surma – 0.17%, mostly in Surma (woreda)
Omotic:
- Aari – 1.9%, mostly in Bako Gazer (woreda)
- Basketo – 0.52%, mostly in Basketo special woreda
- Bench – 2.34%, mostly in Bench Maji Zone
- Chara – 0.08%, mostly in South Omo Zone
- Dawro – 3.28%, mostly in Dawro Zone
- Dime – < 0.01%
- Dizi – 0.23%, mostly in Maji (woreda)
- Dorze, mostly in Chencha (woreda)
- Gamo – 7%, mostly in Gamo Gofa Zone
- Goffa – 2.41%, mostly in Gamo Gofa Zone
- Hamar – 0.31%, mostly in Hamer (woreda)
- Kachama, mostly in Arba Minch (woreda)
- Karo – 0.01%
- Kafficho – 5.44%, mostly in Keffa Zone
- Konta – 0.54%, mostly in Konta special woreda
- Koorete – 1.02%, mostly in Amaro special woreda
- Male – 0.59%, mostly in Male (woreda)
- Mello, mostly in Melokoza (woreda)
- Oyda – 0.25%, mostly in Oyda (woreda)
- Shakacho – 0.44%, mostly in Sheka Zone
- Sheko – 0.24%, mostly in Sheko (woreda)
- Welayta – 10.59%, mostly in Wolayita Zone
- Yem (Yemse) – 0.5%, mostly in Yem special woreda
Semitic:
- Amhara – 4.10%, widespread
- Gurage – 17.57, mostly in Gurage Zone
- Silte – 5.37%, mostly in Silt'e Zone
- Zayse – 0.1%, mostly in the Lake Zway area
- Zergula

Languages

The 2007 census reported that the predominantly spoken mother tongue languages include Sidama (19.59%), Welayta (10.48%), Hadiya (8%), Gurage (7.13%), Gamo (6.9%), Kafa (5.36%) and Amharic (4.10%). Other languages spoken in the State include Kambaata, Melo, Gofa, Gedeo and Dime; because of the relatively few number of speakers of most of the languages in the region, the working language of the state is Amharic (the most widely spoken language in Ethiopia and formerly the only official language).^[4]

The 1994 census reported that the predominantly spoken languages include Sidamo (18%), Gurage (14.72%), Welayta (11.53%), Hadiya (8.53%), Kafa (5.22%), and Kambaata (4.35%). Other languages spoken in the State include Gamo, Melo, Gofa, and Gedeo.^[10]

Amharic is still the working language although most pupils get eight years of primary education in their home language and all secondary and further education is in English.^[11]

Agriculture

A Kambaata woman extracting the edible part of an enset (a major staple crop of the SNNPR) with a traditional tool.

The CSA reported that for 2004–2005 100,338 tons of coffee were produced in the SNNPR, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represents 44.2% of the total production in Ethiopia.

Farmers in the Region had an estimated total 7,938,490 head of cattle (representing 20.5% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 3,270,200 sheep (18.8%), 2,289,970 goats (17.6%), 298,720 horses (19.7%), 63,460 mules (43.1%), 278,440 asses (11.1%), 6,586,140 poultry of all species (21.3%), and 726,960 beehives (16.7%).^[12]

Enset is a major indigenous local crop in the SNNPR.

List of Chief Administrators

Abate Kisho (SEPDM), 1992–2001^[13]
Hailemariam Desalegn, 12 November 2001 – March 2006^[13]
Shiferaw Shigute (SEPDM), March 2006 – July 2013^[13]^[14]
Dessie Dalke, July 2013 – 2018^[14]
Million Mathiwos, 2018 – 2019
Erstu Yirdaw, 31 August 2019 – 18 August 2023

Administrative zones

The following table shows administrative zones and special woredas (an administrative subdivision which is similar to an autonomous area) is based on information from 2022; the list of second administrative level bodies maintained by the United Nations Geographic Information Working Group dates from 2002.^[15]

Zones and Special Woredas in SNNPR
Number	Zone	Seat	Notes
1	Ale special woreda	Kolango	Included in South Ethiopia Regional State and got Zonal status in August 2023
2	Amaro special woreda	Kele	Included in South Ethiopia Regional State and got Zonal status in August 2023
3	Basketo special woreda	Laskka	Included in South Ethiopia Regional State and got Zonal status in August 2023
4	Bench Sheko	Mizan Teferi	Included in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Regional State
5	Burji special woreda	Soyama	Included in South Ethiopia Regional State and got Zonal status in August 2023
6	Dawro Zone	Tarcha	Included in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Regional State
7	Dirashe special woreda	Gidole	Included in South Ethiopia Regional State and got Zonal status in August 2023
8	Gamo Zone	Arba Minch	Included in South Ethiopia Regional State
9	Gedeo Zone	Dilla	Included in South Ethiopia Regional State
10	Gofa Zone	Sawula	Included in South Ethiopia Regional State
11	Gurage Zone	Welkite	Included in Central Ethiopia Regional State
12	Hadiya Zone	Hosaena	Included in Central Ethiopia Regional State
13	Halaba Zone	Halaba Kulito	Included in Central Ethiopia Regional State
14	Keffa Zone	Bonga	Included in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Regional State
15	Kembata Tembaro Zone	Durame	Included in Central Ethiopia Regional State
16	Konso Zone	Karati	Included in South Ethiopia Regional State
17	Konta special woreda	Ameya	Included in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Regional State and got Zonal status in 2021
18	Sheka Zone	Tepi	Included in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Regional State
19	Sidama Zone	Hawassa	Got Regional state status in 2020
20	Silt'e Zone	Worabe	Included in Central Ethiopia Regional State
21	South Omo Zone	Jinka	Included in South Ethiopia Regional State
22	West Omo Zone	Jemu	Included in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Regional State
23	Wolayita Zone	Wolaita Sodo	Included in South Ethiopia Regional State
24	Yem special woreda	Fofa	Included in Central Ethiopia Regional State and got Zonal status in August 2023