Carlton station opened in 1889 with two platforms. As part of the quadruplication of the Illawarra line, a second island platform was added in 1925.[3][4] In January 2008, lifts were installed at the station.[5]
On Sunday 21 July 2024, at around 12:15pm, it was reported that a double pram carrying twins had rolled onto the tracks, the father jumping down in an attempt to rescue them, however an oncoming train failed to stop in time and killed the 40-year-old man and one of the twins.[6]