Campbell University is a private Christian university in Buies Creek, North Carolina, United States. Campbell's main campus in Buies Creek is home to its College of Arts & Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Divinity School, School of Education, Lundy-Fetterman School of Business, and the School of Engineering. Nearby is the Health Sciences Campus, home to the Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine and the Catherine W. Wood School of Nursing. Campbell also operates a Raleigh Campus in downtown Raleigh, which is home to the Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law as well as other programs. It maintains additional satellite campuses in Fort Liberty/Pope Air Force Base and at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, and provides online classes through adult and online education. The university athletics teams are the Fighting Camels; its athletics programs field 20 NCAA Division I teams.
History
Buies Creek Academy (1887–1926)
On January 5, 1887, James Archibald Campbell, a 26-year-old Baptist minister, welcomed 16 students to a small church in Buies Creek, North Carolina, for the first day of classes for the school he founded: Buies Creek Academy.[5][6] By the end of the first term, there were 92 students.
In the beginning days, Buies Creek Academy had just three faculty members: J.A. Campbell was principal; A. E. Booth, a graduate of the Nashville Normal College, served as assistant and teacher of the Normal Department and Business College; and Cornelia F. Pearson was an assistant and teacher in the Primary Department.
The 1887 catalog lauded the rural location: "Being in the country, we avoid many of the temptations incident to towns and cities and save our patrons much extravagance in dress." The first commencement took place on May 20, 1887, and every student participated in the program. Josephus Daniels of Raleigh, an editor of the State Chronicle and later owner of The Raleigh News & Observer, delivered the main address.
Upon his return to Raleigh, he described his impressions of the academy: "Among my pleasant memories of a trip to Harnett, none are more cherished by me with more fondness than the enjoyment of the excellent commencement exercise at Buies Creek Academy. It was a rare feast. The scholars are not prodigies; they do not surpass other boys and girls in the state, but they recite with ease, enunciate with distinctiveness, and gave choice sections of music and evidence the good training they had received. There was an absence of straining after effect, which was refreshing. There was simplicity and a regard for the fitness of things that are charming. There was an order and arrangement that showed a thoughtful and sensible management. I congratulate the people of Harnett on the excellent advantages Buies Creek Academy offers for the education of the children of the rising generation."
The beginning of the 20th Century ushered in tremendous hardship for the young school. On the evening of December 20, 1900, a suspicious fire destroyed the academy and all the buildings except for the large wooden tabernacle. Awakened at 3:30 a.m. to witness the destruction, J.A. Campbell recalled: "When I ran up to the fire, the terrible fire, that was burning down chances for poor boys and girls, and I knew that I could not build again ... the flames that destroyed the labor of years [...] the only hope for hundreds of boys and girls was being swept away, I could not bear up longer [...] When they asked me my plans, I said, "Well, there's no chance to go on."
After the fire, Zachary Taylor Kivett came to visit and found Campbell "in bed discouraged to the limit." Kivett said, "Why are you in bed? You're a Campbell. Get a hump on you." Kivett also made a pledge to J.A. Campbell to construct a new stronger, sturdier brick building on the campus. Over the next 478 days, he oversaw and supervised nearly every aspect of the academy's reconstruction, from drawing plans and making brick to sawing the lumber and mixing sand and lime. Within the first few days alone, he had developed the plans to renovate the tabernacle so it could be temporarily used for classroom space; he had arranged for wagons to deliver lumber; and he had brought in carpenters to get to work.[7]
J.A. Campbell (far right) and his faculty at Buies Creek Academy in the late 1800s
By January 8, 1901, the tabernacle was open to classes. "A steam engine in britches" and "a grand old man," Kivett had been called.
In November 1903, the new brick building had been erected at a cost of $30,000. The completion of the Kivett Building brought new life to the school. The 1909 catalog noted, "It is built of beautiful brick, made on our own grounds, and is an everlasting monument to the love, loyalty, and sacrifices of our friends ... [who] are in itself a constant inspiration to live something high and noble, and to undertake the impossible." The catalog added that Buies Creek Academy and Business College was "a leading preparatory school with military features, business, shorthand, typewriting, telegraphy, art, music and normal departments.
World War I and the "Great Influenza Outbreak" of 1918 had a significant impact on the academy and the Buies Creek community. According to Bruce Blackmon, the influenza outbreak also inflicted a serious toll on some families—"If you saw a house and there was no smoke coming out of its chimney, that was an indication that the person responsible for heating the home was no longer alive."
Electric lights came to the campus in 1918. J.A. Campbell secured a $60,000 donation from Mr. B.N. Duke in 1927 to establish modern water and sewage facilities on the campus.
There were 620 students enrolled in the school in 1923, and the first dormitory for boys was completed that year. It later became known as Layton Dormitory.
Construction of Kivett Hall in 1902 (completed in 1903). Kivett is the oldest remaining building on Campbell University's campus today.
According to J. Winston Pearce, "The evening of September 26, 1923, was a significant date for the life of the school." That evening D. Rich – treasurer of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company – spent the night in the Campbell home and that morning they asked how he had slept. He replied, "I slept very little," He continued, "No, I did not sleep well. Jesus and I talked together most of the night, and Jesus told me 'Buies Creek must live.'" Rich died the following year and left one eighth of his estate to the academy. He also provided $60,000 for the construction of Carrie Rich Memorial Library in honor of his first wife, as well as the first brick gymnasium and the D. Rich Memorial Building, completed in 1926. These new facilities, as well as competition from the new high schools that were being completed across the state in the 1920s, provided incentives for the academy to become a junior college.[8]
At the annual Baptist State Convention Meeting in Wilmington in 1925, J.A. Campbell sold his interest in the academy (appraised at $56,000) to the Baptist State Convention of North Carolina for $28,000; the school was then valued at more than $500,000. The Board of Education of the Baptist State Convention recommended unanimously that Buies Creek Academy become a junior college, beginning with the 1927–28 academic session.
At that meeting, the Reverend A. C. Hamby made the motion to change the name from Buies Creek Academy to Campbell College, in honor of its founder. Dean D. B. Bryan of Wake Forest College approved of the name change, and Wake Forest College bestowed on J.A. Campbell the honorary Doctor of Divinity degree in 1926.
J.A. Campbell died at the age of 72 in 1934. At Campbell's funeral, Charles E. Maddry of the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention proclaimed, "Dr. Campbell was a great servant of God because he early had a divine experience of the saving power of Christ. Because of [Campbell's] great love for others, he literally wore himself out serving them, giving poor boys and girls the chance of an education. ... He always saw a future of service in his boys and girls."
Campbell Junior College (1926–1961)
Campbell Junior College students gather at the Paul Green Outdoor Theater in the 1930s.
Leslie Hartwell "L.H." Campbell (1892–1970), the oldest son of the founder J.A. Campbell, was the unanimous choice by the board of trustees to succeed his father. Leslie was eight years old when the academy burned in December 1900. He remembered attending classes in the converted tabernacle when the Kivett Building was under construction. He graduated from Buies Creek Academy in 1908 and enrolled in Wake Forest College, along with his younger brother Carlyle.[9]
Upon his father's death in 1934, L. H. Campbell at the age of forty-two became the youngest college president in North Carolina. He served as president for 33-years, through the Great Depression, World War II, and post-war expansion. In the post-war period, Campbell became a fully accredited co-educational Baptist-affiliated liberal arts and vocational college.
The only campus building constructed in the 1930s was the Dining Hall. It was built in 1933 to accommodate four-hundred students, and was later named for the college's longtime business manager, B.P. Marshbanks Sr.
Paul Green, a 1912 Buies Creek Academy alumnus and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright, helped establish the Paul Green Theater, located between the D. Rich Administration Building and the Gym in 1934. in 1937, Campbell was the only junior college in North Carolina to offer courses in drama and journalism for college credit.
During World War II, the enrollment on campus declined from 700 students to around 400. Like many other colleges throughout the country, intercollegiate athletic programs such as football, baseball, basketball, track, and tennis were temporarily suspended during the war years. When many male students went off to fight, space for female boarding students was at a premium; and Layton Annex, which had housed males, was turned over to women. The war also affected food supplies on campus.
Campbell University's second president, Leslie Campbell, oversees construction on campus in the 1950s.
"I remember the day the war was formally declared. President Leslie Campbell got the entire student body into one of the large rooms at D. Rich, and had a radio in there. He turned it on, and we heard, live, President Roosevelt declare war." — Dorothea Stewart Gilbert ('46)[9]
By 1957, the enrollment on the main campus reached 1,023 students, and more residential facilities were added to the campus. In 1961, the James A. Campbell Administration Building was dedicated and Bryan Hall for women opened "as a cluster of 12 one-story apartment units grouped around an exterior wall" that could house 200 students. Strickland Hall opened in 1962 to accommodate 132 women, and E. P. Sauls Hall opened that same year to house 131 men. A major building completed on the campus was the 44,000-square-foot Leslie Campbell Hall of Science. This three-story structure originally housed the departments of physics, biology, and chemistry, as well as home economics.
It became a senior college in 1961 and a university in 1979.[10]
In 2007, Campbell, along with four other private North Carolina Christian colleges, began a process to change their relationships with the Baptist State Convention of North Carolina, in order to obtain more academic freedom and select their own trustees. The state convention also agreed to start transferring funds traditionally given directly to the universities into a new scholarship fund for Baptist students.[11]
Kivett Hall, built in 1903, is the iconic centerpiece of Campbell University's main campus.
Located in the Sandhills of southeastern North Carolina, the university is nestled in the small unincorporated village of Buies Creek near the Cape Fear River. The Buies Creek census-designated place population was only 2,215 in the 2000 census and the surrounding area remains rural. However, Buies Creek is approximately 33 miles (53 km) south of Raleigh, the state capital, North Carolina's second-largest city, and approximately 33 miles (53 km) north of Fayetteville, North Carolina's sixth-largest city.
The center of campus is Academic Circle, which fronts Leslie Campbell Avenue to the south. Academic Circle is a grass thoroughfare, laced with sidewalks and magnolia trees that is surrounded on the south by the Oscar N. Harris Student Union (2020) and along the north by the Frederick L. Taylor Hall of Religion (1973) (Campbell University Divinity School), D. Rich Memorial Building (1923), Kivett Hall (1903), Wiggins Hall (1993) (formerly Law School), Butler Chapel (2009) and Britt Hall (1947) (campus bookstore).
North of Academic Circle the buildings flank the newly developed Fellowship Commons, a series of brick sidewalks and gathering places that connect the campus from the west on T.T. Lanier Street to the east on Main Street. In this part of campus are Marshbanks Dining Hall (1934), Leslie H. Campbell Hall of Science (1961), J.P. Riddle Pharmacy Center (1991), Maddox Hall (2007) (Pharmacy School), Pearson Hall (1915), Carrie Rich Memorial Library (1925), Carter Gymnasium (1952) and James A. Campbell Administration Building (1961).
Beyond Fellowship Commons lies the north campus which contains several residence halls along with the Taylor Bott Rogers Fine Arts Center (1984) and the Lundy-Fetterman School of Business (1999). East of Main Street are more of Campbell's athletic facilities including Jim Perry Stadium (baseball), Johnson Memorial Natatorium (swimming), and the John W. Pope, Jr. Convocation Center as well as the Buies Creek post office.
South of Leslie Campbell Avenue are more residence halls, including the new student apartments in Bob Barker Hall (2005), Luby Wood Hall, Burkot Hall, Small Hall, Sauls Hall, Murray Hall, Stadium Apartments, Faculty Apartments, and Pet Hall. South of U.S. Highway 421 are athletic fields and Barker–Lane Stadium. North campus residence halls include Jones Hall (1954) (for the university's honors college), Powell Hall, Pat Barker Hall, Strickland Hall, and Hedgepeth Hall. The newly constructed 96,000 sq. ft. Leon Levine Hall of Medical Science across Highway 421 hosts the new School of Osteopathic Medicine and the Physician Assistant Program.
Academics
U.S. News & World Report for 2022 ranked Campbell tied for #277 in National Universities, tied for #58 in Best Undergraduate Teaching, and tied for #153 in Top Performers on Social Mobility, while finding Campbell's 2020 admissions were "selective" with an acceptance rate of 81%, with half the applicants admitted having an SAT score between 1010 and 1210 or an ACT score between 19 and 25.[14]
Campbell offers over 100 tracks and concentrations; master's programs in business, education, pharmaceutical science, clinical research and divinity; and professional programs in law, pharmacy, physician assistant, physical therapy, nursing, and osteopathic medicine.[15] In addition to Campbell's College of Arts & Sciences are the following:
Campbell’s School of Engineering was launched in Fall 2015 and offers an ABET-accredited BS in Engineering with concentrations in mechanical engineering, chemical/pharmaceutical engineering, electrical engineering, and electromechanical engineering.
The Campbell University Divinity school offers both undergraduate and graduate level degrees. The Divinity School officially opened on August 19, 1996.
The Campbell University School of Education, founded in 1985, offers undergraduate and graduate programs of study in Education, Psychology, Social Work, Mental Health Counseling, and School Counseling.
Campbell University also has an adult and online education program with an online campus and campuses at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, and Research Triangle Park in Raleigh, North Carolina. Campbell University's Online Education program was established as a pilot program in 1999. The program originated at the Camp Lejeune Campus and became a separate program in 2004, relocating to the Main Campus.
Campbell University fields 20 NCAA Division I sports. As of the 2023–2024 academic year, the Camels are a member of the Coastal Athletic Association; they previously competed in the Big South Conference from 2011–2012 to 2022–2023. The Lady Camels' swim team is a member of the Coastal Collegiate Swimming Association (CCSA). The men's wrestling team is an associate member of the Southern Conference.
Campbell completed the John W. Pope Convocation Center, an athletic complex for basketball, volleyball and wrestling. The facility houses a game basketball court, practice basketball court, practice wrestling room, varsity weight room, student fitness center, locker rooms, and the Department of Exercise Science. The wrestling team and the volleyball team both have matches and games on the main basketball court.
Student Government Association
The SGA serves as the voice of the student body of Campbell University. The organization consists of 45 members: nine from each class and a nine-member Executive Council. The SGA conducts the Annual Christmas Tree Lighting, passes resolutions to voice student concerns, and allows students a forum to share their voice with administration.
Pine Burr
The Pine Burr is Campbell University's yearbook, published every spring and given out for free to the students before final exams.[16]
The Lyricist
The Lyricist is Campbell University's literary magazine, featuring poetry and prose from students and statewide contributors.[17]
The Campbell Times
The Campbell Times is the student newspaper at the university, and is published bi-monthly in a tabloid format during the spring and fall semesters. The newspaper was established in 1925 and was originally known as Creek Pebbles until the current name was adopted in 1983. It had a print circulation of 2,000 as of 2007.[18]
WCCE-FM
WCCE-FM is an FM radio station broadcasting on frequency 90.1 that was signed on by the university on October 7, 1974. Campbell sold the station in 2007.
Campbell University bands
Sound of the Sandhills Marching Band during pre-season trainingCampbell University Wind Ensemble prior to concert
Campbell University Bands features multiple concert and athletic musical ensembles, including the Sound of the Sandhills Marching Band, their featured athletic ensemble. Campbell University Bands regularly involves more than 100 members from across the campus.[19][20] The featured ensemble of the concert bands is the Sandhills Wind Symphony, which performs concerts regularly during the academic year. Past directors of the program include noted composer Jack Stamp, who has been featured recently within performances of the program. Athletic bands performs regularly at university athletic events and annually accompany the men's and women's basketball teams to the Big South conference basketball tournament.
Notable alumni
This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations.(December 2023)
مقاطعة مكداويل الإحداثيات 35°41′N 82°03′W / 35.68°N 82.05°W / 35.68; -82.05 [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1842 تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[2] التقسيم الأعلى كارولاينا الشمالية العاصمة ماريون التقسيمات الإدارية ماريون خصائص جغرافية المساحة 11...
American politician George Hamilton Combs Jr.Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Missouri's 5th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1927 – March 3, 1929Preceded byEdgar C. EllisSucceeded byEdgar C. Ellis Personal detailsBorn(1899-05-02)May 2, 1899Kansas City, MissouriDiedNovember 29, 1977(1977-11-29) (aged 78)West Palm Beach, FloridaPolitical partyDemocratic PartyAlma materUniversity of Missouri University of Michigan at Ann Arbor Kansas City School of Law George...
Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Pangkajene KepulauanNama sebelumnyaPoliteknik Pertanian Universitas HasanuddinJenisPerguruan Tinggi Negeri Politeknik NegeriDidirikan1989DirekturDr. Ir. H. Darmawan., MPLokasiPangkajene dan Kepulauan, Sulawesi Selatan, IndonesiaAlamatJl. Poros Makassar-Parepare KM. 83, Mandalle, Kabupaten Pangkajene dan KepulauanSitus webhttps://www.polipangkep.ac.id/ Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Pangkajene Kepulauan atau Polipangkep adalah sebuah perguruan tinggi negeri yang terdap...
Asinkritus dari Hirkania, juga Asinkritos (Yunani: Ἀσύγκριτος, adalah salah satu orang dari tujuh puluh murid. Ia adalah uskup Hirkania di Asia. Santo Paulus menyebutnya dalam Roma 16:14. Gereja memperingati Santo Asinkritus pada 8 April. Referensi Artikel ini secara keseluruhan atau sebagian berasal dari Asinkritus di OrthodoxWiki, yang memiliki lisensi CC-By-SA dan GFDL. Semua aturan harus diikuti. Pranala luar Apostle Asyncritus of the Seventy, January 4 (OCA) Apostle Async...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Down Town Association – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Down Town Association Entrance The Down Town Association in the City of New York, usually referred to as the Down Town Assoc...
Role and influence of socialism in Iran This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the le...
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Italia (disambigua). Disambiguazione – Repubblica Italiana rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Repubblica Italiana (disambigua). Italia (dettagli) (dettagli) Italia - LocalizzazioneL'Italia (verde scuro) nell'Unione europea (verde chiaro) Dati amministrativiNome completoRepubblica Italiana Nome ufficialeRepubblica Italiana Lingue ufficialiItaliano[1] Altre lingueBilinguismo a livello regionale o ...
Ferrari 312 B3 Una 312 B3 in versione Spazzaneve nel Museo Ferrari Descrizione generale Costruttore Ferrari Categoria Formula 1 Squadra Scuderia Ferrari SpA SEFAC Progettata da Mauro ForghieriGiacomo CaliriFranco RocchiSandro Colombo Sostituisce Ferrari 312 B2 Sostituita da Ferrari 312 B3-74 Descrizione tecnica Meccanica Telaio Monoscocca in alluminio con pannelli rivettati Motore Ferrari Tipo 001/11, V12 180° Dimensioni e pesi Lunghezza 4335 mm Larghezza 2056 mm Altezza 900 mm Passo ...
American stock car racing driver (1989–2021) NASCAR driver John Wes TownleyTownley at Bristol Motor Speedway in 2015BornJohn Wesley Townley(1989-12-31)December 31, 1989Watkinsville, GeorgiaDiedOctober 2, 2021(2021-10-02) (aged 31)Athens, GeorgiaNASCAR Xfinity Series career76 races run over 8 years2016 position111thBest finish23rd (2009)First race2008 Camping World RV Sales 200 (Dover)Last race2016 Sparks Energy 300 (Talladega) Wins Top tens Poles 0 0 0 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series car...
Octavia SpencerSpencer di penayangan perdana Hidden Figures, Desember 2016LahirOctavia Lenora Spencer25 Mei 1972 (umur 51)Montgomery, Alabama, A.S.Nama lainOctavia L. SpencerAlmamaterUniversitas AuburnPekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1996–sekarang Octavia Lenora Spencer[1] (born May 25, 1972)[2][3] adalah aktris dan pengarang Amerika Serikat. Ia mengawali karier perfilmannya dengan A Time to Kill. Ia mulai dikenal pada tahun 2011 saat memerankan Minny Jackso...
Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України (Держкомтелерадіо) Приміщення комітетуЗагальна інформаціяКраїна УкраїнаДата створення 2003Керівне відомство Кабінет Міністрів УкраїниРічний бюджет 1 964 898 500 ₴[1]Голова Олег НаливайкоПідвідомчі ор...
Cục Quản lý đấu thầuThành lập1/10/1994LoạiCơ quan nhà nướcVị thế pháp lýHợp pháp, hoạt độngTrụ sở chínhSố 6B đường Hoàng Diệu, phường Quán Thánh, quận Ba ĐìnhVị tríHà Nội Việt NamNgôn ngữ chính Tiếng ViệtCục trưởngTrần Hào HùngChủ quảnBộ Kế hoạch và Đầu tưTrang webHệ thống mạng đấu thầu quốc gia (mới)Hệ thống mạng đấu thầu quốc gia (cũ) Cục Quản lý đấu th...
Questa voce sull'argomento meteorologia è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned CorpsStemma del NOAA Bandiera del NOAA SiglaNOAA Stato Stati Uniti TipoAgenzia governativa di studi oceanografici Istituito3 ottobre 1970 PredecessoreEnvironmental Science Services Administration DirettoreKathryn D. Sullivan (dal 22 aprile 2021) e (da...
Basketball event International basketball competition 2016 FIBA 3x3 World Championships2016 FIBA 3x3 世界锦标赛 2016 FIBA 3x3 shì jiè jǐn biāo sàiTournament detailsHost countryChinaCityGuangzhouDates11–15 October 2016 (2016-10-11 – 2016-10-15)Teams40Venue(s)1 (in 1 host city)← 2014 2017 → The 2016 FIBA 3x3 World Championships, hosted by China, was an international 3x3 basketball event that featured separate competitions for men's and women's ...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of Wonder Woman supporting characters – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pin Up by artist Phil Jimenez from Wonder Woman #600, showing many of the character's allies and enemies. This ...
Cycling and pedestrian trail in San Jose and Santa Clara County, California This article is about the trail in San Jose and Santa Clara County, California. For the bicycle path in Los Angeles, see Coyote Creek bicycle path. For the backcountry trail in Wyoming and Montana, see Trails of Yellowstone National Park. Coyote Creek TrailCoyote Creek Trail near Bailey at sunsetLength18.7 miles (30.1 km)[1]LocationSanta Clara County, CaliforniaDesignationNational Recreation TrailSurfacep...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Operational Seaports excluding fishing harbors in Andhra Pradesh[1] Vizag Seaport aerial view Andhra Pra...
Not to be confused with Little Thredbo River. River in New South Wales, AustraliaThredbo RiverCrackemback River, Crackenback River[1]Thredbo River from the Alpine Way in Kosciuszko National Park.LocationCountryAustraliaStateNew South WalesRegionAustralian Alps (IBRA), Snowy MountainsLocal government areaSnowy Monaro Regional CouncilTownThredboPhysical characteristicsSourceMount Leo, Snowy Mountains • locationbelow South Rams Head • elevation1,550&#...
