Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid. It is commonly used as a food additive (E333), usually as a preservative, but sometimes for flavor. In this sense, it is similar to sodium citrate. Calcium citrate is also found in some dietary calcium supplements (e.g. Citracal or Caltrate). Calcium makes up 24.1% of calcium citrate (anhydrous) and 21.1% of calcium citrate (tetrahydrate) by mass. The tetrahydrate occurs in nature as the mineral Earlandite.
Calcium citrate is sparingly soluble in water. Needle-shaped crystals of tricalcium dicitrate tetrahydrate [Ca3(C6H5O7)2(H2O)2]·2H2O were obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. The crystal structure comprises a three-dimensional network in which eightfold coordinated Ca2+ cations are linked by citrate anions and hydrogen bonds between two non-coordinating crystal water molecules and two coordinating water molecules.[1]
Calcium citrate is an intermediate in the isolation of citric acid from the fungal fermentation process by which citric acid is produced industrially.[2] The citric acid in the broth solution is neutralized by limewater, precipitating insoluble calcium citrate. This is then filtered off from the rest of the broth and washed to give clean calcium citrate.
The calcium citrate thus produced may be sold as-is, or it may be converted to citric acid using dilute sulfuric acid.
It's primarily sold as a food supplement of calcium.
In many individuals, bioavailability of calcium citrate is found to be equal to that of the cheaper calcium carbonate (CaCO3).[3] However, alterations to the digestive tract may change how calcium is digested and absorbed. Unlike calcium carbonate, which is basic and neutralizes stomach acid, calcium citrate has no effect on stomach acid.[4][better source needed] Calcium carbonate is harder to digest than calcium citrate,[4] and calcium carbonate carries a risk of "acid rebound" (the stomach overcompensates by producing more acid),[4] so individuals who are sensitive to antacids or who have difficulty producing adequate stomach acid may choose calcium citrate over calcium carbonate for supplementation.
According to a 2009 research into calcium absorption after gastric bypass surgery,[5] calcium citrate may have improved bioavailability over calcium carbonate in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients who are taking calcium citrate as a dietary supplement after surgery. This is mainly due to the changes related to where calcium absorption occurs in the digestive tract of these individuals.
Le informazioni riportate non sono consigli medici e potrebbero non essere accurate. I contenuti hanno solo fine illustrativo e non sostituiscono il parere medico: leggi le avvertenze. Questa voce sull'argomento chirurgia è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Duodenodigiunostomiaprocedura chirurgica Radiografa di un paziente con duodenodigiunostomiaClassificazione e risorse esterneICD-945.91 La duodenodigiunostomia è un intervento chirurgico fi…
Stasiun Togura戸倉駅Stasiun Togura, Mei 2009Lokasi1445 Togura, Chikuma-shi, Nagano-ken 389-0804 JepangKoordinat36°29′32″N 138°09′11″E / 36.49222°N 138.15306°E / 36.49222; 138.15306Ketinggian376 m[butuh rujukan]Pengelola Shinano RailwayJalur■ Jalur Kereta ShinanoLetak dari pangkal54.9 km dari KaruizawaJumlah peron1 peron sisi + peron pulauJumlah jalur3Informasi lainStatusStaffedSitus webSitus web resmiSejarahDibuka11 Februari 1912PenumpangFY20…
1960 studio album by Kai Winding and J. J. JohnsonThe Great Kai & J. J.Studio album by Kai Winding and J. J. JohnsonReleased1960RecordedOctober 3 and November 2, 4 & 8, 1960Van Gelder Studio, Englewood CliffsGenreJazzLength42:12LabelImpulse!A-1ProducerCreed TaylorKai Winding chronology Dance to the City Beat(1959) The Great Kai & J. J.(1961) The Incredible Kai Winding Trombones(1961) J. J. Johnson chronology J.J. Inc.(1960) The Great Kai & J. J.(1961) A Touch of Satin(196…
上信電気鉄道デハ10形電車クハ10形電車基本情報製造所 日本車輌製造・西武所沢車両工場・三和車両主要諸元軌間 1,067 mm電気方式 直流1,500 V(架空電車線方式)車両定員 デハ10:142人(座席56人)デハ11:104人(座席56人)デハ12:110人(座席50人)クハ11:96人(座席34人)自重 デハ10形:32.0 - 36.0 tクハ10形:23.0 t最大寸法(長・幅・高) デハ1019,360 ×2,740 ×4,230 mmデハ1116,000 ×…
Conargo Shire Local Government Area van Australië Locatie van Conargo Shire Council in Nieuw-Zuid-Wales Situering Staat Nieuw-Zuid-Wales Streek Riverina Hoofdplaats Conargo (Offices in neighbouring Deniliquin, 122 End Street) Coördinaten 35°19'ZB, 145°9'OL Algemene informatie Oppervlakte 8751 km² Inwoners 1.417 Politiek Burgemeester Norm Brennan Overig Website http://www.conargo.nsw.gov.au/ Portaal Australië Conargo Shire Council is een Local Government Area (LGA) in de Austra…
Island Kapitän Andri Jonsson Aktuelles ITF-Ranking 98 Statistik Erste Teilnahme 1996 Davis-Cup-Teilnahmen 16 davon in Weltgruppe 0 Bestes Ergebnis Europa-Gruppenzone III Ewige Bilanz 32:41 Erfolgreichste Spieler Meiste Siege gesamt Arnar Sigurðsson (64) Meiste Einzelsiege Arnar Sigurðsson (39) Meiste Doppelsiege Arnar Sigurðsson (25) Bestes Doppel David Halldórsson / Arnar Sigurðsson (9) Meiste Teilnahmen Arnar Sigurðsson (54) Meiste Jahre Arnar Sigurðsson (13) Letzte Aktualisierung der …
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2021) سليم أحمد حسن الموسى معلومات شخصية الميلاد 27 سبتمبر 1940 (العمر 83 سنة)جنين مواطنة أردني الحياة العملية المهنة كاتب اللغة الأم العربية اللغات العربية بوابة ال…
Харківський базовий медичний коледж №1 Тип навчальний закладАкредитація ІІ рівняЗасновано 1 березня 1845 Директор Панченко Микола Сергійович[1]Студентів ~ 1 000Адреса 61002, м. Харків, Куликівський узвіз, 3[2]Сайт kbmk.kharkov.ua Не плутати з Харківським медичним коледжем
Batalla del Nudo de Paramillo Conflicto armado interno de ColombiaFecha 19 - 23 de junio de 1999Lugar Corregimiento de Juan José, Puerto Libertador (Córdoba) - Corregimiento de Tierradentro, Montelíbano (Córdoba) ColombiaConflicto Ofensiva de las FARC-EP y ELN a cuartel de las AUC, contraofensiva del Ejército Nacional.Resultado Las FARC-EP y el ELN ganan terreno al comienzo Victoria decisiva del Ejército Nacional y las AUC.Cambios territoriales Corregimientos de Juan José y Tierradentro.B…
التدفق المادي الفلكي هو ظاهرة فلكية حيث تنبعث تدفقات من المادة المتأينة من مراكز بعض المجرات النشطة والمجرات الراديوية والنجوم الزائفة كشعاع ممتد على طول محور الدوران.[1] تمتد هذة التدفقات إلى عدة آلاف أو حتى مئات الآلاف من السنوات الضوئية. وعند تسارع هذه المادة بشكل كبي…
Penn State ScrantonTypePublic satellite campusEstablished1923 (1923)Parent institutionPennsylvania State UniversityChancellorMarwan WafaPresidentNeeli BendapudiAcademic staff108Students942 (as of 2021)LocationDunmore, Pennsylvania, U.S.ColorsBlue and White AffiliationsPSUAC (USCAA)MascotNittany LionWebsitescranton.psu.edu/ Penn State Scranton (formerly known as Penn State Worthington Scranton)[1] is a Commonwealth Campus of Pennsylvania State University located in …
روما، مدينة مفتوحةRoma città apertaمعلومات عامةالصنف الفني فيلم دراميالموضوع الحرب العالمية الثانية تاريخ الصدور 1945مدة العرض 100 دقيقة اللغة الأصلية لغة ألمانية، لغة إيطاليةالعرض أبيض وأسود البلد إيطاليامواقع التصوير روما — أوروبا الجوائز المجلس الوطني للمراجعة: الأفلام الع…
2023 Tamil film RangoliDirected byVaali Mohan DasWritten byVaali Mohan DasProduced byK. Babu Reddy G. Satish KumarStarring Hamaresh Aadukalam Murugadoss Prarthana CinematographyI. MaruthanayagamEdited byR. SathyanarayananMusic bySundaramurthy KSProductioncompanyGopuram StudiosRelease date 1 September 2023 (2023-09-01) [citation needed]CountryIndiaLanguageTamil Rangoli is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language family drama film written and directed by Vaali Mohan Das. The film stars …
فيكتور هانيسكو معلومات شخصية الميلاد 21 يوليو 1981 (العمر 42 سنة)بوخارست, رومانيا الطول 1.98 م الإقامة بوخارست, رومانيا الجنسية رومانيا الوزن 85 كجم استعمال اليد اليمنى, ضربة خلفية بيد واحدة الحياة العملية بداية الاحتراف 2000 مجموع الجوائز المادية $1,237,257 بلد الرياضة رومانيا فر…
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Black Tattoo – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove thi…
1996 American TV miniseries Gulliver's TravelsDVD cover (special edition)Based onGulliver's Travelsby Jonathan SwiftWritten bySimon MooreDirected byCharles SturridgeStarringTed DansonMary SteenburgenJames FoxOmar SharifPeter O'TooleAlfre WoodardKristin Scott ThomasJohn GielgudVoices ofIsabelle HuppertNarrated byTed DansonComposerTrevor JonesCountry of originUnited StatesUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of episodes2ProductionExecutive producersRobert Halmi Sr.Brian HensonProducerDuncan K…
2008 studio album by Madonna Hard CandyStudio album by MadonnaReleasedApril 19, 2008 (2008-04-19)Recorded2007StudioRecord Plant (Los Angeles)Sarm West (London)Criteria (Miami)GenreDance-popLength56:22LabelWarner Bros.Producer Danja The Neptunes Timbaland Justin Timberlake Madonna chronology The Confessions Tour(2007) Hard Candy(2008) Celebration(2009) Singles from Hard Candy 4 MinutesReleased: March 17, 2008 Give It 2 MeReleased: June 24, 2008 Miles AwayReleased: October 17, 2…
Television channel Diema FamilyCountryBulgariaBroadcast areaBulgariaHeadquartersSofia, BulgariaProgrammingLanguage(s)BulgarianPicture format16:9 576i (DVB)4:3 480p (DVB)4:3 720p (DVB)OwnershipOwnerUnited GroupParentNova Broadcasting GroupSister channels Nova Kino Nova Nova News Nova Sport Diema Diema Sport Diema Sport 2 Diema Sport 3 The Voice Magic TV HistoryLaunched3 July 2006 (as Diema Family)1 August 1999 (as Alexandra TV)Former namesAlexandra TV (1999-2006)LinksWebsitehttp://diemafamily.nov…
Portret Josephine oleh François Gérard. François Pascal Simon, Baron Gérard (4 Mei 1770 - 11 Januari 1837) adalah pelukis Prancis yang lahir di Roma, tempat ayahnya bertugas di rumah duta besar Prancis. Ibunya adalah orang Italia. François Gérard telah melukis beberapa potret, seperti potret kaisar wanita Josephine. Referensi Artikel ini menyertakan teks dari suatu terbitan yang sekarang berada pada ranah publik: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). perlu nama artikel . Encyclopædi…
Association football club in Greater Manchester, England Football clubAvroFull nameAvro Football ClubFounded1936GroundWhitebank Stadium, OldhamChairmanRob FullerManagerAlex FrostLeagueNorthern Premier League Division One West2022–23North West Counties League Premier Division, 2nd of 22 (promoted via play-off)WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Avro Football Club is a football club based in the Limeside area of Oldham, Greater Manchester. They are currently members of the Northern Pre…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.12.160.177