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Orange oil is an essential oil produced by cells within the rind of an orange fruit (Citrus sinensis fruit). In contrast to most essential oils, it is extracted as a by-product of orange juice production by centrifugation, producing a cold-pressed oil.^[1] It is composed of mostly (greater than 90%) d-limonene,^[2] and is often used in place of pure d-limonene. D-limonene can be extracted from the oil by distillation.

Composition

The compounds inside an orange oil vary with each different oil extraction. Composition varies as a result of regional and seasonal changes as well as the method used for extraction. Several hundred compounds have been identified with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Most of the substances in the oil belong to the terpene group with limonene being the dominant one. Long chain aliphatic hydrocarbon alcohols and aldehydes like 1-octanol and octanal are second important group of substances. The presence of sinensetin, a flavone, explains the orange color.^[3]

Compound	Italian Orange Oil^[4] Concentration [%]	Valencia orange oil^[5] Concentration [%]	Valencia orange oil^[6] Concentration [%]	Valencia orange oil^[7] Concentration [%]
Limonene	93.67	91.4	95.17	97.0
α-Pinene	0.65	1.4	0.42	–
Sabinene and β-Pinene	1.00	0.4	0.24	–
Myrcene	2.09	4.3	1.86	0.03
Octanal	0.41	–	-	–
Linalool	0.31	0.8	0.25	0.3
δ-3-Carene	0.31	–	–	–
Decanal	0.27	0.4	0.28	–

Uses

Insect control

Orange oil, particularly its primary component d-limonene, is registered with the EPA as an active ingredient in products for the extermination of drywood termites, Formosan termites, and other structural pests.^[8] It is a common alternative to traditional fumigation methods due to its lower toxicity and the convenience of local chemical injections. Orange oil treatments can be used for termite control.^[8] Research also indicates that the d-limonene in orange oil can be useful in exterminating drywood termites (Incisitermes).^[8]

Orange oil is used as a green pesticide for biological pest control, as it is effective against ants and other insects by disrupting their scent-pheromone trails or dissolving their exoskeletons, thereby preventing infestations.^[8]

Domestic cleaning agent

Due to its high limonene content, orange oil is commonly used in cleaning products as a natural solvent.^[8]^[9] It is also added to furniture polishes to impart a fresh, citrus aroma.^[9]

Hazards

As a main component of orange oil, limonene can dissolve skin oils, potentially causing irritation.^[9] This is especially a concern with long-term industrial exposure, such as during the preparation of paints or degreasing processes. Limonene in orange oil is also flammable, and can be an irritant if ingested, inhaled, or if it comes into contact with the eyes. Some individuals may also experience allergic reactions.^[9]

References

^ Dominic W. S. Wong (1989). Mechanism and theory in food chemistry. Springer. p. 253. ISBN 0-442-20753-0.
^ K. Bauer, D. Garbe, and H. Surburg, "Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials", 4th Ed, Wiley VCH, 2001, ISBN 3-527-30364-2. 189.
^ Steinke, K., Jose, E., Sicker, D., Siehl, H.-U., Zeller, K.-P. and Berger, S. (2013), Sinensetin. Chemie in unserer Zeit, 47: 158–163. doi:10.1002/ciuz.201300627
^ A. Verzera; A. Trozzi; G. Dugo; G. Di Bella; A. Cotroneo (2004). "Biological lemon and sweet orange essential oil composition". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 19 (6): 544–548. doi:10.1002/ffj.1348.
^ Pino, J.; Sánchez, M.; Sánchez, R.; Roncal, E. (1992). "Chemical composition of orange oil concentrates". Food/Nahrung. 36 (6): 539–542. doi:10.1002/food.19920360604.
^ J. D. Vora; R. F. Matthews; P. G. Crandall; R. Cook (1983). "Preparation and Chemical Composition of Orange Oil Concentrates". Journal of Food Science. 48 (4): 1197–1199. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb09190.x.
^ R. L. Colman; E. D. Lund; M. G. Moshonas (1969). "Composition of Orange Essence Oil". Journal of Food Science. 34 (6): 610–611. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1969.tb12102.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mashek, Bill (February 2008). "Orange Oil for Drywood Termites: Magic or Marketing Madness?" (PDF). The IPM Practitioner: Monitoring the Field of Pest Management. Jan/Feb 2008: 3 – via Bio Integral Resource Center (BIRC).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Limonene". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 11 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.