Calcium cyanide

Calcium cyanide
Names
IUPAC name
calcium dicyanide
Systematic IUPAC name
calcium dicyanide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.008.856 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 209-740-0
UNII
  • InChI=1S/2CN.Ca/c2*1-2;/q2*-1;+2
  • [Ca+2].[C-]#N.[C-]#N
Properties
Ca(CN)2
Molar mass 92.1128 g/mol
Appearance white powder
Odor hydrogen cyanide
Density 1.853 (20 °C)
Melting point 640 °C (1,184 °F; 913 K) (decomposes)
soluble
Solubility soluble in alcohol, weak acids
Structure
rhombohedric
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Highly Toxic
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazards (white): no code
3
0
1
Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
39 mg/kg rat, oral[1]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Calcium cyanide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ca(CN)2. It is the calcium salt derived from hydrocyanic acid. It is a white solid, although the pure material is rarely encountered. It slowly hydrolyses in solution or moist air to release hydrogen cyanide and is very toxic.[3]

Preparation

Solutions of calcium cyanide can be prepared by treating calcium hydroxide with hydrogen cyanide. Solid calcium cyanide is produced commercially by heating calcium cyanamide with sodium chloride. The reaction is incomplete. The product is only of 50% purity, other components being sodium cyanide, calcium cyanamide, and carbon. Because of the carbon impurity, the solid is black, hence material is often called black cyanide.[3]

Reactivity

At temperatures around 600 °C, calcium cyanide converts to calcium cyanamide:[4][5]

Ca(CN)2 → CaCN2 + C

It is suspected that this reaction is one step in the conversion of calcium carbide with nitrogen gas. The ratio of calcium cyanide to calcium cyanamide is sensitive to the presence of alkali metal halides, such as sodium chloride.

Calcium cyanide hydrolyzes upon acidification to form hydrogen cyanide:

Ca(CN)2 + 2 H+ → Ca2+ + 2 HCN

Calcium cyanide reacts with ammonium carbonate to give produce ammonium cyanide:

Ca(CN)2 + (NH4)2CO3 → 2 NH4CN + CaCO3

Uses

Main article: Gold cyanidation

Calcium cyanide is used almost exclusively in the mining industry. It serves as an inexpensive source of cyanide in many leaching or vat operation to obtain precious metals such as gold and silver from their ores.[3][6]

Safety

Main article: cyanide poisoning

Like other cyanide salts, this compound is highly toxic and its use is strictly regulated.

References

  1. ^ "GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank". gestis-dguv-de. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
  2. ^ "CALCIUM CYANIDE | CAMEO Chemicals | NOAA".
  3. ^ a b c Gail, Ernst; Gos, Stephen; Kulzer, Rupprecht; Lorösch, Jürgen; Rubo, Andreas; Sauer, Manfred (2004). "Cyano Compounds, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_159.pub2. ISBN 3527306730.
  4. ^ "Production of Hydrocyanic Acid" United States Patent Office. 1933.(accessed April 22, 2012).
  5. ^ Thomas Güthner; Bernd Mertschenk (2006). "Cyanamides". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_139.pub2. ISBN 3527306730.
  6. ^ "Use of Cyanide for the Gold Industry" International Cyanide Management Code for the Use of Cyanide in the Gold . 2011. http://www.cyanidecode.org/cyanide_use.php Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine (accessed April 22, 2012).