COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei

COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei
DiseaseCOVID-19
Virus strainSARS-CoV-2
LocationHubei, China
First outbreakJianghan District, Wuhan
Index caseDecember 1, 2019 (4 years, 11 months and 1 day ago)
Confirmed cases68,150[1][2]
Suspected cases‡168,000 total[3]
Hospitalized cases50,340 total[3]
Recovered63,637[1]
Deaths
4,512[1]
‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei was the first identified outbreak of the virus. It emerged as a cluster of mysterious pneumonia cases in Wuhan, the provincial capital of Hubei, China. A Wuhan hospital initially notified the local Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on December 27, 2019. By December 31, the Wuhan CDC confirmed a cluster of unknown pneumonia cases linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market after unverified documents appeared on the Internet. The outbreak soon drew nationwide attention, with the National Health Commission (NHC) in Beijing sending medical experts to Wuhan the next day. On January 8, 2020, a new coronavirus was identified as the cause of the pneumonia.[4] The sequence of the virus was soon published on an open-access database.[5] The measures taken by China have been controversial. They were praised by the World Health Organization (WHO) for improvements over their response to SARS-CoV-2. However, many in the international community criticized them for being deceptive, slow to publicly disclose key facts about the outbreak, and for aggressively censoring information related to the outbreak and public discontent from citizens online.[6][7][8][9]

The delayed and controversial response by authorities in Wuhan and Hubei failed to contain the outbreak in the early stage, leading to criticism from the public and the media.[10] By January 29, the virus had spread to all provinces of mainland China.[11][12][13] In response, all provinces of mainland China initiated their highest response level for the public health emergency.[14] On January 31, the WHO declared the outbreak a "public health emergency of international concern".[13] By February 8, over 724 had died from the coronavirus infection-associated pneumonia and 34,878 were confirmed to be infected. In Hubei alone, there were 24,953 cases of infections and 699 COVID-19 related deaths.[15]

The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping, warned about a "grave situation" facing China.[16][17] The Politburo of the Communist Party of China formed a special leading group for epidemic control led by Premier Li Keqiang. The Chinese New Year celebrations planned for January 25 through February 4 were cancelled, and those traveling for the event were checked for their temperatures as travel restrictions went into effect.[18] Commands for epidemic control (CEC) were created in several regions including Wuhan and Hubei. Many inter-province bus services and railway services were suspended.[19][20] By January 29, all Hubei cities were quarantined.[21] Curfew laws were implemented in Huanggang and Wenzhou,[22] and in several other mainland cities.[23] The region also saw a huge shortage of face masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE) despite being the world's manufacturing hub for those products.[24]

As reported cases increased and the virus spread internationally, instances of conspiracy theories, discrimination, and anti-Asian violence both regionally in China and abroad exploded in frequency, despite governments unilaterally condemning the actions.[25][26] Rumors fueled by lack of government transparency and fear of the public health crisis circulated across Chinese social media, which were countered by the CCP in an attempt to restore the people's faith in government leaders.[27][28]

Early response by Wuhan

One of the earliest Wuhan MHC notices about the pneumonia epidemic. It was first posted on Weibo on 30 December 2019 and was confirmed by Wuhan CDC the next day (31 December).

Mysterious pneumonia outbreak

See also: Origin of COVID-19

Discovery

On March 13, 2020, an unverified report from the South China Morning Post suggested that a COVID-19 case, traced back to November 17, 2019, in a 55-year-old from Hubei province, may have been the first patient.[29][30] On March 27, 2020, news outlets citing a government document reported that a 57-year-old woman, who had tested positive for the coronavirus disease on December 10, 2019 and was described in The Wall Street Journal on March 6, 2020, may have been patient zero in the COVID-19 pandemic.[31][32] A viral pneumonia patient with an unknown cause was hospitalized at Jinyintan Hospital on December 1, 2019, even though the patient did not have any exposure to the Huanan Seafood Market. An outbreak of the virus began among people who had been exposed to the market nine days later.[33][34] On December 26, Shanghai PHC received a sample from a patient with unknown pneumonia from Wuhan CDC and Wuhan Central Hospital. They started an investigation into the sample, which was then confirmed to contain a new coronavirus.[33]

However, the outbreak went unnoticed until a cluster of unknown pneumonia was observed by a Wuhan doctor named Zhang Jixian.[35] Zhang was an ICU doctor at Hubei Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine. Her experience fighting SARS in 2003 kept her alerted about a public health emergency. On December 26, 2019, a senior couple who lived near Zhang's hospital came to her for their fever and cough. The CT scan results of the couple's thorax showed unusual changes in the lungs that were different from those in any known viral pneumonia. Dr. Zhang advised the couple's son to see her and found similar conditions. On the same day, Dr. Zhang saw a patient from the Huanan Seafood Market that also had unusual conditions.[citation needed]

On December 27, the doctor reported her discovery to her hospital and the hospital soon informed Jianghan CDC, thinking that it might be an infectious disease as indicated by the familial cluster. As a precaution, she told her colleagues to wear protective gear and prepare a specialized area in the hospital to receive patients with similar conditions.[citation needed]

On December 28 and 29, three more patients came to the hospital's clinic, all of whom were related to the Huanan Seafood Market. The hospital notified the provincial and municipal health commissions. On December 29, the health commissions appointed Wuhan and Jianghan CDC and Jinyintan Hospital to undertake epidemiological research for the seven patients. Six were then transferred to Jinyintan, a specialized facility for infectious diseases. Only one patient refused the transfer.[35] Dr. Zhang Jixian's discovery was later widely praised.[36] Hubei's government honored her and Zhang Dingyu, the president of Jinyintan, for their contribution to controlling the viral outbreak.[37]

Disclosure

On the evening of December 30, two emergent notice letters from the Municipal Health Commission of Wuhan began circulating online. This was soon confirmed by Wuhan CDC, which on December 31 admitted that there were 27 cases of pneumonia of unknown cause. The letters required all hospitals in Wuhan to report any pneumonia patient with unknown causes and related to the Huanan Seafood Market. After a rumor about it circulated on the internet,[33] Wuhan CDC told The Beijing News the investigation was still underway and that experts from NHC were on the way to help the investigation.[38]

On January 1, 2020, the seafood market was closed down by Jianghan District's Health Agency and Administration for Market Regulation due to an "environment improvement." According to China Business, workers in hazmat suits were inspecting the market and collecting samples. The storekeepers at the market said that they were not told what the people were collecting and detecting. The urban management officers and police officers were on the spot to ask the storekeepers to finish up and leave the market.[39] The first death from the new virus was reported on January 11.[40]

Within three weeks of the first known cases, the government built sixteen large mobile hospitals in Wuhan and sent 40,000 medical staff to the city.[41]: 137  Implementing these measures made Chinese perceptions of the government's response more favorable.[42]: 256 

Several doctors were warned by the Wuhan police for "spreading misinformation". According to Wang Gaofei, Weibo's CEO,[43] eight "rumormongers" who were all doctors at Wuhan hospitals were summoned by the police on January 3.[44][45] Li Wenliang, one of the whistleblowers, died from the virus on February 7,[46] the same day as when the discoverers of the outbreak, Zhang Jixian and Zhang Dingyu, were honored by Hubei's government.[47] The death of Dr. Li led to widespread grief and criticism towards the government.[48]

Human-to-human transmission

Initial denials

Although the early cases surrounding an animal market may suggest animal-to-human transmission, more evidence surfaced to support human-to-human transmission of the virus.[49] However, despite the expert-led investigation, early signs of human-to-human transmission such as a hospital-acquired infection (nosocomial) case was confirmed on January 10. According to Caixin,[50] the local government of Wuhan denied any case of nosocomial infection and kept claiming that "there was no clear sign of human-to-human transmission." This continued until January 15, when Wuhan's Municipal Health Commission (MHC) said on its website that "the result of present investigation shows no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission, but this does not rule the possibility of such a transmission out. The risk of continuous human-to-human transmission is low."[51] According to Ray Yip, former country director for China in the US CDC, and other US health and national security officials, authorities in Wuhan told Chinese CDC field investigators sent there at the beginning of January that there was no evidence of human-to-human transmission, and did not show them all the cases, in particular infected hospital workers, which were an obvious sign of human-to-human transmission.[52]

Frozen case number

The reported case number froze at 41 during the Hubei Lianghui and Wuhan Lianghui. The local authorities of Hubei and Wuhan claimed to be due to the lack of PCR test kits for the new virus at the local parliament sessions between January 6–17. However, Caixin said that the other sequencing techniques could be used for diagnosis, which usually took two days without any need for PCR kits.[53] Meanwhile, an Imperial College group[54][55] and a Hong Kong University group[56] both estimated over 1,000 cases in Wuhan, as cases were being exported and confirmed overseas. Perceived discrepancies in the official Chinese data for the number of cases left many netizens doubtful,[57] with some mockingly labeling the virus "patriotic" for its appearance of mainly infecting Chinese even after they left the country.[58][59][60]

National Health Commission response

On January 20, the Chinese National Health Commission announced that human-to-human transmission of the coronavirus had already occurred.[61]

Also on January 20, the number of reported new cases soared to 136 as the major mainland cities including Beijing and Shenzhen reported their first cases.[62][63] Only the Wuhan authorities stopped claiming that the virus had a limited ability to transmit between humans.[64] On the same day, the city formed specialized command for epidemic control (CEC) to upgrade measures to cope with the epidemic including enhanced protection over the medical workers[65] and free treatment for all patients at fever clinics.[66] On the evening of that day, Zhong Nanshan, one of the NHC experts sent to Wuhan who was well known for fighting against SARS in 2003, exemplified human-to-human transmission of the new virus with a cluster of 14 hospital-acquired infections in Wuhan and two familial clusters in Guangdong.[67]

However, the NHC still insisted that the epidemic should be "manageable and preventable." At that time, the BBC said that not much public attention was drawn to the virus outbreak.[50] On January 19, despite the virus outbreak, over 40,000 Wuhan families joined an annual potluck banquet,[68] which was a community tradition observed for over two decades to celebrate the Kitchen God Festival. A community leader told The Beijing News that "everything is normal now," when asked about the virus outbreak.[69] According to the community committee of Baibuting where the banquet was held as of February 4, a block of the community had at least 10 confirmed cases of the coronavirus infection, plus over 30 highly suspicious cases but the community hospital also said that the incidents of the coronavirus was lower than that in the other communities.[70]

Zhou Xianwang, the mayor of Wuhan who was widely criticized by the public and media due to slow responses,[71] said to the state media CCTV that the banquet was organized by the local community, which had a long history of self-governance. He said that the government was not precautious enough to stop it because it was believed the virus had limited transmissibility between people.[72]

Controversial commentary

People on a bus wearing masks, Hubei province, 23 January 2020.

On January 20, Guan Yi, an expert in SARS epidemiology from Hong Kong, told Caixin that the local government should not play on words about the transmissibility and hoped that it could learn from the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. He continued, "transmissibility, adaptability, incidence and virulence of the virus highly resemble those of SARS at the early stage of 2003 outbreak".[73] Guan's team came to Wuhan on January 21 and returned to Hong Kong on the next day. He said to the media that the "epidemiology experts and scientists do not seem to be welcomed in the city."[74] On January 22, Wuhan was still "an open city" to the virus outbreak where most people did not wear a mask, although the NHC announced the coronavirus-associated pneumonia as a notifiable disease. He believed that a pandemic was unavoidable as the virus spread with the migration flow of Chunyun.[75][76]

The statements of Guan, which were apparently different from those in most Chinese media, became highly controversial as journalists of state media reposted his statement on January 15, where he said that he believed that the disease was manageable and the news that his lab was fined by the Chinese authorities in 2005. Wang Duan, the Caixin journalist who made the interview described such behavior as "personal attacks" and complained that no expert came forward to refute what Guan said.[77]

Quarantines

Main article: 2020 Hubei lockdowns
Confirmed cases in mainland China and Taiwan as of January 22, 2020, a day before Wuhan's lockdown. By the end of January 22, there were 571 confirmed cases across mainland China,[78] among which there were 444 confirmed cases in Hubei.[79]

On January 23, 2020, the central government of the People's Republic of China imposed a lockdown in Wuhan and other cities in Hubei province in an effort to quarantine the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This was the first known instance in modern history of locking a major city down of as many as 11 million people and the incident was commonly referred to in the media as the "Wuhan lockdown" (Chinese: 武汉封城; pinyin: Wǔhàn fēng chéng). The World Health Organization (WHO), although stating that it was beyond its own guidelines, commended the move, calling it "unprecedented in public health history".[80] The lockdown in Wuhan set the precedence for similar measures in the other Chinese cities. Within hours of the Wuhan lockdown, travel restrictions were also imposed on the nearby cities of Huanggang and Ezhou and were eventually imposed on all other 15 cities in Hubei, affecting a total of about 57 million people.[81][82] On February 2, 2020, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, implemented a seven-day lockdown which only one person per household was allowed to exit once each two days and most of the highway exits were closed.[83]

Health screening

On January 19, according to Wuhan Radio Television, the city authorities said that they would monitor anyone leaving the city as a measure to contain the epidemic. Staff of Hankou Railway Station told The Beijing News on 20 that they would check the temperature of every passenger moving into and out of the station. If the temperature was above 38 °C (100 °F), further examinations would be made and they would notify the hospital if necessary.[84] Although the local government claimed that such measures were taken at the airport, railway stations, coach stations and piers in Wuhan since January 14,[84][85] reports by Hong Kong-based Now News and mainland-based Caixin indicated such measures were not taken at that time.[84][86] Caixin believed this to be a cause of the surge of confirmed cases.[84]

Temperature checks at Wuhan Railway Station

On January 22, Wuhan MHC said that the city would have a random check on any private cars in and out of the city to see whether they carried any kinds of living poultry or wildlife.[87] The city authority began to require all citizens to wear a mask in public places.[88]

Travel advice

On January 20, in an NHC press conference in Wuhan, Zhong Nanshan advised the public to avoid visiting Wuhan unless extremely urgent and to wear face masks. He also advised the city to perform a temperature check for anyone leaving the city and take compulsory measures to stop fever patients from leaving.[89] On the following day, Mayor of Wuhan Zhou Xianwang urged Wuhan's citizens not to leave the city and non-Wuhan citizens to avoid coming in an interview by state media.[87] The NHC also warned that a coronavirus outbreak had happened in Wuhan.[90]

On the same day, China Railway and Civil Aviation Administration announced that the passengers were allowed to cancel stays or change dates for free if they booked a ticket from or to Wuhan.[87][91] Wuhan-bound railway tickets purchased via Hong Kong's MTR could also be refunded.[92] Wuhan announced the postponement of its tourism promotion activities for the Chinese New Year.[87]

Lockdown of Wuhan

On January 22, Li Lanjuan, one of the NHC experts sent to Wuhan, flew to Beijing and advised the quarantine of Wuhan, which was soon adopted.[93][94] On the early morning of January 23, the government of Wuhan announced a sudden lockdown at around 2 PM which said, "Since 10:00 AM on January 23, 2020, the city's bus, metro, ferry, coach services will be suspended. Without a special reason, the citizens should not leave Wuhan. Departure from the airport and railway stations will be temporarily prohibited. Recovery time of the services will be announced in further notice."[95] Thus, Wuhan became a locked-down area of a Class A Infectious Disease according to The law on Prevention and Treatment of Infections Diseases.[96]

Last train leaving Dazhi Road Metro station at 10:00AM when the lockdown officially began on January 23.

Researchers estimate that the restrictions reduced the basic reproduction number from 2.35 to 1.05, allowing the epidemic to be manageable for Wuhan.[97]

Railway

China Railway announced later on the day of lockdown (January 23) that departure from railway stations in Wuhan would be stopped in order to assist the epidemic control, but transferring trains at Wuchang Station, Wuhan Station and Hankou Station would be still allowed.[98][99] It also extended free refund and changing policy that originally applied to Wuhan to all parts of mainland China to reduce population movement.[100] On January 24, China Railway Wuhan (CRW) announced suspension of all of its own train services. The company further announced suspension of most corporate train services that it provided, except 6.5 pairs of trains that only runs within Henan Province. Only Jiangan Motive Power Depot, Jiangan Rail Yard and Wuhanbei Station would be fully in service while only a small number of people are reserved for other CRW facilities, and all of the other employees would be on vacation.[101]

Flight

The Tianhe International Airport, Wuhan's only civil airport, suspended all commercial flights from 1 PM on January 23. Various airlines including Cathay Dragon, Spring Airlines, Juneyao Airlines, China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines and All Nippon Airways cancelled their scheduled Wuhan-bound flights. On January 24, the airport was only open to international flights inbound which were required to leave without any passengers. The two cargo planes of SF Express which carried supplies for epidemic control were also allowed to land at the airport.[102]

Road and waterway

Downtown Wuhan after the private car ban.

Shanghai, Sichuan and Jiangsu cancelled all waterway and road passenger transport services to Wuhan and stopped approval of any chartered coaches to Wuhan[103] before the Ministry of Transport called all passenger transport services off for Wuhan and asked the transport sectors to refund the affected tickets for free on January 23.[104][105][106]

Although the announcement of lockdown did not mention whether the citizens were allowed to leave Wuhan in their own cars, 30 entries to highways were cut by 14:00.[107] The roadblocks were said to be used in some areas according to BBC.[108] At 23:00, Wuhan CEC decided to stop vehicle for hire services by 12:00 on 24 and to halve the number of street taxis.[109] Since 26, the private cars were prohibited from driving in downtown Wuhan.[110][111]

Fleeing Wuhan

On the morning of Wuhan's lockdown (January 23), the hashtag (#逃离武汉#), literally meaning "fleeing Wuhan", hit the top of Weibo topics.[112][113] Wuhan's citizens rushed to the railway stations to leave the city before lockdown, leading to long queues[113] and many later posted about their success.[114] Some of them are criticized for their lack of responsibility after they talked about managing to bypass the temperature check by taking antipyretics.[115] Almost 300 thousand left the city by train before the lockdown according to China Railway Wuhan.[112][114]

Zhou Xianwang, the Mayor of Wuhan said that by January 23, 5 million Wuhan's citizens left the city for the Chinese New Year vacation, while 9 million remained in the city.[116] Data analysis by China Business Network showed that each year, only around half of the residents celebrated the Chinese New Year in the city, while 2/3 of those who left the city went to the other parts of Hubei. The rest left for the other Chinese provinces and overseas. Henan, Hunan, Anhui were the top 3 domestic destinations for these, while Bangkok, Singapore and Tokyo were the top 3 overseas destinations.[117]

Further lockdowns

Region of Hubei quarantine is colored red. Mountainous and forest-covered Shennongjia[118] was the only area that was not quarantined.[119]

Soon after Wuhan's lockdown, Huanggang and Ezhou, two Hubei cities bordering Wuhan, followed suit, suspending their public transport systems.[120] By January 24, Huangshi, Chibi, Jingzhou, Yichang, Xiaogan, Jingmen, Zhijiang, Qianjiang, Xiantao, Xianning, Dangyang and Enshi restricted inbound and outbound traffic, affecting over 40 million residents.[121] With Xiangyang becoming the last Hubei city to declare lockdown, all of Hubei's cities were quarantined by January 27, with local access to the road and railway networks temporarily shut down.[21] Forest-covered Shennongjia was the only part of Hubei that had not been locked down.[119]

At least 56 million Hubei's residents were isolated. All public places except hospitals, supermarkets, farmers' markets, gas stations and drug stores were closed.[122] Starting from February 1, the Hubei city of Huanggang introduced a curfew which allows only one member of a local family to shop on the streets every two days, making it the first city to restrict the people from going outdoors.[22]

Semi-log graph of new cases and deaths in China during COVID-19 epidemic showing the lockdown and lifting
Semi-log graph of new cases and deaths in China during COVID-19 epidemic showing the lockdown and lifting

Semi-log graph of 3-day rolling average of new cases and deaths in China during COVID-19 epidemic showing the lockdown on 23 January and partial lifting on 19 March.

Reactions to government response

The exodus from Wuhan before the lockdown resulted in angered responses on Sina Weibo from the residents in the other cities, who were concerned about the spreading of the novel coronavirus to their cities. Some in Wuhan were concerned with the availability of provisions and especially medical supplies during the lockdown.[43][123]

The World Health Organization called the Wuhan lockdown unprecedented and said that it showed how committed that the authorities were to contain a viral breakout. Later, the WHO clarified that the move was not a recommendation that WHO made and that the authorities would have to wait to evaluate its effectiveness.[80] The WHO separately stated that the possibility of locking an entire city down was "new to science".[124]

The CSI 300 Index, an aggregate measure of the top 300 stocks in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, dropped almost 3% on 23 January 2020, the biggest single-day loss in almost 9 months after the Wuhan lockdown. As it was announced, investors sought a safe haven for their investments.[125]

The unprecedented scale of this lockdown generated controversy and at least one expert criticized this measure as "risky business" that "could very easily backfire" by forcing otherwise healthy people in Wuhan to stay in close conditions with infected people. Drawing a cordon sanitaire around a city of 11 million people raises inevitable ethical concerns. It also drew comparisons to the lockdown of the poor West Point neighborhood in Liberia during the 2014 ebola outbreak which was lifted after ten days.[126][127]

The lockdown caused panic in the city of Wuhan, and many have expressed concern about the city's ability to cope with the outbreak. It remains unknown whether the large costs of this measure, both financially and in terms of personal liberty will translate to effective infection control.[124] A medical historian named Howard Markel argued that the Chinese government "may now be overreacting, imposing an unjustifiable burden on the population" and said that "incremental restrictions, enforced steadily and transparently tended to work far better than draconian measures."[128] Others such as Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, defended the intent behind the lockdowns, citing that the lockdowns bought the world a "delay to essentially prepare better." A mathematical epidemiologist named Gerardo Chowell of Georgia State University stated that based on mathematical modelling, "containment strategies implemented in China are successfully reducing transmission."[129]

Nonetheless, after northern Italy became a new hotspot of the outbreak in late February, the Italian government enacted what has been called a "Wuhan-style lockdown" by quarantining nearly a dozen towns of 50,000 people in the provinces of Lombardy and Veneto.[130] Iran, another developing hotspot for the coronavirus as of 25 February came under calls to assume similar lockdown procedures as China and Italy. The security experts such as Gal Luft of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security in Washington said that "The best way for Iran to deal with the disease is to do precisely what China did – quarantine." and "If Wuhan with its 11 million population can be under quarantine, so can Tehran with its 8 million"[131]

Frozen case number

Although early cases surrounding an animal market suggested animal-to-human transmission, more evidence surfaced to support the human-to-human transmission of the virus.[49] Despite the expert-led investigation and early signs of human-to-human transmission, including a hospital-acquired infection (nosocomial) case confirmed on 10 January according to Caixin,[50] the local government of Wuhan denied any case of nosocomial infection and maintained that "there was no clear sign of human-to-human transmission" until 15 January, when Wuhan's Municipal Health Commission (MHC) said on its website that "the result of present investigation shows no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission, but this does not rule out the possibility of such a transmission. The risk of continuous human-to-human transmission is low."[51]

The reported case number froze at 41 during the Hubei Lianghui and Wuhan Lianghui local parliament sessions between 6–17 January, which the local authorities of Hubei and Wuhan said was due to the lack of PCR test kits for the new virus. However, Caixin stated that other sequencing techniques could be used to diagnose the virus within two days, without needing PCR kits.[132] Meanwhile, research groups at Imperial College London[54][55] and Hong Kong University[56] both estimated over 1000 cases in Wuhan as cases were being exported and confirmed overseas. Perceived discrepancies in the official Chinese data for the number of cases left many netizens doubtful,[133] with some mockingly labeling the virus "patriotic" for its appearance of mainly infecting the Chinese after they left the country.[134][135][136]

26 January press meeting

Hubei Government's press meeting on 26 January was described as the "scene of a massive car crash" by the BBC, which led to widespread dissatisfaction. Despite the compulsory face mask law, Governor Wang Xiaodong did not wear a face mask, whilst the other two official hosts—Wuhan Mayor Zhou Xianwang and Provincial Party Secretary Bie Bixiong—wore face masks incorrectly. The Governor said that Xiantao, a Hubei city, was capable of producing 10.8 billion masks annually; this was said after he corrected himself twice. While the Governor admitted a severe shortage of medical supplies in Hubei, Mayor Zhou of Wuhan said that the shortage had been fully alleviated.[137]

Hubei after lockdown

Cities under lockdown in China
Place Province Start date End date City level Population Cases Deaths Recoveries Active
Wuhan Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-04-08[138][139][140] Sub-provincial 11,081,000 50,340 3,869 46,471 0
Xiaogan Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[141] Prefectural 4,920,000 3,518 129 3,389 0
Huanggang Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-03-25[141] Prefectural 6,330,000 2,907 125 2,782 0
Jingzhou Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-17[142] Prefectural 5,590,200 1,580 52 1,528 0
Ezhou Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-03-25[141] Prefectural 1,077,700 1,394 59 1,335 0
Suizhou Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[141] Prefectural 2,216,700 1,307 45 1,262 0
Xiangyang Hubei 2020-01-28[143] 2020-03-25[141] Prefectural 5,669,000 1,175 40 1,135 0
Huangshi Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-13[144] Prefectural 2,470,700 1,015 39 976 0
Yichang Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[141] Prefectural 4,135,850 931 37 894 0
Jingmen Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[141] Prefectural 2,896,500 928 41 887 0
Xianning Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[141] Prefectural 2,543,300 836 15 821 0
Shiyan Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[141] Prefectural 3,406,000 672 8 664 0
Xiantao Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[141] Sub-prefectural 1,140,500 575 22 553 0
Tianmen Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[141] Sub-prefectural 1,272,300 496 15 481 0
Enshi Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[141] Prefectural 3,378,000 252 7 245 0
Qianjiang Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-13[145] Sub-prefectural 966,000 198 9 189 0
Shennongjia Hubei 2020-01-27 2020-03-25[141] Sub-prefectural 78,912 11 0 11 0
Wenzhou Zhejiang 2020-02-02 2020-02-20[146] Prefectural 9,190,000 507 1 503 3
Ürümqi Xinjiang 2020-07-18 2020-08-26[147] Prefectural 3,519,600 845 0 845 0
Shijiazhuang Hebei 2021-01-07 2021-01-31[148] Prefectural 11,031,200 977 1 962 14
Xi'an Shaanxi 2021-12-22[149] 2022-01-16[150] Sub-provincial 8,467,838 2,265 3 2,185 77
Yuzhou Henan 2022-01-04[151] 2022-01-31[152] County 1,167,000 - - - -
Anyang Henan 2022-01-10[153] 2022-02-03[154] Prefectural 5,477,614 522 0 522 0
Shenzhen Guangdong 2022-03-14[155][156] 2022-03-21[157][158] Sub-provincial 17,560,000 982 3 428 551
Shanghai Shanghai 2022-04-01[159] 2022-06-01[160] Direct-administered municipality 24,870,895
Lockdown total 101,602,895 68,135 4,512 63,623 0
Outbreak ongoing: Infection and fatality data as of 24:00 (UTC+8) 4 June 2020.[161][162] Totals will evolve.

After lockdown, Wuhan's streets were silent, except for those around hospitals.[163][164] A witness described that a "once-bustling city became a ghost town overnight". Although grocery stores and shops remained open, most people stayed at home. The food supply was steady, despite there having been a shortage in the early stages, and the local government promised to provide enough vegetables, rice and meat.[164] Similar scenes were observed in other Hubei cities after lockdown, including Enshi[165] and Shiyan.[166]

Overcrowded hospitals and shortages

On the first day of the lockdown a large number of febrile patients were queuing outside healthcare facilities whilst hospitals and healthcare professional struggled to keep up with the demand.[115][167] Wuhan MHC admitted that they had a shortage of beds and long outpatient queues.[168] Multiple major Hubei hospitals began to request medical supplies including surgical masks and other protective equipment via social media almost at the same time when Wang Xiaodong, the Governor of Hubei promised to the people that there would be no shortage of supplies in a press conference after lockdown.[50]

On January 22, Hubei Provincial Government said that as of January 31, Hubei Province could only produce 8 million medical masks, 2 million protective clothing and 1,200 infrared thermometers which could not meet the need of the province's epidemic prevention. Hubei Province planned to request support from the Central Government including 40 million medical masks, 5 million protective clothing and 5,000 sets of infrared thermometers.[169] On January 23, the Wuhan CEC set up a 24-hour telephone service to receive donations from all sectors of the society.[170]

On January 26, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) said at a press conference that Hubei Province needed an estimated 3 million sets of protective clothing per month. The ministry admitted that national production capacity was not meeting demand and promised that in addition to the central reserve, the state was also seeking to purchase overseas equipment such as protective clothing and face masks.[171][172]

On February 2, Cao Xuejun, MIIT's deputy director general said that around 60% of the mask factories restarted production. They could produce 10 million masks per day. But, the director also acknowledged a gap between production capacity and demand of the key medical and protective products and promised to prioritize Wuhan and Hubei's needs.[173]

Medical team from Army Medical University was boarding a military Il-76 to leave for Wuhan on 24 January.

Makeshift hospitals and laboratories

See also: Huoshenshan Hospital and Leishenshan Hospital

On January 23, the day of Wuhan's lockdown, to relieve the shortage, the municipal government invited China Construction Third Engineering Bureau to build a makeshift hospital that resembled Xiaotangshan Hospital in Beijing during the 2003 SARS outbreak in Caidian, Wuhan. The hospital was later named Huoshenshan Hospital[174][175] and was expected to be finished by February 3.[176] On the afternoon of 25, Wuhan CEC announced the building of another makeshift hospital with at least 1,300 beds called Leishenshan Hospital.[177]

On February 2, the construction of Huoshenshan Hospital was completed and the hospital was transferred to the military.[178][179] 1,400 military doctors started to work in the hospital since February 3.[180][181]

Since Wuhan's healthcare system was overloaded, new laboratories had to be built at a rapid rate.[182] On February 5, a 2000 square meter emergency detection laboratory named "Huo-Yan" (Chinese: 火眼, or "Fire Eye" in English) was opened by BGI,[182][183] which could process over 10,000 samples a day.[184][183] The construction was overseen by BGI-founder Wang Jian and took just 5 days.[185] Mathematical modelling has shown cases in Hubei would have been approximately 47% higher, and the corresponding cost of the tackling the quarantine would have doubled, had this testing capacity not been built.[citation needed]

Additional resources

On January 24, 135 medical workers from Shanghai and 128 from Guangdong were sent to Wuhan to assist the local hospitals.[186][187] On the evening of that day, 450 medical workers from three military medical universities were deployed to Wuhan on military aircraft.[188] On January 25, the medical workers from different provinces were sent to Wuhan including 138 from Sichuan, 135 from Zhejiang, 138 from Shandong, and 147 from Jiangsu.[189][190] The NHC also sent experts in intensive medicine to the epidemic areas and formed 6 medical teams with a total of 1230 members to assist Wuhan and another 6 teams waiting for request.[191]

Wuhan hotels offered to help as many medical workers had difficulty arriving at their hospitals due to public transport suspension.[192] On January 24, 85 hotels in Wuhan formed a working group to provide rooms without central air conditioning for medical workers for free.[193] By the noon of January 25, there had been 120 hotels in the group.[194] Major hoteliers such as Tujia,[195] Home Inn,[196] Ziroom,[197] and Danke[198] offered free lodging for the medical workers in Wuhan. There were also people offering free rides to medical workers.[193]

Beijing medical assistance team left Wuhan for Beijing on 31 March 2020

From March 17, the medical assistance teams began to leave Hubei with the easing of domestic epidemic.[citation needed]

Encouragement of reporting in Hubei

In Fang County, the government issued a notice stating that anyone having a fever would be awarded RMB¥1000 for voluntarily going to a hospital and anyone (Including doctors and the public) reporting someone with fever would be awarded RMB¥500.[199]

Daily life

Food supplies

After lockdown, Wuhan citizens were buying vegetables at a market.

Wuhan's local markets saw spikes in food prices shortly after lockdown. Despite calls for price control, the Wuhan CEC stated that commodities, food, medical protection equipment were well-stocked and in smooth supply, appealing to the public not to hoard the goods or buy them at exorbitant prices.[200] According to the Wuhan CEC, there were 5 million kilograms of processed rice, 4,000 tons of edible oil, 5,500 tons of pork, 2,000 tons of halal beef, 1,500 tons of sugar in Wuhan's market while the Government also prepared 16.3 million kilograms of processed rice, 8,000 tons of edible oil, arranged 1.55 million kilograms of eggs, 5 million kilograms of vegetables, 1 million kilograms of fresh fish, 200 tons of halal beef and 6,000 head of pork which would be released orderly through 300 plus supply outlets across the city.[201] After being interviewed by local market regulation administrators, the supermarkets that were reported to have raised food prices normalized the prices.[202]

China Railway Nanchang has been delivering key materials to Wuhan daily since January 25. The first batch of 160 tons of turnips has been transported to Wuhan through the private compartments of T147 and T168 trains.[203] China Railway Hohhot also said that the first batch of 30 tons of potatoes were also sent to Wuhan by K598 and K1278 trains on January 26 to support Wuhan Epidemic Prevention and control.[204]

Community services

Since the outbreak, several community managers were drafted to the front lines to help local residents with treatment and diagnosis oof the virus. With the increasing number of confirmed cases, workloads became tremendous.[205] Around 6000 taxis were allocated to the downtown communities. On January 25, they began providing free service for the residents, under the command of the community committees. Each community was expected to have 3–5 taxis under command. The committees were responsible for offering food and medicine for those who may face difficulties obtaining them on their own.[206]

Although the authority insisted on the role of community services in controlling the epidemic, the help acquired from the government was limited, such that the most they could do was to "file forms and repeatedly report about the patients' conditions," according to a community manager. They had no access to medical resources and not enough manpower and were unable to adequately assist the patients. Most community clinics did not have enough equipment such as protective gear and diagnosis tools to deal with the tasks assigned by the government to conduct preliminary screening for hospitals. Between January 22 and February 1, many patients were turned away without receiving proper medical assistance and quarantine measures as they could not receive a confirmed diagnosis.[205]

Easing of lockdown

On March 13, Huangshi[207] and Qianjiang[208] became the first Hubei cities to remove strict travel restrictions within part or all of their administrative confines. Activity gradually returned in Wuhan. By March 11, employees in public transport and essential services returned,[209] and by March 18 farmers returned to fields.[210] By late March, some non-essential shops also opened.[211] On March 25, the provincial government removed travel restrictions on most other cities in the province,[212] while, on April 8, those for Wuhan were lifted as well.[213]

On 17 April, the Wuhan government revised the number of COVID-19 deaths, accounting for deaths that occurred at home that went previously unreported, as well as the subtraction of deaths that were previously double-counted[214] by different hospitals, resulting in a net increase of 1,290 deaths in the city.[215]

Citywide testing

Millions of people in Wuhan were tested for the virus in May, using the technique of batch testing, pooling samples to be tested together and retesting individually when necessary.[216][217]

Statistics

The below progression chart is sourced from Hubei Provincial Health Commission daily reports:[218]

References

  1. ^ a b c 湖北疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  2. ^ "Johns Hopkins University & Medicine Coronavirus Resource Center". Johns Hopkins University. Johns Hopkins University & Medicine. Archived from the original on March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "China study says Wuhan COVID infections 3 times higher than official figure". Reuters. January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  4. ^ Khan, Natasha (January 9, 2020). "New Virus Discovered by Chinese Scientists Investigating Pneumonia Outbreak". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  5. ^ Cohen, Jon (January 11, 2020). "Chinese researchers reveal draft genome of virus implicated in Wuhan pneumonia outbreak". Science. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  6. ^ Davidson, Helen (March 5, 2020). "Chinese social media censoring 'officially sanctioned facts' on coronavirus". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  7. ^ "WHO praises China's response to coronavirus, will reconvene expert panel". STAT. January 29, 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  8. ^ Karlin-Smith, Sarah (January 29, 2020). "U.S. officials praise Chinese transparency on virus — up to a point". POLITICO. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  9. ^ Delfs, Arne; Lacqua, Francine (January 24, 2020). "China Praised By Germany For Transparency in Combating Virus". bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  10. ^ Yuan, Li (January 28, 2020). "Coronavirus Crisis Exposes Cracks in China's Facade of Unity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  11. ^ 眾新聞 | 【武漢肺炎大爆發】西藏首宗確診 全國淪陷 內地確診累計7711宗 湖北黃岡疫情僅次武漢. 眾新聞 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  12. ^ Chappell, Bill (January 30, 2020). "Coronavirus Has Now Spread To All Regions Of mainland China". NPR.org. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Coronavirus declared global health emergency". BBC News. January 31, 2020. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  14. ^ 中国内地31省份全部启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应. Caixin. January 29, 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  15. ^ "Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline". Bnonews. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  16. ^ "CPC leadership meets to discuss novel coronavirus prevention, control". People's Daily. January 25, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020. Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, chaired the meeting.
  17. ^ "Xi says China faces 'grave situation' as virus death toll hits 42". Reuters. January 26, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  18. ^ "China virus spread is accelerating, Xi warns". BBC News. January 26, 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  19. ^ Yu, Xinyi (January 28, 2020). 【各地在行动②】全国19省份暂停省际长途客运. 人民网. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  20. ^ 武汉肺炎：香港宣布大幅削减来往中国大陆交通服务 [Wuhan Pneumonia: Hong Kong Announces Significant Cuts in Transport Services to and from mainland China]. BBC News Chinese (in Simplified Chinese). January 28, 2020. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  21. ^ a b 襄阳火车站关闭，湖北省最后一个地级市"封城". 国际金融报. January 29, 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020 – via The Paper.
  22. ^ a b Yang, Danxu (杨丹旭) (February 2, 2020). 中国确诊及死亡病例创单日新高 黄冈恐成"第二个武汉" [China's confirmed and death cases hit a single-day high, Huang Gang fears to be "second Wuhan"]. Zaobao (in Chinese (Singapore)). Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  23. ^ 温州之后，杭州台州宁波多地实施最严禁令. 川报观察 (in Simplified Chinese). February 3, 2020. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  24. ^ Safi (now), Michael; Rourke (earlier), Alison; Greenfield, Patrick; Giuffrida, Angela; Kollewe, Julia; Oltermann, Philip (February 3, 2020). "China issues 'urgent' appeal for protective medical equipment - as it happened". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  25. ^ Wuhan coronavirus reaches India as countries evacuate citizens from China, January 30, 2020, archived from the original on February 10, 2020, retrieved February 10, 2020
  26. ^ Dazed (February 6, 2020). "Life under lockdown: Young people in Wuhan tell their coronavirus stories". Dazed. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
  27. ^ 关于新型冠状病毒肺炎 这九大谣言别"中招". Beijing News (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  28. ^ 聚焦 | 关于新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情的最新辟谣！. Xinhua (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  29. ^ "China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17". South China Morning Post. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020.
  30. ^ Davidson, Helen (March 13, 2020). "First Covid-19 case happened in November, China government records show—report". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  31. ^ Oliveira, Nelson (March 27, 2020). "Shrimp vendor identified as possible coronavirus 'patient zero,' leaked document says". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  32. ^ Page, Jeremy; Fan, Wenxin; Khan, Natasha (March 6, 2020). "How It All Started: China's Early Coronavirus Missteps". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 9, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  33. ^ a b c 时间线：武汉疫情如何一步步扩散至全球. BBC News 中文 (in Simplified Chinese). February 5, 2020. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  34. ^ Huang, Chaolin; Wang, Yeming; Li, Xingwang; Ren, Lili; Zhao, Jianping; Hu, Yi; Zhang, Li; Fan, Guohui; Xu, Jiuyang; Gu, Xiaoying; Cheng, Zhenshun (January 24, 2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". The Lancet. 395 (10223): 497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 7159299. PMID 31986264.
  35. ^ a b 最早上报疫情的她，怎样发现这种不一样的肺炎. 武汉晚报. February 2, 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020.
  36. ^ "Doctor who treated first 7 Coronavirus patients in Wuhan now a hero in China". Hindustan Times. February 2, 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  37. ^ 湖北给予张定宇和张继先记大功奖励. Sina Corp. February 7, 2020. Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  38. ^ 武汉疾控证实：当地现不明原因肺炎病人，发病数在统计. December 31, 2019. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019.
  39. ^ 武汉华南海鲜市场休市整治：多数商户已关门停业(图). January 2020. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020.
  40. ^ "How the Coronavirus Pandemic Unfolded: a Timeline". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  41. ^ Jin, Keyu (2023). The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-1-9848-7828-1.
  42. ^ Shi, Song (2023). China and the Internet: Using New Media for Development and Social Change. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9781978834736.
  43. ^ a b 内地高院为武汉肺炎「造谣者」平反 消息指8人均为前线医生. Radio Free Asia (in Cantonese). Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  44. ^ 8人因网上散布"武汉病毒性肺炎"不实信息被依法处理. Xinhua (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  45. ^ [东方时空]湖北武汉发现不明原因肺炎 8名散播谣言者被查处_CCTV节目官网-CCTV-13_央视网(cctv.com). tv.cctv.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  46. ^ Yong Xiong; Hande Atay Alam; Nectar Gan (February 6, 2020). "Wuhan hospital announces death of whistleblower doctor Li Wenliang". CNN. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  47. ^ "Initium Media" 別讓普通人李文亮，僅僅成為體制崩壞的註腳. The Initium. February 7, 2020. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  48. ^ Cheng, Sam Meredith, Joanna Tan, Evelyn (February 7, 2020). Trump heaps praise on Xi, Singapore raises coronavirus alert to SARS level. CNBC. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. ^ a b "About Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". CDC. February 3, 2020. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  50. ^ a b c d 孟嘗君 (January 29, 2020). "武漢肺炎：疫情從可控到失控的三十天". BBC News 中文 (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  51. ^ a b "武汉"封城"背后：确认病毒"人传人"的21天". The Beijing News. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  52. ^ Bandler, James; Callahan, Patricia; Rotella, Sebastian; Berg, Kirsten (October 15, 2020). "Inside the Fall of the CDC". ProPublica. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  53. ^ Xu, Bingqing; Chen, Rui (February 1, 2020). 特别报道：1月6日之后，12天病例零新增之谜. YiMagazine. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  54. ^ a b Imai, Natsuko; Dorigatti, Ilaria; Cori, Anne; Riley, Steven; Ferguson, Neil M (January 17, 2020). "Estimating the potential total number of novel Coronavirus cases in Wuhan City, China (report 1)" (PDF). Imperial College London. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  55. ^ a b Gallagher, James (January 18, 2020). "New Chinese virus 'will have infected hundreds'". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  56. ^ a b "HKUMed WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control releases real-time nowcast on the likely extent of the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak, domestic and international spread with the forecast for chunyun". HKUMed School of Public Health. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  57. ^ 中国 武漢の新型ウイルス肺炎でネット上に疑問の声, NHKニュース, archived from the original on January 21, 2020, retrieved February 11, 2020
  58. ^ "Years after SARS, a more confident China faces a new virus", Associated Press, January 22, 2020, archived from the original on August 18, 2020, retrieved February 11, 2020
  59. ^ 网民讥"只出国不出省，是个爱国病毒". Sinchew Daily. January 19, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  60. ^ 武汉新型病毒：1700+和45 | DW | 18.01.2020. Deutsche Welle (in Chinese (China)). January 18, 2020. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  61. ^ Kuo, Lily (January 21, 2020). "China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  62. ^ China confirms sharp rise in cases of SARS-like virus across the country. January 20, 2020. Archived from the original on January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  63. ^ 武汉肺炎两日激增136宗病例，北京深圳首现感染者. New York Times Chinese (in Simplified Chinese). January 21, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  64. ^ 钟南山：新型冠状病毒肺炎"肯定人传人". Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  65. ^ 武汉成立新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控指挥部 升级防控措施--央视 [Wuhan establishes new-type coronavirus pneumonia epidemic prevention and control headquarters]. cn.reuters.com (in Chinese). 路透社. Reuters. January 21, 2020. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  66. ^ 武汉新型冠状病毒感染患者救治均由政府买单 [Government pays for treatment of patients with new coronavirus infection in Wuhan]. people.com.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  67. ^ Chen, Baocheng; Zhao, Jinzhao (January 20, 2020). 钟南山：新型冠状病毒肺炎"肯定人传人". Caixin (in Chinese). Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  68. ^ Buckley, Chris; Myers, Steven Lee (February 1, 2020). "As New Coronavirus Spread, China's Old Habits Delayed Fight". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  69. ^ 王瑞文; 王亚会 (January 21, 2020). 武汉一社区办万家宴，社区负责人：目前一切正常. The Beijing News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ Li, Weiao (February 6, 2020). "万家宴"所在社区卫生中心医生：百步亭确诊新冠肺炎患者比例不比其他社区高. The Economic Observer. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  71. ^ 中国处理疫情无方引发民怨 湖北官员成箭靶. Radio France Internationale (in Simplified Chinese). January 27, 2020. Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  72. ^ 武汉社区19日还在搞万家宴 市长回应：对这件事预警不够. Guancha.com. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  73. ^ 管轶：武汉肺炎发展曲线与SARS高度相似. Caixin. January 20, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  74. ^ 勞顯亮; 勞顯亮 (January 23, 2020). 【武漢肺炎】管軼：病源被毀、不歡迎專家 估感染規模大沙士十倍. 香港01 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  75. ^ 管轶：去过武汉请自我隔离. Caixin. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  76. ^ 港大专家管轶：传播源已全面铺开 感染规模或沙斯10倍. Zaobao (in Chinese (Singapore)). January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  77. ^ 梓鹏 (January 29, 2020). 武汉疫情与中港"一国两制"下的医护镜像. BBC News 中文 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  78. ^ 1月23日新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况. National Health Commission. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  79. ^ 湖北省卫生健康委员会关于新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎情况通报. Health Commission of Hubei Province. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  80. ^ a b "Wuhan lockdown 'unprecedented', shows commitment to contain virus: WHO representative in China". Reuters. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  81. ^ James Griffiths; Amy Woodyatt (January 27, 2020). "Wuhan coronavirus: Thousands of cases confirmed as China goes into emergency mode". CNN. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  82. ^ "襄阳火车站关闭，湖北省最后一个地级市"封城"". thepaper.cn. January 29, 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  83. ^ hermesauto (February 2, 2020). "China shuts down city of Wenzhou, far from virus epicentre". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  84. ^ a b c d 实地探访：进出武汉须检测体温，超38°C进一步排查. The Beijing News. January 21, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  85. ^ 廖君、黎昌政. 武汉实施进出人员管控. Xinhua. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  86. ^ 【首都專線】內地春運未見加強車站防疫. Now News (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). January 17, 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  87. ^ a b c d 武汉对进出人员加强管控 市长呼吁：市民尽量不要出武汉. The Beijing News. January 22, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  88. ^ 武汉要求在公共场所佩戴口罩. China News Service. January 22, 2020. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020.
  89. ^ 国家卫生健康委员会高级别专家组就新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情答记者问. National Health Commission. January 21, 2020. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020.
  90. ^ 国家卫健委：疫情在武汉局部暴发 已倡议不要进出武汉. The Beijing News. January 22, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  91. ^ "Airlines and train operators offer refunds for Wuhan-bound services amid coronavirus outbreak". Business Traveller. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  92. ^ 【武漢肺炎】港鐵：已購高鐵車票來往武漢乘客 如需退票將獲全數退款. Headline Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  93. ^ 此刻，他们堪称"国士". Xinhua. January 27, 2020. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  94. ^ 率先提出武汉"封城"！这位中国感染病学科唯一女院士，不惧疫情，73岁再战一线. 环球人物. February 1, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  95. ^ 【武汉肺炎】专家对武汉封城表震惊 世卫代表回应是否奏效. Duowei News (in Chinese (China)). January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  96. ^ 王翠榮; 王翠榮 (February 2, 2020). 【武漢肺炎】抗疫路上 同理心比指摘更重要. HK01 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  97. ^ Kucharski, Adam J; Russell, Timothy W; Diamond, Charlie; Liu, Yang; Edmunds, John; Funk, Sebastian; Eggo, Rosalind M; Sun, Fiona; Jit, Mark; Munday, James D; Davies, Nicholas; Gimma, Amy; van Zandvoort, Kevin; Gibbs, Hamish; Hellewell, Joel; Jarvis, Christopher I; Clifford, Sam; Quilty, Billy J; Bosse, Nikos I; Abbott, Sam; Klepac, Petra; Flasche, Stefan (March 2020). "Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 20 (5): 553–558. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30144-4. PMC 7158569. PMID 32171059.
  98. ^ 铁路部门七项措施全力防控疫情. China News Service. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  99. ^ 【武漢肺炎】港鐵：即時停售來往武漢高鐵車票 仍維持列車服務. Headline Daily. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  100. ^ 铁路免收退票费扩至全国. Xinhua. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  101. ^ 路炳阳 (January 25, 2020). 武汉铁路局公告停运400余趟车次 封闭61个站点. 中国经营网. Sina News. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  102. ^ 24日武汉天河机场零旅客出港 两架飞机运医疗物资抵汉. CAAC News. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  103. ^ 裴剑飞 (January 23, 2020). 防控疫情 上海、四川、江苏停发前往武汉的长途客运. The Beijing Times. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  104. ^ 紧急通知！全国暂停进入武汉的道路水路客运班线发班. 人民网. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  105. ^ 交通运输部：暂停进入武汉市的省际、市际包车客运业务. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  106. ^ 交通运输部：暂停进入武汉的道路水路客运班线发班-Xinhua. xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  107. ^ 截至23日14时10分，湖北高速公路共计30个收费站所入口封闭. 湖北日报. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  108. ^ 武汉疫情下"封城"是怎么操作的，到底有没有用？. BBC News 中文 (in Simplified Chinese). January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  109. ^ 廖君 冯国栋 (January 23, 2020). 武汉网约出租车停运，巡游出租车实行单双号限行. Xinhua. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  110. ^ 26日起武汉私家车禁止通行 患者家属：怎么送饭？. China Business. January 25, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020 – via Netease.
  111. ^ 徐蕾. 明日起，武汉中心城区实行机动车禁行管理. 观察者网 (in Chinese (China)). Shanghai. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
  112. ^ a b 武漢肺炎》高調「#逃離武漢」 封城前夕至少30萬人逃出 - 國際 - 自由時報電子報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Liberty Times. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  113. ^ a b 【武漢肺炎】市民封城前逃離 火車站凌晨排長龍. Headline Daily. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  114. ^ a b ◤武汉肺炎◢30万武汉人民 上演逃出疫区|中國報. 中國報 China Press (in Chinese (Malaysia)). Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  115. ^ a b 【武漢封城】武漢封城30萬人逃城 發燒居民食退燒藥降溫連夜撤離. 香港經濟日報. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  116. ^ Gao, Jiangjin (January 26, 2020). 【武汉肺炎】武汉市长周先旺证实已有近500万人离开武汉. Duowei News (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  117. ^ 离开武汉的500多万人都去了哪里？大数据告诉你. YiCai. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  118. ^ "Hubei Shennongjia". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  119. ^ a b 不止有武汉：除神农架外，湖北所有城市进入"封城"状态. Caijing. January 27, 2020. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020 – via iFeng.
  120. ^ 武汉肺炎：黄冈、鄂州封城 三个城市实施"检疫隔离". BBC中文网. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  121. ^ 武汉肺炎病毒持续扩散 湖北下令封15个城市 | DW | 24.01.2020 (in Simplified Chinese). Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
  122. ^ Smith, Nicola; Zhong, Yiyin; Yan, Sophia (January 24, 2020). "China locks down 14 cities as Wuhan coronavirus spreads". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  123. ^ "Wuhan lockdown: China takes extreme measures to stop virus spread | DW | 23 January 2020". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  124. ^ a b "How is China coping with the coronavirus outbreak?". United Kingdom: BBC. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
  125. ^ "China stocks slump 3% on Wuhan lockdown over virus outbreak". The Economic Times. India. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  126. ^ Levenson, Michael (January 22, 2020). "Scale of China's Wuhan Shutdown Is Believed to Be Without Precedent". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
  127. ^ MacDougall, Clair (May 12, 2015). "Liberia's Military Tries to Remedy Tension Over Ebola Quarantine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
  128. ^ Markel, Howard (January 27, 2020). "Opinion | Will the Largest Quarantine in History Just Make Things Worse?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  129. ^ "Wuhan quarantine bought the world time to prepare for Covid-19". STAT. February 21, 2020. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  130. ^ Oddone, Elisa. "Italy struggles with virus 'that doesn't respect borders'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  131. ^ "Fears mount as coronavirus outbreak worsens in sanctions-hit Iran". South China Morning Post. February 25, 2020. Archived from the original on December 19, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  132. ^ Xu, Bingqing; Chen, Rui (February 1, 2020). 特别报道：1月6日之后，12天病例零新增之谜. YiMagazine. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  133. ^ 中国 武漢の新型ウイルス肺炎でネット上に疑問の声, NHKニュース, archived from the original on January 21, 2020, retrieved February 11, 2020
  134. ^ "Years after SARS, a more confident China faces a new virus", Associated Press, January 22, 2020, archived from the original on August 18, 2020, retrieved February 11, 2020
  135. ^ 网民讥"只出国不出省，是个爱国病毒". Sinchew Daily. January 19, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  136. ^ 武汉新型病毒：1700+和45 | DW | 18 January 2020 (in Chinese (China)). Deutsche Welle. January 18, 2020. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  137. ^ 武汉肺炎"车祸现场"发布会 公众愤怒中国官员管治能力低下. BBC News 中文 (in Simplified Chinese). January 27, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  138. ^ 解禁！湖北封闭式管理松绑 武汉市为高风险地区 (in Chinese). March 15, 2020.
  139. ^ 湖北封閉式管理鬆綁 低風險鄉鎮社區全數解禁. Central News Agency (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  140. ^ "China to Lift Lockdown Over Virus Epicenter Wuhan on April 8". Bloomberg. March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  141. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "China to lift travel restrictions in Hubei after months of coronavirus lockdown". The Guardian. March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  142. ^ 湖北荆州：17日起小区有序解封. 荆州发布 (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  143. ^ 襄阳火车站关闭，湖北省最后一个地级市“封城”_媒体_澎湃新闻-The Paper. www.thepaper.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  144. ^ 湖北黄石：解除市区交通管制，停办通行证 (in Chinese). Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  145. ^ 湖北潜江市民燃放烟花庆祝解封. Sina News. March 13, 2020.
  146. ^ "Coronavirus: China's Wenzhou city to reopen entrances and exits of highways". The Straits Times. February 20, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  147. ^ "Xinjiang starts to ease Covid-19 lockdown after surge in social media anger". South China Morning Post. August 27, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  148. ^ "Covid: China places 11m under lockdown after outbreak in northern city". January 7, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  149. ^ "China's Xian locks down its 13 mln residents as COVID-19 cases mount". Reuters. December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
  150. ^ Press, Associated. "Chinese city Xi'an lifts some restrictions after 3-week lockdown". POLITICO. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  151. ^ "Yuzhou: Second Chinese city forced into Covid lockdown". BBC News. January 4, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  152. ^ "河南禹州：全域解封 转入常态化疫情防控". January 31, 2022. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022.
  153. ^ "Millions more Chinese people ordered into lockdown to fight Covid outbreaks". The Guardian. January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
  154. ^ "解封后，安阳市将从这10个方面做好常态化疫情防控工作". February 3, 2022. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022.
  155. ^ "Shenzhen shutdown in China COVID surge". 7NEWS. March 14, 2022. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  156. ^ "China places 17 million residents of Shenzhen under Covid lockdown". The Standard. March 13, 2022. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  157. ^ "Shenzhen lifts citywide lockdown as Covid-19 situation seen controllable". March 21, 2022. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022.
  158. ^ "因疫情封城七天 中国深圳今解封". March 21, 2022. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022.
  159. ^ "Covid lockdown extended in Shanghai as outbreaks put economy on the skids". The Guardian. April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  160. ^ Patranobis, Sutirtho (May 16, 2022). "China: Shanghai likely to reopen on June 1 with Covid-19 spread curbed". Hindustan Times. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  161. ^ "2020年6月4日湖北省新冠肺炎疫情情况 (Update on the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei province at 24:00 4 June 2020)". National Health Commission of Hubei Province (in Chinese). Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  162. ^ 湖北疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  163. ^ "Diary of a life in locked-down Wuhan". BBC News. January 30, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  164. ^ a b "Silent streets: Canadians describe life in China during coronavirus outbreak". Global News. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  165. ^ 薛笔犁. "封城"手记：没有人是一座孤岛-Xinhua. Xinhua. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  166. ^ 武汉、十堰相继"封城"后，东风人都经历了什么？. 十堰广电网. January 29, 2020. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  167. ^ Frias, Lauren (January 25, 2020). "Hospital staff in Wuhan are wearing adult diapers because they don't have time to pee while caring for an overwhelming number of coronavirus patients". Business Insider Singapore. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  168. ^ Regan, Helen (January 24, 2020). "Coronavirus death toll in China hits 41 as medical staff struggle to cope". CNN. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  169. ^ 湖北拟请求国家紧急支援口罩、防护服等医用物资. People's Daily (in Chinese (China)). January 22, 2020. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  170. ^ 武汉市新型肺炎防控指挥部发布第3号通告 接收社会各界爱心捐赠. China Daily. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  171. ^ 當局指湖北省每月須3百萬件防護服 暫難完全滿足需求 - RTHK. news.rthk.hk (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  172. ^ 工信部承認全國防護服生產力未能滿足湖北省需求. Now News (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). January 26, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  173. ^ 我国口罩产能已恢复六成，已向湖北发送N95口罩13.4万. bjd.com.cn. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  174. ^ 武汉"小汤山"医院定名火神山医院 可容1000张床位. 新浪网新闻中心. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  175. ^ 武汉将借鉴小汤山模式 建专门医院集中收治新型冠状病毒患者. 21世纪经济报道. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  176. ^ 武汉将参照"小汤山"模式建专门医院救治新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎患者. Xinhua. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  177. ^ 《人民日报》客户端 (January 25, 2020). 武汉将再建一个"小汤山"医院，新增床位1300张. 澎湃新闻. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
  178. ^ 北京日报客户端 (February 2, 2020). 报告"云监工" 火神山医院完工！. finance.sina.com.cn. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  179. ^ 央视 (February 2, 2020). 武汉火神山医院正式交付. news.sina.com.cn. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  180. ^ 解放军进驻火神山第一晚做了什么？最新画面来了. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  181. ^ 经中央军委主席习近平批准 军队抽组医疗力量承担武汉火神山医院医疗救治任务. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  182. ^ a b "Wuhan Test Lab Opens; CDC Ships Diagnostic Kits: Virus Update". Bloomberg. February 5, 2020. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  183. ^ a b "China virus crisis deepens as whistleblower doctor dies". AFP.com. January 16, 2012. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  184. ^ 日检测量达万份的"火眼"实验室连夜试运行. Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  185. ^ "BGI's Coronavirus Response? Build a Lab in Wuhan". GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. February 12, 2020. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  186. ^ 上海首批医疗队出征支援武汉疫情防控. 健康中国 (in Chinese). January 25, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020.
  187. ^ 任姗姗 (January 24, 2020). 广东135名医护人员即将驰援湖北. 广州日报 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on January 25, 2020.
  188. ^ 周娜 孙兴维 (January 25, 2020). 解放军3支共450人支援湖北医疗队抵武汉，将开展救治工作. 澎湃新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on January 27, 2020.
  189. ^ 各地医疗队启程赴武汉支援. 中国新闻网 (in Chinese). January 25, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020.
  190. ^ 张煜欢 张斌 项菁 陈华 (January 25, 2020). 浙江医疗队赴鄂支援：当"平凡人"披上非凡的外衣. 中国新闻网 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on January 26, 2020.
  191. ^ 国家卫健委组建6支共1230人的医疗救治队驰援武汉. 澎湃新闻 (in Chinese). January 25, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020.
  192. ^ "武汉医生驿站 ：为4万人次提供住宿 有退出也有坚守_肖雅星" [Wuhan Doctor Station: Provide accommodation for 40,000 person-times, some quit and some stick to it_Xiao Yaxing]. www.sohu.com. January 31, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2023.[permanent dead link]
  193. ^ a b 唐莹莹 (January 25, 2020). 武汉85家酒店支援医护人员：已消毒完毕！免费给大家休息. 澎湃新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on January 27, 2020.
  194. ^ 唐莹莹 (January 25, 2020). 武汉支援医护人员酒店已近120家，协和医院附近全部住满. 澎湃新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on January 27, 2020.
  195. ^ 途家向武汉医护人员免费提供住宿：一线人员需休息_网易财经. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020.
  196. ^ 首旅如家：武汉3家医院一公里内酒店为医务人员提供免费食宿_地产界_澎湃新闻-The Paper. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020.
  197. ^ 自如开放武汉自如驿：向医护人员提供免费住宿. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020.
  198. ^ 蛋壳公寓：为武汉医护人员提供专属免费住房. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020.
  199. ^ 湖北一地新規：發熱主動就診 獎1000元. Sing Tao Daily (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  200. ^ 【武漢肺炎】武漢「封城」民眾搶購食物 一棵白菜急漲至50元. 香港01. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  201. ^ 徐金波 张芹. 武汉储备食用油4000吨、猪肉5500吨、糖1500吨…可完全保障市民需求. Guancha.cn. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  202. ^ 武汉"涨价菜"商场负责人被政府约谈. 澎湃新闻. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  203. ^ "南铁抢运物资积极支援武汉应对疫情-新华网". Xinhuanet. January 25, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020.
  204. ^ "从河南即食食品到内蒙古土豆：各方物资已上火车，目的地武汉". 澎湃新闻·澎湃号. January 27, 2020. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  205. ^ a b Xiao Hui; Bao Zhiming; Gao Yu; Han Wei (February 15, 2020). Simison, Bob (ed.). "In Depth: Understaffed, Under-resourced and Overwhelmed — Coronavirus Early Response - Caixin Global". Caixin Global. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  206. ^ "武汉6000台出租车免费帮居民出行". cnhubei.com 武汉市新型肺炎防控指挥部 [Wuhan municipal task force designated with controlling coronavirus]. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  207. ^ "湖北黄石：解除市区交通管制，停办通行证". Sina News. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  208. ^ "湖北潜江市民燃放烟花庆祝解封". Sina News. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  209. ^ "Some in Wuhan told to go back to work as new coronavirus cases subside in China". Reuters. March 11, 2020. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  210. ^ Hernández, Javier C. (March 18, 2020). "China Hits a Coronavirus Milestone: No New Local Infections". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. The authorities said residents would each be assigned a colored health code based on their risk level that would allow those from medium- and low-risk areas to move around the province. a message instructing residents to resume work came blasting over a loudspeaker this month, echoing across the fertile hills. Villagers exploded firecrackers to celebrate the moment.
  211. ^ Klender, Joey (March 30, 2020). "Tesla reopens Wuhan store as China regains footing after COVID-19 outbreak". TESLARATI. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  212. ^ "China to lift travel restrictions in Hubei after months of coronavirus lockdown". The Guardian. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  213. ^ "China to Lift Lockdown Over Virus Epicenter Wuhan on April 8". Bloomberg. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  214. ^ "China revises Wuhan's Covid-19 death toll with 50% rise, but denies cover-up". France 24. April 17, 2020. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
  215. ^ 湖北省武汉市新冠肺炎疫情数据订正情况 (in Chinese (China)). National Health Commission. April 17, 2020. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  216. ^ Wee, Sui-Lee; Wang, Vivian (May 26, 2020). "Here's How Wuhan Tested 6.5 Million for Coronavirus in Days". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  217. ^ Nectar Gan. "Wuhan performed 6.5 million coronavirus tests in just 9 days, state media reports". CNN. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  218. ^ 信息发布--湖北省卫生健康委员会 (in Chinese (China)). Hubei Provincial Health Commission. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2020.